Solucionario Cohen Turbinas A Gas

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Solucionario Cohen Turbinas a gas
Termodinamica (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos)
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lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Lecturer’s Solutions
Manual
Gas Turbine Theory
Sixth edition
HIH Saravanamuttoo
GFC Rogers
H Cohen
PV Straznicky
For further instructor material

please visit:
www.pearsoned.co.uk/saravanamuttoo
ISBN: 978-0-273-70934-3
 Pearson Education Limited 2009

Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required.

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lOMoARcPSD|9131802
HIH Saravanamuttoo, GFC Rogers, H Cohen, PV Straznicky, Gas Turbine Theory, 6th edition,
Lecturer’s Solutions Manual
Supporting resources
Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/saravanamuttoo to find other valuable online resources
For instructors
• PowerPoint slides that can be downloaded and used for presentations
For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or
visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/saravanamuttoo
3
© Pearson Education Limited 2009

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Preface
Since the introduction of the Second Edition in 1972 many requests for solutions have been
received. The advent of modern word processing systems has now made it convenient to
prepare these in an electronic format and I am glad to do so.
All significant gas turbine calculations carried out in industry are universally done by digital
computer and the purpose of these problems is to provide an understanding of the engineering
principles involved. It is perhaps of historical significance that all of these calculations were
originally done on a slide rule and many were previous examination questions.
This manual will be available to instructors adopting the main text, who are then permitted to
photocopy the material, but it is hoped that students will tackle the problems before looking at
the manual. I will be very glad to hear of any corrections needed.
My sincere thanks to Mr.Hariharan Hanumanthan, a doctoral student at Cranfield University,

for his invaluable assistance in the preparation of this manual.
H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo
Ottawa, June 2008
4

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Problem 2.2
  γ -1 
  
Ta  P02  γ  
T02 – Ta =   – 1
ηc  Pa 
 
288   1 
  
=  (11)  3.5  – 1 = 345.598K

0.82  
Compressor and turbine work required per unit mass flow is:
C pa (T02 − Ta )
Wtc = = C pg (T03 − T04 )
ηm
1.005× 345.598
T03 – T04 = = 308.992 K
0.98 ×1.147
T04 = 1150 – 309 = 841K
 
 γ −1 

  1  γ  
T03 − T04 = ηt T03 1 −   
  03 04 
P P

  
1
  1   4

308.992 = 0.87 × 1150 1 −  
 
  03 04  
P P
P03
= 4.382
P04
P03 = 11.0 − 0.4 = 10.6 bar
P04 = 2.418 bar , P05 = Pa
  
1
  1  4  
T04 − T05 = 0.89 × 841 1 −  = 148.254 K
  2.418  
 
5

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Specific power output:
WN = 1.147 × 0.98 × 148.254 = 166.64 kWs/kg
20 × 103
Hence mass flow required = = 120.019 kg/sec
166.64
T02 = 288 + 345.6 = 633.6K

T03 − T02 = 1150 − 633.6 = 516.4K
Theoretical f = 0.01415 (from Fig. 2.15)
Actual f = 0.01415 0.99 = 0.01429
3600 f 3600 × 0.01429

S.F.C = = = 0.308kg/kW − hr
WN 166.64
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Problem 2.3
1
288
T02 − Ta = [3.8 3.5 − 1] = 157.3K
0.85
P03 = 3.8 − 0.12 = 3.68bar
P03
= 3.68
Pa
1 14
T03 − T04 = 1050 × 0.88[1 − ( ) ] = 256.87K
3.68
Net work output
mC pa (T02 − Ta )
W = ηm ( load ) [( m − mc )C pg (T03 − T04 ) − ]
ηm ( comp.rotor )
m × 1.005 × 157.3
200 = 0.98[( m − 1.5) × 1.147 × 256.87 − ]
0.99
200 = 288.73m − 433.1 − 156.5m
(a) m = 4.788 kg/sec
With no bleed flow:

1.005 × 157.3
Net work output = 0.98 × 4.788[1.147 × 256.87 − ]
0.99
= 633.11 kW
(b) The power output with no bleed = 633.11kW
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Problem 2.4
A B C
 n −1
  0.3287 0.3250 0.3213
 n c
 n −1
  0.2225 0.2205 0.2205
 n t
T02 T01 2.059 2.242 2.437
∆T012 (K) 305 357.8 413.9
T02 (K) 593 645.8 701.9

P03/P04 8.55 11.40 15.2
n −1
P  n
T03/T04=  03  1.612 1.708 1.820
 P04 
T03 1150 1400 1600
T04 713.4 819.6 879.2
∆T034 436.6 580.4 720.7
Wc= (1.005 ×∆T12 ) / 0.99 309.6 363.2 420.2
Wt= 1.148(1 − B) ∆T034 501.2 649.6 786.0
Wnet=Wt–Wc 191.6 286.4 365.8

Power 14,370 22,912 31,093
Base +59.4% +116%
∆Tcc 557 754 898
f/a 0.0162 0.0219 0.0268

mf = ma × f × (1 − B ) 4374 6150 7791
SFC (kg/kwhr) 0.304 0.268 0.251
base 11.8% 17.4%
EGT ( D C ) 440 547 606
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Problem 2.5
T03=1525 K
P03=29.69 bar
P04=13.00 bar
P03
∴ = 2.284 ∴ T03 = ( 2.284 )0.2223 = 1.202
P04 T04
T04=1268.7 K, ∆Thp = 256.3
P05 13.00 × 0.96 T 0.223

= = 12.24 ∴ 05 = (12.24 ) = 1.745
P06 1.02 T06
T03 – T04=256.3
T05 1525 1425 1325

T06 874 816.6 759.3
T05–T06 651.0 608.4 565.7
T03–T04 256.3 256.3 256.3
∆T total 907.3 864.7 822.0
∆T total ×1.148 × 0.99 1031.1 982.7 934.2
– ∆Tc × 1.004 573.0 573.0 573.0
458.1 409.7 361.2
∴ m for 240 MW = 240000 = 523.9 kg/s

