Sistemes propolsius d’aeronaus

Marc Maymó Garrido

Polytechnic University of Catalonia

marc.maymo.garrido@upc.edu

4 de marzo de 2016

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 1 / 23

Overview

1 Propulsion review
Ideal Brayton cycle
Parametric cycle
Turbojet

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 2 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle
Ideal cycle (Hipothesis)
∂ ∂
∂r , ∂θ
= 0 Constant in the whole section
Ideal Fluid Cv , Cp , R = cte
∂
∂t ∼ 0
Combustion process simplified. Heat to the comb chamber.Q
Mass forces=0
Adiabatic compressions and expansions. Residence time ∼ 0.01s
Viscous Forces << Inertial Forces (Re >> 1)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 3 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle
Ideal cycle (Hipothesis)
∂ ∂
∂r , ∂θ
= 0 Constant in the whole section
Ideal Fluid Cv , Cp , R = cte
∂
∂t ∼ 0
Combustion process simplified. Heat to the comb chamber.Q
Mass forces=0
Adiabatic compressions and expansions. Residence time ∼ 0.01s
Viscous Forces << Inertial Forces (Re >> 1)

Figura: Ideal Cycle

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 3 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

How a jet engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy4A-z2WKhw
What a surge is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQWYhsYfMxE

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 4 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

How a jet engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy4A-z2WKhw
What a surge is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQWYhsYfMxE

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 4 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

Disfussor between 0 and 2t

q + w = ṁ∆ht → 0 = h2t − h0t (1)

Compressor between 2t and 3t stages

q + w = ṁ∆ht
w = ṁ (h3t − h2t )
w = ṁCP (T3t − T2t )

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 5 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

Disfussor between 0 and 2t

q + w = ṁ∆ht → 0 = h2t − h0t (1)

Compressor between 2t and 3t stages

q + w = ṁ∆ht
w = ṁ (h3t − h2t )
w = ṁCP (T3t − T2t )

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 5 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

Combustion chamber between 3t and 4t stages

q + w = ṁ∆ht
q = ṁ (h4t − h3t )
q = ṁf hPR = ṁCP (T4t − T3t )

Turbine between 4t and 5t

q + w = ṁ∆ht
w = ṁ (h4t − h5t )
w = ṁCP (T4t − T5t )

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 6 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

Combustion chamber between 3t and 4t stages

q + w = ṁ∆ht
q = ṁ (h4t − h3t )
q = ṁf hPR = ṁCP (T4t − T3t )

Turbine between 4t and 5t

q + w = ṁ∆ht
w = ṁ (h4t − h5t )
w = ṁCP (T4t − T5t )

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 6 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

Nozzle between 5t and 9

q + w = ṁ∆ht → 0 = h5t − h9t

T5t = T9t

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 7 / 23

Ideal Brayton cycle

Nozzle between 5t and 9

q + w = ṁ∆ht → 0 = h5t − h9t

T5t = T9t

Figura: Ideal Cycle. Class

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 7 / 23

Parametric cycle

Parameters
Cpt T4t
τλ =
Cpc T0
T0t
τr = → πr
T0
T2t
τd = → πd
T0t
τc τb τt . . .

Thrust
F = (ṁ9 v9 − ṁ0 V0 ) + A9 (P9 − P0 ) (2)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 8 / 23

Parametric cycle

Parameters
Cpt T4t
τλ =
Cpc T0
T0t
τr = → πr
T0
T2t
τd = → πd
T0t
τc τb τt . . .

