Sistemes propolsius d’aeronaus

Marc Maymó Garrido

Polytechnic University of Catalonia

marc.maymo.garrido@upc.edu

25 de febrero de 2016

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 1 / 12

Overview

1 Propulsion review
Thermodynamic overview
Mass Flow Parameter
Ideal Brayton cycle

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 2 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

Internal energy status equation for a perfect gas

du = cv dT (1)

Enthalpy and internal energy relationship

dh = du + d (Pv ) (2)

∂h
Cp = (3)
∂T P=cte
dh = du + d (Pv ) → cp dT = cv dT + RdT (4)
Gibbs equation remains as follows

Tds = du + Pdv = dh − vdP (5)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 3 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

Internal energy status equation for a perfect gas

du = cv dT (1)

Enthalpy and internal energy relationship

dh = du + d (Pv ) (2)

∂h
Cp = (3)
∂T P=cte
dh = du + d (Pv ) → cp dT = cv dT + RdT (4)
Gibbs equation remains as follows

Tds = du + Pdv = dh − vdP (5)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 3 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

Internal energy status equation for a perfect gas

du = cv dT (1)

Enthalpy and internal energy relationship

dh = du + d (Pv ) (2)

∂h
Cp = (3)
∂T P=cte
dh = du + d (Pv ) → cp dT = cv dT + RdT (4)
Gibbs equation remains as follows

Tds = du + Pdv = dh − vdP (5)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 3 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

1st thermodynamics law in closed systems

Win + Qin = Wout + Qout + ∆ (U + K + T ) (6)

U internal energy
K potential energy
T kinetic energy
Signs, W> 0 when fluid generates work
Signs, Q> 0 when fluid receives heat

E =U +K +T (7)
dQ dW dE
− = (8)
dt dt dt

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 4 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

In open systems with a fixed control volume in space, disregarding

potential energy changes, the first law of thermodynamics can be
written as follows.

v2
 
Q̇ − Ẇext = ṁ h + (9)
2
Perfect gas (constant specific heat parameters).

u2 − u1 = cv (T2 − T1 )
h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1 )
T2 ρ2
s2 − s1 = cv ln − R ln
T1 ρ1
T2 P2
s2 − s1 = cp ln − R ln
T1 P1

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 5 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

In open systems with a fixed control volume in space, disregarding

potential energy changes, the first law of thermodynamics can be
written as follows.

v2
 
Q̇ − Ẇext = ṁ h + (9)
2
Perfect gas (constant specific heat parameters).

u2 − u1 = cv (T2 − T1 )
h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1 )
T2 ρ2
s2 − s1 = cv ln − R ln
T1 ρ1
T2 P2
s2 − s1 = cp ln − R ln
T1 P1

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 5 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

Perfect and isentropic gas (s=0)

 γ−1
T2 ρ2
=
T1 ρ1
  γ−1
T2 P2 γ
= (10)
T1 P1

Stagnation temperature.we apply the 1st law of thermodynamics over

an open system where no work or heat transfer is applied:

v2 v2 v2 v2
       
q−wext = h+ − h+ =→ h + = h+
2 out 2 in 2 out 2 in
(11)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 6 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

Perfect and isentropic gas (s=0)

 γ−1
T2 ρ2
=
T1 ρ1
  γ−1
T2 P2 γ
= (10)
T1 P1

Stagnation temperature.we apply the 1st law of thermodynamics over

an open system where no work or heat transfer is applied:

v2 v2 v2 v2
       
q−wext = h+ − h+ =→ h + = h+
2 out 2 in 2 out 2 in
(11)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 6 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

If we consider the out state as one where we take our fluid where the
vble speed is set to zero

v2
 
h+ = hout = ht (12)
2 in
where ht is the so called total enthalpy.
When we are working with a gas that can be considered and treated
as perfect gas:
 2

h + v2 ht

v2

= ⇒ T+ = Tt (13)
cp cp 2cp

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 7 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

If we consider the out state as one where we take our fluid where the
vble speed is set to zero

v2
 
h+ = hout = ht (12)
2 in
where ht is the so called total enthalpy.
When we are working with a gas that can be considered and treated
as perfect gas:
 2

h + v2 ht

v2

= ⇒ T+ = Tt (13)
cp cp 2cp

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 7 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

√
Defining the speed of sound as a = γRT we can re-defint
stagnation temperature as

M 2 γRT
   
γ−1 2
Tt = T + ⇒ Tt = T 1 + M (14)
2cp 2
Remaining variables look like
  γ   γ
Pt γ−1 2 γ−1 Tt γ−1
= 1+ M = (15)
P 2 T
  γ   γ
ρt γ−1 2 γ−1 Tt γ−1
= 1+ M = (16)
ρ 2 T

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 8 / 12

Thermodynamic overview

√
Defining the speed of sound as a = γRT we can re-defint
stagnation temperature as

M 2 γRT
   
γ−1 2
Tt = T + ⇒ Tt = T 1 + M (14)
2cp 2
Remaining variables look like
  γ   γ
Pt γ−1 2 γ−1 Tt γ−1
= 1+ M = (15)
P 2 T
  γ   γ
ρt γ−1 2 γ−1 Tt γ−1
= 1+ M = (16)
ρ 2 T

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 8 / 12

Mass Flow Parameter (MFP)

Mass Flow Parameter

This Mass Flow Parameter is a way to express continuity equation
showing only dependence on Mach number and γ

ṁ = ρvA (17)

r r r
ṁ P p γ P γ P Tt Pt
= M γRT = √ M= √ M
A RT R T R Pt T Tt
√  γ+1
ṁ √ γ − 1 2 − 2(γ−1)

Tt √
MFP = R = γM 1 + M (18)
A Pt 2

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 9 / 12

Mass Flow Parameter (MFP)

This is to say that in two different sections where entropy has been
conserved

MFP (M1 , γ) A1 = MFP (M2 , γ) A2 (19)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 10 / 12

Mass Flow Parameter (MFP)

This is to say that in two different sections where entropy has been
conserved

MFP (M1 , γ) A1 = MFP (M2 , γ) A2 (19)

Figura: Mass Flow Parameter

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 10 / 12

Ideal Brayton cycle
Ideal cycle (Hipothesis)
∂ ∂
∂r , ∂θ
= 0 Constant in the whole section
Ideal Fluid Cv , Cp , R = cte
∂
∂t ∼ 0
Combustion process simplified. Heat to the comb chamber.Q
Mass forces=0
Adiabatic compressions and expansions. Residence time ∼ 0.01s
Viscous Forces << Inertial Forces (Re >> 1)

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 11 / 12

Ideal Brayton cycle
Ideal cycle (Hipothesis)
∂ ∂
∂r , ∂θ
= 0 Constant in the whole section
Ideal Fluid Cv , Cp , R = cte
∂
∂t ∼ 0
Combustion process simplified. Heat to the comb chamber.Q
Mass forces=0
Adiabatic compressions and expansions. Residence time ∼ 0.01s
Viscous Forces << Inertial Forces (Re >> 1)

Figura: Ideal Cycle

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 11 / 12

Ideal Brayton cycle

How a jet engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy4A-z2WKhw
What a surge is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQWYhsYfMxE

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 12 / 12

Ideal Brayton cycle

How a jet engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy4A-z2WKhw
What a surge is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQWYhsYfMxE

Marc Maymó Garrido (ETSEIAT.UPC) Short title 25 de febrero de 2016 12 / 12