458.1
MW 240.0 214.6 189.2
(f/a)1 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197
(f/a)2 0.0085 0.0050 0.0030
0.0282 0.0247 0.0227
ηth 458.1 409.7 361.2
0.0282 ×43100 0.0247 ×43100 0.0227 ×43100
37.7 38.5 36.9
So ηth remains high as power reduced. May be difficult to control low fuel: air ratio in 2nd
combustor.
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Problem 2.6
288
∆T12 = (5.5)0.286 − 1 = 206.8 T2 = 494.8K
0.875 
300 
( 7.5) − 1 = 268.7 T4 = 568.7K
0.286
∆T34 =
0.870 
∆Tcc = 1550 − 569 = 981D C
268.7 × 1.005
∆T56 = = 250.1 T6=1550 – 250 = 1300K
1.148 × 0.95 × 0.99
206.8 × 1.005
∆T67 = = 182.9 T7=1300 – 182.9 = 1117.1K
1.148 × 0.99
 1 
HPT,250.1= 0.88 × 1550 1 − 0.25  Rhp=2.248
 R 
39.19
CDP=1.00 ×5.5 × 7.5 × 0.95 = 39.19 bar P6 = = 17.43 bar
2.248
 1 
LPT, 182.9= 0.89 × 1300 1 − 0.25  RLP=1.990 P7=8.76 bar
 R 
P8=P1=1.00
 1 
∴ ∆T78 = 0.89 × 1117.1 1 − = 416.3 K
 8.760.25 
∴ m ×1.148 × 0.99 × 416.3 = 100,000 ∴ m=211.3 kg/s
0.028
f/a = = 0.0283
0.99
Specific output =1.148 ×0.99 × 416.3 = 473.1
473.1
∴ ηth = = 38.8%
0.283 × 43100
EGT =1117.7-416.3 =701.4 K=428.4 D C
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Problem 2.8
D
Pa=1.013 bar , Ta=15 C
288
∆T12 = 8.50.286 − 1 = 279.5k
0.87 
T02=567.5 K
P04=1.013 ×8.5 × [1 − 0.015] × [1 − 0.042] = 8.125 bar
279.5 × 1.004
∆T45 = = 247.1 T5 = 1037.8 K
1.147 × 0.99
 1  P
247.1=0.87 ×1285 1 − 0.25
 ⇒ 4 = 2.716, P5 = 2.991 bar
 ( P 4 / P5 )  P5
P5
P6=1.013 × 1.02 = 1.0333 ⇒ = 2.895
P6
 1 
∴ ∆T56 = 0.88 × 1037.8 1 − 0.25 
= 213.1 ∴ T6=824.7 K
 2.895 
∴ Power =112.0 ×1.147 × 0.99 × 213.1 = 27,106 kW
T3 – T2=0.90(824.7-567.5)=231.5
T3=231.5+567.5=799K
∆Tcc = 1285 − 799 = 486D C
Tin=799-273=526 D C
0.0138
(f/a)id=0.0138 f/a= =0.0139
0.99
mf= 0.0139 ×112.0 =1.56 kg/s
kJ kg
Heat input = 1.56 × 43,100 = 67,288 kW
kg s
∴ Efficiency =40.3 %
11

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Problem 2.9
n −1 1 γ −1 0.66
For compression: = ( )= = 0.4518
n η ∞c γ 0.88 × 1.66
n −1 γ − 1 0.88 × 0.66
For expansion: = η ∞t ( )= = 0.3498
n γ 1.66
P02 nn−1
T02 − T01 = T01[( ) − 1] = 310[20.4518 − 1] = 114K
P01
T04 − T03 = 300[20.4518 − 1] = 110.3K
T04 = 410.3K and T05 = 700K ( given)
Q 500 × 103
T06 − T05 = = = 535.2 K
mC p 180 × 5.19
∴ T06 = 1235.2K
P03 = 2 × 14.0 − 0.34 = 27.66 bar
P04 = 2 × 27.66 = 55.32 bar
P06 = 55.32 − (0.27 + 1.03) = 54.02 bar

P07 = 14.0 + 0.34 + 0.27 = 14.61bar
P06
∴ = 3.697
P07
1 0.3498
T06 − T07 = 1235.2[1 − ( ) ] = 453.3K
3.697
T07 = 781.82K
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Power output = mC p [∆T067 − ∆T034 − ∆T012 ] = 180 × 5,19 × 229.0
= 213996 kW or 213.996MW
213.996
Thermal efficiency = = 0.4279 or 42.8%
500
T05 − T04 700 − 410.3
H.E.effectiveness = = = 0.7798 or 78%
T07 − T04 781.8 − 410.3
13

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Problem 3.1
n −1 1
For compression: = = 0.3284
n 0.87 × 3.5
n − 1 0.87 n
For expansion: = = 0.2175 and = 4.5977
n 4 n −1
At 7000 m Pa = 0.411bar; Ta = 242.7K
2
Ca 2602
= = 33.63K
2c p 2 × 1.005 × 1000
T01 = 242.7 + 33.63 = 276.33K
2 γ
Ca γ −1
P01 = Pa [1 + ηi ]
2c pTa
0.95 × 33.63 3.5
P01 = 0.441[1 + ] = 0.633bar
242.7
P02 = 8 × 0.633 = 5.068bar
T02 − T01 = 276.33[8.00.3284 − 1] = 270.7K
T02 = 547.02K
c pa (T02 − T01 ) 1.005 × 270.7
T03 − T04 = = = 239.6K
c pgηm 1.147 × 0.99
T04 = 1200 − 239.6 T04 = 960.4K P03 = 5.068(1 − 0.06) = 4.763bar
n
P03  T03  n −1  1200 
4.5977
=  =  = 2.784
P04  T04   960.4 
 4.763 
P04 =   = 1.710 bar
 2.784 
P04 1.710
Nozzle pressure ratio = = 4.16
Pa 0.411
14

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(Since the critical pressure ratio is of the order of 1.9 the nozzle is clearly choked)
P04 1
= 4
=1.918
Pc  1  0.333  
1 − 0.95  2.333  
  
1.710
P5=Pc= = 0.891 bar
1.918
2 2 × 960.4
T5 = Tc = T04 = = 823.3K
γ +1 2.333
Pc 100 × 0.891
ρ5 = = = 0.377 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 823.3
1 1
C5 = ( γ RTc ) 2 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 823.3 × 1000 ) 2 = 561.22 m/sec
m 15
A5= = = 0.0708m 2
ρ5C 5 0.377 × 561.22
F = m(C j − Ca ) + Aj ( Pj − Pa )
F = 15(561.22 − 260) + 0.0708(0.891 − 0.411)105
F = 4518.3 + 3398.4 = 7916.7N
T02 = 547.02K
T03 − T02 = 1200 − 547.02 = 652.8K
Therefore theoretical f = 0.01785 (Fig. 2.15)
0.01785
Actual f = = 0.0184
0.97
0.0184 × 3600 × 15
S .F .C = = 0.01255 kg/kN
7916.7
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Problem 3.2
From problem 3.1 P04=1.710 bar
P05 = 1.17(1 − 0.03) = 1.658bar

P05
= 1.918 as before
Pc
P05 1.658
= = 0.8644 bar
Pc 1.918
Since
2
T05 = 2000K, T6 = Tc = × 2000 = 1714.5K
2.333
100 × 0.8644
ρ5 = = 0.1756 kg/m3
0.287 × 1714.5
1
C5 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 1714.5 × 1000) 2 = 809.88 m/s
15
A5 = = 0.1054 m2
0.1756 × 809.88
Percentage increase in area = 0.1054-0.0708=48.97%
F=15(809.88–260)+0.1054(0.8644–0.411) ×105
F=8248.2+4778.83=13027.03 N
13027.03 − 7916.7
Percentage increase in thrust = = 64.56%
7916.7
16

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Problem 3.3
Since P01 = Pa = 1 bar
T01 = Ta = 288 K
288  3.5 
1
T02 − T01 =  9 − 1 = 306.77K
0.82  
mC pa
0.85mc pg (T03 − T04 ) = (T02 − T01 )
ηm
1.005 × 306.77
T03 − T04 = = 322.678K
0.85 × 1.147 × 0.98
 γ −1