Thrust
F = (ṁ9 v9 − ṁ0 V0 ) + A9 (P9 − P0 ) (2)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 8 / 23

Parametric Cicle

Temperature ratio T9 /T0

T9 Tt9 /T0 Tt9 /T0

= = (3)
T0 Tt9 /T9 (Pt9 /P9 )(γ−1)/γ

where
Tt9
= τr τd τc τb τt τn
T0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 9 / 23

Parametric Cycle

power required in the compressor extracted from turbine

ẇc = ẇt
ṁ0 cp T2t (τc − 1) = ṁ0 cp Tt4 (1 − τt )
T2t τr
τt = 1 − (τc − 1) = 1 − (τc − 1)
T4t τλ

Velocity (Mach)
 2
V9 T9 2 2 τλ
= M9 = (τr τc τt − 1) (4)
a0 T0 γ − 1 τr τc

Calculate F /ṁ0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 10 / 23

Parametric Cycle

power required in the compressor extracted from turbine

ẇc = ẇt
ṁ0 cp T2t (τc − 1) = ṁ0 cp Tt4 (1 − τt )
T2t τr
τt = 1 − (τc − 1) = 1 − (τc − 1)
T4t τλ

Velocity (Mach)
 2
V9 T9 2 2 τλ
= M9 = (τr τc τt − 1) (4)
a0 T0 γ − 1 τr τc

Calculate F /ṁ0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 10 / 23

Optimum compressor pressure ratio

Maximize Thrust. Maximum thrust when maximum V9 /a0 to find τc

optimum
"  #
V9 2
 
∂ 2 ∂ τλ
= (τr τc τt − 1) = 0
∂τc a0 γ − 1 ∂τc τr τc

1 ∂τc ∂τc τt
2
+ = 0 where =−
τr τc ∂τc ∂τc τλ
√
τλ
(τc )max F /ṁ0 =
τr

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 11 / 23

Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio

Expression for V9 /a0

s
V9 2 √ √
= τλ ( τλ τt − 1) (5)
a0 γ−1

Knowing that
 
1 τr
τt = 1 − √ − (6)
τλ τλ
Expression becomes
s
V9 2 h√ i
= ( τλ − 1)2 + τr − 1 (7)
a0 γ−1

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 12 / 23

Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio

Expression for V9 /a0

s
V9 2 √ √
= τλ ( τλ τt − 1) (5)
a0 γ−1

Knowing that
 
1 τr
τt = 1 − √ − (6)
τλ τλ
Expression becomes
s
V9 2 h√ i
= ( τλ − 1)2 + τr − 1 (7)
a0 γ−1

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 12 / 23

Optimum Compressor Pressure Ratio

Thrust is:
 
F v9
= a0 − M0 (8)
ṁ0 a0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 13 / 23

Turbojet

Difussor
0  0 h −h =0
q02
 *+
 w02
 := 2t 0t
v02
 
γ−1 2
T0t = T2t = T0 + = T0 1 + M0
2Cp 2

isentropic efficency η02

γ−1
h2t 0 − h0 Cp (T2t 0 − T0 ) π02γ − 1
η02 = = = γ−1 2 (9)
h2t − h0 Cp (T2t − T0 ) 2 M0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 14 / 23

Turbojet

Difussor
0  0 h −h =0
q02
 *+
 w02
 := 2t 0t
v02
 
γ−1 2
T0t = T2t = T0 + = T0 1 + M0
2Cp 2

isentropic efficency η02

γ−1
h2t 0 − h0 Cp (T2t 0 − T0 ) π02γ − 1
η02 = = = γ−1 2 (9)
h2t − h0 Cp (T2t − T0 ) 2 M0

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 14 / 23

Turbojet

Diagram

Figura: Difussor

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 15 / 23

Turbojet

Compressor
0
q23
 *+
 w23 = h3t − h2t = CP (T3t − T2t )

isentropic efficency η23

γ−1
h3t 0 − h2t Cp (T3t 0 − T2t ) π γ −1
η23 = = = T23 (10)
h3t − h2t Cp (T3t − T2t ) T2t − 1
3t

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 16 / 23

Turbojet

Compressor
0
q23
 *+
 w23 = h3t − h2t = CP (T3t − T2t )

isentropic efficency η23

γ−1
h3t 0 − h2t Cp (T3t 0 − T2t ) π γ −1
η23 = = = T23 (10)
h3t − h2t Cp (T3t − T2t ) T2t − 1
3t