  1  γ

T03 − T04 = η jT03 1 − 
  P03 / P04  
 
 1

  1 4  P03
322.678 = 0.87 × 1275 1 −  ⇒
  P03 / P04  
= 3.955
P04
 
P03 = 9.0 − 0.45 = 8.55bar
P04 = 2.161bar
P04 P04 1
. = 2.161 and = 4
Pa Pa  1  0.333  
−
 0.95  2.333  
1
  
So nozzle is choking even while landing
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2.161
P5 = Pc = = 1.126bar
1.918
T04 = 1275 − 322.678 = 952.3K
 2  2 × 952.322
T5 = Tc =   × T04 = = 816.4K
 γ +1 2.333
P 100 × 1.126
ρ5 = c = = 0.480 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 816.4
1 1
C5 = ( γ RTc ) 2 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 816.4 × 1000 ) 2 = 555.86 m/s
(m − mb ) = ρ5 A5C5 = 0.480 × 0.13 × 558.86 = 34.87 kg/sec
mintake = 34.87 = 41.02

0.85
(N.B. – mb, bleed at 90º produces no thrust. Also, ram drag based on intake flow)
F = (34.87 ×558.86 − 41.02 × 55) + 0.13(1.126 − 1) × 105

F = (19487.44-2256.1)+1638
F =18869.34 N or F=18.87 kN
18

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Problem 3.4
Isentropic expansion in nozzle:
P04 2.4
= = 2.376
Pa 1.01
γ
4
P04  γ + 1  γ −1  2.333 
=  =  = 1.851
Pc  2   2 
2.4
Choking ; So P5 = Pc = = 1.296 bar
1.851
T04 γ + 1 2.333 1000 × 2
= = and T5 = Tc = = 857.26 K
Tc 2 2 2.333
Pc 100 × 1.296
ρ5 = = = 0.526 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 857.26
1 1
C5= ( γ RTc ) 2 = (1.333 × 0.287 × 857.26 × 1000 ) 2 = 572.68m/sec
m 23
A5 = = = 0.0763m 2
ρ5C5 0.526 × 572.68
F = 23 × 572.68 + 0.0763(1.296 − 1.01)105

F = 13171.64 + 2182.18 = 15353.82N
or F = 15.35kN
19

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P07
= 1.75 and P07 = 1.01 × 1.75 = 1.768bar
Pa
 1

Ta  P07  3.5  288  1

T07 − Ta =
   −1 =
  (1.75 ) 3.5 − 1 = 56.74 K

ηc  Pa  0.88  
 
mh C pg (T04 − T05 ) = mc C pa (T07 − Ta )
mc
But = 2.0
mh
2 × 1.005 × 56.74
T04 − T05 = = 99.43K
1.147
T05 = 1000 − 99.43 = 900.57 K
 1

  1  4
 ⇒ P04 = 1.597
99.43 = 0.90 × 1000 1 − 
  P04 P05   P05
 
2.4
P05 = = 1.503bar
1.597
P05 1.503
= = 1.488
Pa 1.01
Hot nozzle is now unchoked, so P6=Pa=1.01 bar

γ −1
T05  P05  γ 1
=  = 1.488 = 1.1045
4
T6  P6 
900.57
T6 = = 815.36 K
1.1045
T05 − T6 = 85.2K
1 1
C6 =  2C p (T05 − T06 )  2 = (2 × 1.147 × 85.21 × 1000) 2
C6 = 442.12m/s
Hot nozzle thrust:
Fh = 23 × 442.12 = 10,168.8 N
The cold nozzle pressure ratio:=1.75, while the critical pressure ratio is :
3.5
P07  1.4 + 1 
=  = 1.893
Pc  2 
20

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So this nozzle is also unchoked. Since the expansion is isentropic:

1
T07
= 1.75 3.5 = 1.1733
T8
288 + 56.74
T8 = = 293.8 K and T07 = 344.74
1.1733
T07 − T8 = 50.94 K
1 1
C8 =  2C p (T07 − T8 )  2 = ( 2 × 1.005 × 50.94 × 1000 ) 2 = 320 m/s
Cold thrust
Fc = 46 × 320 = 14720 N
Total thrust: =14720 + 10168.8 = 24888 N
or F=24.89 kN
21

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Problem 3.5
From solution of turbofan example in Chapter 3:

T03=800 K
T04-T03=1550 – 800=750 K
0.0221
Actual f = = 0.0223
0.99
m = 35.83 kg/s and Fs=71,463 N
0.0223 × 35.83 × 3600
S.F.C = = 0.0403 kg/Nh
71463
P09=P02 – 0.05=1.65-0.05=1.60 bar

P  P 
So nozzle is unchoked and 09 = 1.60  < 05 
Pa  Pc 
   
3.5
T09 – T8 = njT09 1 −  1  
  P09 Pa  
  1 3.5 
= 0.95 × 1000 1 −    =119.4 K
  1.6  
1
C8= ( 2 × 1.005 × 119.4 × 1000 ) 2 = 490 m/s
mc=179.2 kg/s
New thrust: Fc=179.2 ×490 = 87,808 N
Total thrust = Unchanged Fh+new Fc
= 18931+87808=106,739 N
T02=337.7 and T09 – T02=1000-337.7=662.3 K
22

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
From Fig. 2.15, theoretical f = 0.01715
0.01715
Actual f = = 0.01768 for by-pass chamber
0.97
TotalFuel ( (0.01768 × 179.2 + 0.0223 × 35.83) × 3600

S.F.C= =
Totalthrust 106,739
S.F.C=0.1338 kg/kN
23

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 3.6
Pa=0.899bar
Ta=281.7K
Ca=336.4 m/s M=0.70
 n −1 1  0.4   n −1  0.333 

  =   = 0.3210   = 0.90   = 0.2248
 n c 0.89  1.4   n t  1.333 
 γ −1 2 
T01= Ta 1 + M  = 281.7(1 + 0.2 × 0.7 2 ) = 309.3K ∆Tr = 27.61D C
 2 
1.4
P01  0.95 × 27.61  0.4
= 1 +  = 1.366 ∴ P01=1.228 bar
Pa  281.7 
T02
∆T12 = 162.9D C
0.3210
= ( 5.0 ) = 1.676 ∴ T02=472.2
T01
162.9 × 1.005
∆T34 = = 144.1 T04 = 1250 − 144.1 = 1105.9 K
1.148 × 0.99
0.2248 1
T03  P03  P  1250  0.2248
=  ∴ 03 =   = 1.724
T04  P04  P04  1105.9 
6.454
P03=1.366 × 5.0 × 0.945 = 6.454 bar ∴ P04 = = 3.744 bar
1.724
γ
4.003
 γ + 1  γ −1  1.333 
Critical P.R =   =  =1.852
 2   2 
P04 3.744
= = 4.164 ∴ choked
Pa 0.899
3.744 2
P4= = 2.022 bar T4=1105.9 × =948.0 K
1.852 2.333
24

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
100 × 2.022
ρ= = 0.7432 kg/m3
0.287 × 948.0
C = γ RT 4 = 1.333 × 0.287 × 1000 × 948.0 = 602.2 m/s
π 2
A= ( 0.15) = 0.01767
4
m= ρ AC = 0.7432 × 0.01767 × 602.2 = 7.91 kg/s
Ca= 0.70 × 336.4 = 235.5 m/s
F= m ( C j − Ca ) + ( Pn − Pa ) A × 105
=7.91 ( 602.2 − 235.5 ) + ( 2.022 − 0.899 ) × 0.01767 × 105
=2900 N+1984 N=4884 N
0.0212
∆Tcc = 1250 − 472 = 778, Tin=472 K → ( f / a )id = 0.0212 ≈ f/a = = 0.02141
0.99
∴mf= 7.91 ×0.02141 × 3600 = 609.8 kg/hr
609.8
∴SFC= = 0.1249 kg/Nh
4884
25

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 3.7
M=0.75; BPR=3.8; FPR=1.7

Ca=0.75 ×295.1 = 221.3 m/s
 γ −1 2 
T01= Ta 1 + M  = 216.7(1 + 0.2 × 0.752 ) = 241.08K
 2 
∆Tr = 24.38°C
3.5
P01  0.95 × 24.38 
= 1 +  = 1.427 ∴P01=0.2558 bar
Pa  216.7 
Fan
T02 n −1
n − 1 0.286
= (1.7 ) n = 1.1837 = = 0.3178
T01 n 0.90
∴ T02=285.36 ∆T f = 44.28K P02=0.4400
HPC
 T03  0.3178
  = ( 7.9 ) = 1.9287 T03=550.38 P03=3.4757
 02 
T
∆T023 = 265.02
Combustor P04=3.4757(1 – 0.005)=3.3019
1.004 × 265.02
HP turbine ∆T45 = = 234.32 T05=985.7 K
1.147 × 0.99
1.004 × 44.28(3.8 + 1)
LP turbine ∆T56 = = 187.92 T06=797.8 K
1.147 × 0.99
n
P04  T04  n −1 n −1
=  = 0.286 × 0.9 = 0.2232
P05  T05  n
n
= 4.4803
n −1
4.4803
P04  1220 
=  = 2.60
P05  985.7 
26

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
4.4803
P05  985.7 
=  = 2.579
P06  797.8 
∴ P06 = 3.3019
= 0.4924 bar
2.60 × 2.579
Cold Stream (both choked) Hot Stream
P02 = 0.4400 T02=285.4 P06 = 0.4924bar T06=797.8K
0.4400 0.4924
P2 = = 0.2324 P6 = = 0.2659
1.893 1.852
285.4  2 
T2 = = 237.8 T6 = 797.8   = 683.9
1.2  2.333 
100 × 0.2324 100 × 0.2659

ρ= = 0.3405 ρ= = 0.1355
0.287 × 237.8 0.287 × 683.9
9.6× 3.8 9.6 × 1

mc = = 7.60 mh = = 2.00
4.8 4.8
Cc = 1.4 × 287 × 237.8 = 309.1 m/s Ch = 1.4 × 287 × 683.9 = 511.5 m/s
7.6 2.0
A= = 0.0722 m2 A= = 0.02886 m2
0.3405 × 309.1 0.1355 × 511.5
Fc = 7.6 ( 309.1 − 221.3) + 0.0722 ( 0.2324 − 0.1793) × 105
= 667.3 + 383.4=1050.7
Fh = 2.0 ( 511.5 − 221.3) + 0.02886 ( 0.2659 − 0.1793) × 105
= 580 + 250.0=830
F = 1880.7N
T04 = 1220, T03=550 → f=0.0186
mf = 2.00 × 0.0186 × 3600 = 133.63 kg/hr
133.63
SFC= = 0.0711 kg/Nh
1880.7
27

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 3.8
M=0.85; BPR=5.7; FPR=1.77
 n − 1  0.286
  = = 0.3178
 n c 0.90
 n − 1  0.333 × 0.9
  = = 0.2248
 n t 1.333
 γ −1 2 
T01= Ta 1 + M  = 216.8(1 + 0.2 × 0.852 ) = 248.13K
 2 
∆Tr = 31.331C
3.5
P01  0.95 × 31.33 
= 1 +  = 1.569 ∴P01=0.227 ×1.569 =0.3561 bar P02=0.6303
Pa  216.8 
T02 0.31718
= (1.77 ) = 1.1989 ∴∆T12 = 49.33K
T01
∴T02=297.5
 P03  34
 = = 19.21
 P02  1.77
 T03  0.3178
  = (19.21) = 2.558 , ∆T23 = 463.4 T03=761K
 02 
T
∆T023 = 265.02
P04 = 0.3561 × 1.77 × 19.21 × 0.97 =11.74 bar
1.004 × 463.4
∆T45 = = 409.4 T05=940.6 K
1.148 × 0.99
1
P04  1350  0.2248
=  = 4.99
P05  940.6 
1.004 × 49.33(5.7 + 1)
∆T56 = = 292.0 T06=648.6 K
1.148 × 0.99
T6=556.0 K
28

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
1
P05  940.6  0.2248
=  = 5.22
P06  648.6 
11.74 P
∴ P06 = = 0.4505 bar 06 = 1.984 ∴choked
4.99 × 5.22 Pa
Ca = 0.85 ×295.2
Cold Stream (both choked) Hot Stream

220 × 5.7 220
mc = = 187.2 mh = = 32.8
6.7 6.7
P02 0.6303 0.4505
P2 = = = 0.3330 P6 = = 0.2433
Pcr 1.893 1.852
297.5
T2 = = 247.9
1.2
100 × 0.3330 100 × 0.2433
ρ= = 0.468 ρ= = 0.1525
0.287 × 247.9 0.287 × 556
Cc = 1.4 × 287 × 247.9 = 315.6 m/s Ch = 1.333 × 287 × 556 = 461.2 m/s
187.2 32.8
A= = 1.267 m2 A= = 0.466 m2
0.468 × 315.6 0.1525 × 461.2
Fc = 187.2 ( 315.6 − 250.9 ) + 1.267 ( 0.333 − 0.227 ) × 105
=12.108+13430=25,538
Fh = 32.8 ( 461.2 − 250.9 ) + 0.466 ( 0.2433 − 0.227 ) × 105
= 6898+760=7658
F = 33,196N (Fs=150.9)
0.017
f= =0.0172
0.99
mf = 0.0172 × 32.8 × 3600 = 2028 kg/hr
2028
SFC = = 0.0611 kg/Nh
33196
29