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 16 / 23

Turbojet

Diagram

Figura: Compressor

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 17 / 23

Turbojet

Combustion Chamber
<< ṁ
 
w34
+
: 0 q = η ṁ h = ṁf h4t − ṁh3t
ṁ +  >

  34 q f PR

ηq ṁf hPR
= CP (T4t − T3t )
ṁ
Pressure ratio (Pressure loss)

P4t
π34 = (11)
P3t

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 18 / 23

Turbojet

Combustion Chamber
<< ṁ
 
w34
+
: 0 q = η ṁ h = ṁf h4t − ṁh3t
ṁ +  >

  34 q f PR

ηq ṁf hPR
= CP (T4t − T3t )
ṁ
Pressure ratio (Pressure loss)

P4t
π34 = (11)
P3t

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 18 / 23

Turbojet

Turbine
0
q45
 *+
 w45 = h4t − h5t = CP (T4t − T5t )
wcomp + waux
w45 = wcomp + waux + wfricciones → w45 =
ηp

Note: ηp → stands for shaft efficency. 2-3 % approx

isentropic efficency η45

h4t − h5t Cp (T4t − T5t ) 1− T 5t

T4t
η45 = = = γ−1 (12)
h4t − h5t 0 Cp (T4t − T5t 0 )
1 − π45γ

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 19 / 23

Turbojet

Turbine
0
q45
 *+
 w45 = h4t − h5t = CP (T4t − T5t )
wcomp + waux
w45 = wcomp + waux + wfricciones → w45 =
ηp

Note: ηp → stands for shaft efficency. 2-3 % approx

isentropic efficency η45

h4t − h5t Cp (T4t − T5t ) 1− T 5t

T4t
η45 = = = γ−1 (12)
h4t − h5t 0 Cp (T4t − T5t 0 )
1 − π45γ

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 19 / 23

Turbojet

Nozzle

0  0 h −h →T =T =T + 9 V2
q59
+
* w59:
 = 9t 5t 5t 9t 9
 2CP
h5t − h9 T5t − T9
η59 = =
h5t − h90 T5t − T90
  γ
P5t T5t γ−1
=
P9 T90

  γ   γ
P5 t T5t γ−1 γ − 1 *2 γ−1
= = 1+ M (13)
P* T* 2
P5 t
With M=1 and γ=1.33; P*
=1,85

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 20 / 23

Turbojet

Nozzle

0  0 h −h →T =T =T + 9 V2
q59
+
* w59:
 = 9t 5t 5t 9t 9
 2CP
h5t − h9 T5t − T9
η59 = =
h5t − h90 T5t − T90
  γ
P5t T5t γ−1
=
P9 T90

  γ   γ
P5 t T5t γ−1 γ − 1 *2 γ−1
= = 1+ M (13)
P* T* 2
P5 t
With M=1 and γ=1.33; P*
=1,85

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 20 / 23

Turbojet

Nozzle

< 1,85 P8 = P0 SUBCRITIC
P5t 
= 1,85 M8 = 1 CRITIC
P8 
> 1,85 & < 3 M8 = 1 SUPERCRITIC

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 21 / 23

Turbojet
Iterate for supercritic case. Choose n ini.
1
v82
 
γ−1 2
T7t = T8 + = T8 1 + M8 (14)
2CP 2
2
T5t − T8
η58 = (15)
T5t − T80
3
 γ
 γ−1
P5t T5t
= (16)
P8 T80
4
 n
 n−1
P5t T5t
= (17)
P8 T80
5
s
n−1
M8 = (18)
γ−1

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 22 / 23

links

Turbofan work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LaKlE2h3Jw

Start an engine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4pqEzfKXcA
Geared turbofan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CU0B7VeLFU
Geared turbofan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgQgEftEd8c

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 4 de marzo de 2016 23 / 23