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 3.9
M 1.4 Turbofan (BPR=2.0, FPR=2.2)
Assume full expansion, i.e. no pressure thrust

 n −1 0.4
  = = 0.3175
 n c 0.90 × 1.4
 n − 1  0.333 × 0.9
  = = 0.2248
 n t 1.333
 γ −1 2 
T01= Ta 1 + M  = 216.7(1 + 0.2 × 1.42 ) = 301.65K
 2 
∆Tr = 84.95K
3.5
P01  0.93 × 84.95 
= 1 +  = 2.968 ∴P01=0.3594 bar
Pa  216.7 
T02 0.3175
= ( 2.2 ) = 1.2845 ∴T02=387.46K ∴∆T12 = 85.8K
T01
T03 0.3175
= ( 9.0 ) = 2.009 ∴T03=778.39K ∴∆T23 = 390.9 K
T02
Assuming no cooling, 1.004 × 390.9 = 1.147 × 0.99 × ∆T45 ∆T45 = 345.6 T5=1154.3K
1
P04  1500  0.2248
=  = 3.206
P05  1154.3 
LP system (B+1) ×1.004 × 85.8 = 1.147 × 0.99 × ∆T 56 ∆T56 = 227.6 T6=926.7 K
1
P05  1154.3  0.2248
=  = 2.656
P06  926.7 
P04= 0.3594 × 2.2 × 9.0 × 0.93 = 6.618 bar
P02=0.3594 ×2.2 = 0.7907 bar
6.618 P P
P06 = = 0.7772 bar 06 = 6.418 02 = 6.529
3.206 × 2.656 Pa Pa
30

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
With full expansion to Pa

T 02 0.286
= ( 6.529 ) = 1.710 T2=226.6K ; Cc2 = 2 × 1.004 × 103 [387.4 − 226.6] = 568 m/s
T2
T 06 0.25
= ( 6.418 ) = 1.582 T6=582.2K ;
T6
Ch2 = 2 × 1.147 × 103 [926.7 − 582.2] = 888.9 m/s
2
mc = 70 × = 46.67 ; mcCc=46.67 ×568 = 26508 N
2 +1
1
mh = 70 × = 23.33 ; mhCh=23.33 ×888.9 = 20738 N
2 +1
47246N (gross)
Ca=1.4 × 295.1 = 413.1 ram drag = 70 × 413.1 = 28920N
[ SpecificThrust = 261.8 N / kg / hr ] 18326 N (nett)
0.023
T04-T03=1500-778-722 ∴ fideal = 0.023 f = = 0.0232
0.99
∴ mf =23.33 × 0.0232 × 3600 = 1951 kg/hr
1951
SFC= = 0.1065 kg/Nh
18326
Ca=413 m/s = (413/1000) ×3600 km/h=1486 km/h
5600
∴Flight time = = 3.766 hrs
1486.8
∴Fuel flow =3.766 ×2 × 1951 =14,697kg
31

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 3.10
Pa=1.013 bar ; Ta=303K
303
∆T12 = 150.286 − 1 = 437.5
0.81 
∴T2 = 740.5 K ∆Tcc = 1600 − 740.5 = 859.5D C
437.5 × 1.005  1 
∆T34 = = 398.8 ∴ 398.8 = 0.87 × 1600 1 − 0.25 
1.148 × 0.99 × 0.97  R 
∴Rhp = 3.86
14.43
P3=1.013 ×15.0 × 0.95 = 14.43 bar P4= = 3.74 bar
3.86
P4 3.74
= = 3.692
P5 1.013
T4=1600 – 398.8 =1201.2 K
 1 
∴∆T45 = 1201.2 × 0.89 1 − 0.25 
= 297.8 K
 3.692 
kJ
∴Specific output =1.148 ×297.8 × 0.99 × 0.985 = 33.4
kg
∆Tcc = 860, Tin=467 D C ( f / a )ideal = 0.0254
0.0254
∴ f/a= = 0.0257
0.99
Airflow =11.0 kg/s ∴ Power =333.4 ×11.0 = 3667 kW
mf= 0.0257 ×11.0 × 3600 = 1018.9 kg/hr
∴ SFC=0.278 kg/kWh
32

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 3.11
308
Load compressor ∆T = 3.650.286 − 1 = 156.9 K
0.88
Power = 3.5 ×1.004 × 156.9 = 551.2 kW
308
For gas turbine ∆T12 = 120.286 − 1 = 379.6 T02 = 688 K
0.84 
P03
= (12 × 1.01 × 0.95 ) /1.04 = 11.07
P04
 1 
∴ ∆T34 = 1390 × 0.87 1 − 0.25 
= 546
 11.07 
m × 1.148 × 546.0 × 0.99 = m × 1.004 × 379.6 + 200 + 551.2
755.8
m[620.5 − 381.1]=755.8 ∴m= = 3.16 kg/s
239.4
0.02
f/a (690, ∆T = 700) =
0.99
0.02
∴ mf = × 3.16 × 3600 = 229.6 kg/hr
0.99
229.6
SFC = = 0.304 kg/kwhr
755.8
33

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 4.1
Flow area = π (152 − 6.52 ) = 574 cm2= 0.0574 m2
8.0 139.37
C= = m/s
ρ × 0.0574 ρ
3.5
C2 P T  C2
Ts= 288 − , 0 = 0  , θc =
2010 Ps  Ts  2c p
Ps 100 × Ps P
ρ= = = 348.4 s
RTs 0.287 × Ts Ts
We must find the axial velocity by iteration to satisfy continuity:
Let Cmax=150 m/s
C θ Ts T 0 /T s P 0 /P s Ps ρ Ccalc
150 11.12 276.8 1.0405 1.149 0.870 1.095 127.3
127.3 8.05 279.94 1.0288 1.104 0.905 1.127 123.7
123.7 7.61 280.39 1.0271 1.098 0.910 1.131 123.1
123.1 7.54 280.46 1.0269 1.097 0.911 1.132 123.1
∴ Ca = 123.1 m/s, Ts=280.46 K
At root, U= π × ( 0.065 × 2 ) × 270 = 110.3 m/s
123.1
tan α r = = 1.116
110.3
α r = 48D10'
34

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
At tip, U= π × ( 0.15 × 2 ) × 270 = 254.4 m/s
123.1
tan α t = = 0.4839
254.4
α t = 25D 48'
At tip V2=254.42+123.12=79720.42 ⇒ V=282.3 m/s
a= 1.4 × 0.287 × 280.46 × 103 = 335.7 m/s
282.3
∴ M= = 0.841
335.7
35

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 4.2
C12 2302
T1=T01 – ; T01 = 217 + =243.3 K
2Cp 2 × 1.005 × 103
3.5
 243.3 
P01=0.23   = 0.343 bar
 217 
π
A=
4
( 0.33 2
− 0.182 ) = 0.060 m2
3.6
m= ρ ACa = ρ AC cos 25 ⇒ ρ C =
0.060 × 0.906
ρ C = 66.22
But based on stagnation conditions, for a first estimate
100 P0 100 × 0.343

ρ= × = = 0.491 kg/m3
0.287 T0 0.287 × 243.3
66.22
∴ C= = 134.87 m/s
0.491
First trial: Cmax=140 m/s
C θ Ts T0/Ts P0/Ps Ps ρ ρC
140 9.7 233.7 1.042 1.155 0.297 0.443 62
150 11.2 232.2 1.049 1.182 0.290 0.435 65.2
160 12.7 230.7 1.056 1.21 0.287 0.434 69.2
152.4 11.5 231.9 1.051 1.19 0.288 0.433 66.0
66.22
Take C=152.4 × = 152.90 m/s
66.0
C1w=152.9 × sin 25 = 152.9 × 0.4226 = 64.61 m/s
3.5
P02  ψηc 
= 1 + σ U 2 − Cw ( rω ) mean  
P01  C pT01 
 18 + 33  1
Ue = (r ω )mean=   × × 270 × 2π = 216.3 m/s
 2 × 100  2
36

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
U = π × 270 × 0.54 = 458 m/s
3.5
P02  1.04 × 0.8 
= 1 + 0.9 × 4582 − 64.61 × 216.3 
P01  1.005 × 243.3 × 103  
P02 3.5
= (1.595 ) = 5.12
P01
∴ P02=5.12 × 0.343=1.756 bar
37

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 4.3
P01 = Pa = 0.99 bar and T01=Ta=288K
 γ −1

T01  P02  γ 
T02-T01 = 429-288=   − 1
η  P01 
 
 1

288  2.97  3.5 
∴ ηc =   − 1 = 0.753
141  0.99  
 
0.63π
σ =1− = 0.8835
17
16.5
U2 = π × × 765 = 397.1m / s
100
Hence: C2w = σ U 2 = 0.8835 × 397.1 = 351 m/s
C2
2
 3512  Cr22
T2=T02- =429 –  3 
−
2C p  2 × 1.005 × 10  2C p
Therefore T2=367.7 – θ r
100 × 1.92 669

ρ2 = =
0.287 × T2 T2
π × 16.5 × 1.0
A2 = = 51.83 × 10−4 m 2
104
m 0.60 1 115.76
Cr 2 = = −4
× =
ρ 2 A2 51.83 × 10 ρ2 ρ2
θ r is small – For the first trial let T2=366K
669
∴ ρ2 = = 1.83 Hence Cr 2 = 63.26 m/ s
366
Final trial:
Cr 2 θ T2 ρ Cr 2
64.0 2.03 366 1.827 63.5
∴ T2=366 K
3.5
P2t  T2t 
3.5
 429 
=  =  = 1.743
P2  T2   366 
38

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
P2t=1.92 × 1.743 = 3.347 bar

3.5
P02  141 
= 1 + ηi m p ×
P01  288 
3.5
3.347  141 
= 1 + ηi m p ×
0.99  288 
∴ ηimp = 0.850
1 − 0.87
Fraction of loss in impeller = = 0.607
1 − 0.753
39

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 4.4
(a) U2= π × 0.50 × 270 =424.12 m/s

1.04 × 0.9 × 424.122
∆T = = 167.5K
1.005 × 103
T02 = 455.5K
3.5
P02  0.90 × 167.5  3.5
= 1 +  = (1.523) = 4.36
P01  288 
P02 = 4.36 × 1.01 = 4.40bar
π × 50 × 5
(b) Flow area at tip: = = 0.0785 m2
104
C2w=0.9 ×424.12 = 381.7 m/s
2 2
 381.7   96 
If C2r=96 and θ c =   +  = 76.84
 44.9   44.9 
(noting 2 × 1.005 × 103 = 44.9 )
T2=455.5-76.84=378.66 K
3.5
P02  455.5  4.40
=  = 1.909 P2= = 2.30 bar
P2  378.66  1.909
100 × 2.30
ρ2 = = 2.12 ρ 2 A2 Cr 2 = 2.12 × 0.0785 × 96 = 15.97
0.287 × 378.66
The agreement is close since the required flow is 16.0 kg/sec.

∴ Cr 2 = 96 m/s
a = 0.287 × 1.4 × 378.66 × 103 = 390 m/s
C 22 = 381.7 2 + 962 ∴ C2 = 393.6 m / s
C2 393.6
M= = = 1.01
a 390
96
tan α = = 0.251 ∴ α = 14D5
381.7
40

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
(c) P3t=P2t=4.40 bar

π × 58 × 5
A= 4
= 0.0911m 2
10
16.0 381.7 × 25
ρ3C3r = = 175.6 C3 w = = 329 m/s
0.0911 29
We must find Cr3 by trial and error; as a first guess assume:

25
Cr3=96 × = 82.75m/s
29
T03=T02=455.5 K
C3w θw C3r θr θ T3 T0/Ts P0/Ps Ps ρ ρ Cr

329 53.6 82.75 3.4 57.0 398.4 1.143 1.596 2.755 2.41 199.5
73 2.64 56.2 399.2 1.140 1.581 2.78 2.43 177.5
72.4 2.60 56.2 399.1 1.140 1.581 2.78 2.43 176
∴ C3r = 72.4 m/s, T3 = 399.1 K

C32 = 3292 + 72.42 ⇒ C3 = 336.87 m/s
a= 1.4 × 0.287 × 399.1 × 103 = 400.44 m/s
336.87
M= = 0.841
400.44
72.4
tan β = = 0.22 β = 12D 24'
329
41

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 4.5
288 0.286
∆T013 = 4 − 1 = 175.1 K
0.80 
pσ U 22 1.005 × 175.1 × 103
∆T013 = = 175.1 U 22 = = 1.876 × 105
c p × 103 1.04 × 0.90
∴U 2 = 433 m/s
433
d= = 0.689 m
π × 200
T03 = T02 = 175.1+288=463.1 K
At tip M=1.0 T2=T02 × 2 = 463.1 = 385.9 K

γ + 1 1.2
∴ a = 1.4 × 0.287 × 385.9 × 103
∴ C2 = a = 393.7 m/s
C2w = 0.90 ×U 2 = 0.90 × 433 = 389.7 m/s
C 22 = C 22r + C 22w
∴C 22r = 393.72 – 389.72=3133.6
∴C 2r = 55.97 m/s
With a 50% loss in impeller, η I = 0.90
∴∆T '012 = 0.90 × 175.1 = 157.59 K

3.5
P02  157.59 
∴ = 1+ = 4.607bar
P01  288 
42

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
∴ P02 = 1 × 4.607 = 4.607 bar

γ
P02  γ + 1  γ −1 3.5
=  = 1.2 = 1.893
P2  2 
4.607
P2 = = 2.434 bar
1.893
100 × 2.434
ρ2 = = 2.198 kg/m3
0.287 × 385.9
14.0
m= ρ AC2 r ∴A= = 0.1138 m2
2.198 × 55.97
0.1138
∴h = × 100 = 5.257 cm
π × 0.689
43

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 5.1
At mean radius, m Ω∆Cw = mC p ∆T
1.005 × 20 × 103
∴ ∆Cw = = 108.1m/s
0.93 × 200
200 − 108.1
C0w= = 45.95m/s
22
45.95
tan α 0 = = 0.307 α 0 = 17D 4' ( = α 2 )
150
200 − 45.95
tan α1 = = 1.027 α1 = 45D 44' ( = α 3 )
150
With free vortex, Cwr=constant i.e. CwU= constant
Tip
C0w ×250 = 46.0 × 200
∴ C0 w = 36.8 m/s
44

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
108.1 × 200
∆Cwu = constant ∴ ∆Cw = = 86.4 m/s
250
36.8
tan α 0 = = 0.245, α 0 = 13D 46'
150
250 − 36.8
tan α1 = = 1.421, α1 = 54D53'
150
36.8 + 86.4
tan α 2 = = 0.845, α 2 = 40D14'
150
36.8 + 86.4
tan α 3 = = 0.821, α 3 = 39D 26'
150
Root
C0w ×150 = 46 × 200 ∴ C0 w = 61.3 m / s

108 × 200
∆Cw = = 144 m/ s
150
61.3
tan α 0 = = 0.409, α 0 = 22D15'
150
150 − 61.3
tan α1 = = 0.591, α1 = 30D36'
150
150 − (144 + 61.3)
tan α 2 = = −0.369, α 2 = −20D15'
150
144 + 61.3
tan α 3 = = 1.369, α 3 = 53D51'
150
static enthalpy rise in rotor T1 − T0
Λ= =
Stagnation enthalpy rise in stage 20
C02 C2  C2 C2  1
Now (T0+ + 20) =T1+ 1 ∴ T1 − T0 = 20 +  0 − 1  3
2C p 2C p  2C
 p 2C p  10
45

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Tip
150 150
C0= = = 154.5 T1-T0=20+11.19-18.8=13.1
cos13D 46' 0.9712
150 150 13.1

C1= = = 194.1 ∴Λ = = 65.5%
cos39D 26' 0.7724 20
Root
150 150
C0= = = 162.1
cos 22D15' 0.9255
1  162.12 254.22 
T1-T0=20+  − 
103  2 × 1.005 2 × 1.005 
150 150
C1= = = 254.2 T1-T0=20+13.07-32.15
cos53D51' 0.5899
0.92
∴ T1 − T0 = 0.92, Λ= = 4.6%
20
(N.B.: Λ is very sensitive to small errors in C0 and C1)
46

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 5.2
Velocity diagram at mid span is as in previous question.
∆Cw : mean = 108, tip =86.3, root =144 m/s
Equal work at all radius
Tip
250 − 86.3
C0w= = 81.85 m/s
2
81.85
tan α 0 = = 0.546, α 0 = 28D36' ( = α 2 )
150
250 − 81.85
tan α1 = = 1.121, α1 = 48D16' ( = α 3 )
150
47

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Root
150 − 144
C0w = = 3 m/s
2
3
tan α 0 = = 0.0020, α 0 = α 2 = 0°7 '
150
150 − 3
tan α1 = = 0.980, α1 = α 3 = 44°25'
150
48

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 5.3
(a) With no inlet guide vanes the inlet velocity is axial.
140 × 140 1
T = 288 − × = 278.25 K
2 × 1.005 103
a= γ RT = 1.4 × 0.287 × 278.25 × 103 = 334.4 m/s
∴ V= 0.95 × 334.4 = 317.7 m/s
V2=U2+C2 ∴ U2 = 317.7 2 − 1402 = 81333.3

∴ U=285.2 m/s
285.2
π × D × N = 285.2 ∴ D= = 0.908 m
π × 100
∴Tip radius =0.454 m or 45.40 cm

3.5 3.5
P0  T0   288 
(b) =  =  = 1.128
P T   278.25 
1.01
P= = 0.895 bar
1.128
0.895 × 100
ρ= = 1.121 kg/m3
0.287 × 278.25
Dhub = 0.60× 0.908 = 0.545 m
π
A= (0.9082 – 0.5452 ) = 0.4143m2
4
∴ m = 1.121 ×0.4143 × 140 =65.02 or m=65 kg/s
3.5
P  0.89 × 20 
(c) 02 = 1 + = 1.2335
P01  288 
49

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
(d) At the root we have axial inlet velocity. Free vortex gives constant work at all radii and
constant axial velocity.
Uh=0.60 ×285.2 = 171.1 m/s
1
mU ∆Cw Ω = mC p ∆T
103
C p ∆T × 103 1.005 × 20 × 103
∆Cw = = = 126.3m/s
uΩ 171.1 × 0.93
171.1
tan α1 = = 1.2221, α1 = 50D 44'
140
171.1 − 126.3
tan α 2 = = 0.320, α 2 = 17D 46'
140
At tip
∆Cw = 126.3 × 0.60 = 75.78m/s
285.2
tan α1 = = 2.0371, α1 = 63D50'
140
285.2 − 75.78
tan α 2 = = 1.4958, α 2 = 56D14'
140
Power input =65 ×1.005 × 20 = 1306.5 kW
50

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 5.4
n − 1 0.286
= = 0.325
n 0.88
T02 0.325
= ( 4.0 ) = 1.569
T01
∆T012 = 288[1.569 − 1] = 163.9K
163.9
∴ Number of stages = = 6.556 i.e. 7 stages
25
∆T 163.9
= = 23.4 K/stage
# of stages 7
Tout 288 + 23.4

For first stage: = = 1.0812
Tin 288
1.0812 = (R) 0.325 ∴ Rfirst=1.271

For last stage:
Tout=288+163.9=451.9 K
Tout
Tin = 451.9-23.4=428.5 K; ∴ = 1.0546
Tin
1.0546= (R)0.325 ∴Rlast=1.178
1
mU ∆Cw Ω = mC p ∆T ; (note that Ca=165 cos20)
103
∆Cw = U − 2C sin 20 = U − 330sin 20
1
ΩU (U − 112.9) = C p ∆T
103
51

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
1.005 × 23.4 × 103

U2 – 112.9U=
0.83
U2 – 112.9U-28.3 ×103 = 0
112.9 ± 112.92 + 4 × 28.3 × 103 112.9 ± 354.9

∴U = =
2 2
∴ U = 233.9 m/s
π DN 60 × 233.9
= 233.9 ∴ N= = 24817.5 rpm
60 π × 0.18
At the entry to last rotor:
4 × 1.01
T0=428.5; P0= = 3.43 bar
1.178
1652
C=165 m/s ∴ T=428.5 - = 414.96 K
2.01 × 103
3.5 3.5
P0  T0   428.5 
=  =  = 1.1189
P T   414.96 
3.43
P= = 3.07 bar
1.1189
100 × 3.07
∴ ρ= = 2.58 kg/m3
0.287 × 414.96
(π Dh ) ρ × Ca = m
π × 0.18 × h × 2.58 × 165cos 20 = 3.0
3.0
∴h = = 0.01326 m
π × 0.18 × 2.58 × 165 × 0.9397
h = 1.326 cm
52

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 5.5
n − 1 0.286 n − 1 0.286
Axial: = = 0.311 Centrifugal: = = 0.3446
n 0.92 n 0.83
For axial ∆T = 4 × 30 = 120 K ∴ T2=288+120=408 K

0.311
T02 408 P  P02
= = 1.417 =  02  ∴ = 3.07
T01 288  P01  P01
P03 10.0
∴ = = 3.257
P02 3.07
Axial :
1
mU ∆Cw Ω = mC p ∆T
103
∆Cw = U − 2Ca tan 20 = U-300 ×0.364 = U − 109.2
103 × 1.005 × 30
U(U-109.2)= =35.05 ×103
0.86
U2-109.2U-35.05 ×103 =0
109.22 + 4 × 35.05 × 103 109.2 ± 390

∴ U= 109.2 ± =
2 2
U=249.6 m/s
π DN 60 × 249.6
249.6= ∴ N= = 19068 rpm
60 π × 0.25
Centrifugal:
0.3446
T03  P03  0.3446
=  = ( 3.257 ) = 1.502
T02  P02 
∆T023 = 0.502 × 408 = 204.82 K
σψ U 22 0.90 × 1.04 × U 22 1.005 × 103 × 204.82

∆T = = ∴ U 22 =
Cp 1.005 × 103 0.90 × 1.04
U2=468.95 m/s
60 × 468.95
∴ N(Centrifugal) = = 27140 rpm
π × 0.33
53

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 6.1
(a) From Fig. 2.15, for T1=298 K and ∆T = 583 K, theoretical f=0.0147
0.0147
ηb = = 0.980
0.0150
(b) From Fig. 2.15, for f=0.0150 and T1=298 K, theoretical ∆T = 593 K
583
ηb = = 0.983
593
(c) mass of CO per kg of fuel:
28
m= × 0.04 × 0.8608 = 0.0803 kg
12
Actual released energy = 43100–(0.0803 ×10110)
Efficiency based on released energy:
43100 − (0.0803 × 10110)

η= = 1 − 0.0188
43100
η = 0.9812
54

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 6.2
The combustion equation:
C10H12 +65O2+244.5N2 → 10CO2+6H2O+52O2+244.5N2
132kg 2080 6846 440 108 1664 6846
132
Fuel/ air ratio = = 0.0148
( 2080 + 6846 )
Since the H2O will be in vapour phase, we require ∆H vap , given by:
108
∆H vap = −42500 + × 2442 = −40500 KJ/kg of C10H12
132
Energy equation is:
(
(Hp2-Hp0)+ ∆H 0 + H R0 − H R1 =0 )
Where the first stage is 325 K for C10H12 and 450 K for air
450 + 298
Mean temperature of reactants O2 and N2 is = 374 K
2
From fig. 2.15 for f=0.0148 and for an initial temperature of 450 K
For air, temperature rise ∆T = 565 K.
Hence approximate final temperature T2=565+450 =1015 K

First guess at mean temperature of products = (1015+298)/2=656.5 K. Mean values of Cp from
tables are
: R- reactants, P- products.
R’s P’s 1st Guess 2nd Guess mCp

O2 0.934 CO2 1.105 1.047 460.7
N2 1.042 H2O 2.051 2.041 220.4
O2 1.019 1.014 1687.2
N2 1.088 1.084 7421.1
9789.4
55

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
(T2 –298) {( 440 × 1.105 ) + (108 × 2.051) + (1664 × 1.019 ) + (6846 × 1.088)}
– (132 × 40500 ) − ( 450 − 298 ) ( 2080 × 0.934 ) + ( 6846 × 1.042 ) 
– ( 325 − 198 ) [132 × 1.945]
= (T2 − 298 ) × 985.5 − 5,35,000 − 152 × 9073 − 27 × 257 = 0
6736000
∴ T2=298+ = 982 K
9855
Second guess at mean temperature of products=1280/2=640 K
6736000
∴ T2=298+ = 986.1 K
9789.4
56

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 6.3
Under design conditions:
C12 P m2
T01=T1+ = 1 + 2 2
2C p R ρ 1 2 ρ1 A1 C p
4.47 × 100 9.02

475= + 2
0.287 ρ 1 2 ρ1 × 0.03892 × 1.005 × 103
1557 26.70
475= +
ρ1 ρ12
475 ρ12 − 1557 ρ1 − 26.70 = 0
1557 ± 1557 2 − 4 × 475 × (−26.76)

From which : ρ1 =
2 × 475
ρ1 = 3.294 kg/m3
0.27 × 105  1023 
Hence: =19.0+ K2  − 1
 475 
2 2
9.0 / 2 × 3.294 × 0.0975
20.88=19.0+1.153 K2
∴ K2=1.630
Part-load conditions:
3.52 × 100 7.42 1226.5 18.004
439= + 2 2 3
= +
0.287 ρ1 2 ρ1 × 0.0389 × 1.005 × 10 ρ1 ρ12
439 ρ12 − 1226.5ρ1 − 18 = 0
∴ ρ1 = 2.808 kg/m3
7.42   900  
105 ∆P0 = 19.0 + 1.630  439 − 1 
2 × 2.808 × 0.09752   
∆P0 = 0.213 bar
m 9.0
At design : C1= = =70.24 m/s
ρ1 A1 3.294 × 0.0389
7.4
At part load: C1= =67.75 m/s
2.808 × 0.0389
P 4.47 × 100
At design: T1= 1 = = 472.8 K
R ρ1 0.287 × 3.294
57

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
γ / γ −1
T 
3.5
P01=P1  01   475 
= 4.47   = 4.543 bar
 T1   472.8 
∆P0 0.27
= =0.0594
P01 4.543
3.52 × 100
At part load: T1= = 436.78 K
0.287 × 2.808
3.5
 439 
P01=3.52   = 3.583bar
 436.78 
∆P0 0.213
= = 0.0595
P01 3.583
58

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 7.1
Ca 260
C2= = = 615.2 m/s
cos 65 0.4226
Cw2= 615.22 − 2602 = 557.5 m/s
557.5 − 360
Tan β 2 = = 0.7596 ∴ β 2 = 37D13'
260
Cw3=260 tan 10=260 ×0.1763 = 45.84 m/s
360 + 45.84
Tan β 3 = =1.5609 ∴ β 3 = 57D 22'
260
Since C1=C3 and Ca is constant:
Ca 260
Λ= ( tan β3 − tan β 2 ) = (1.5609 − 0.7596 )
2U 2 × 360
Λ = 0.289
Temperature drop coefficient:
2C p ∆T0 s 2U ∆Cw 2 ( 557.5 + 45.84 )

ψ= 2
= = =3.35
U U2 360
Power output =mU ∆Cw = 20 × 360 × (557.5 + 45.84 )
P=4343760W or 4344 KW
C22 615.22
T2=T01- =1000 – = 835 K
2C p 2294
59

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
C22 615.22
T2 – T2' = λN = 0.05 × = 8.25 K
2C p 2294
T '2 = 835 − 8.25 = 826.75 K
γ / γ −1
P01  T01 
4
 1000 
=  =  = 2.14
P2  T2'   826.75 
4
∴ P2 = = 1.869 bar
2.140
For isentropic flow, critical pressure ratio Pc/Pa=1.853.
P01
∴ > 1.853. ∴ The nozzle is choking
P2
The throat conditions are:
4.0  2  2
Pc= = 2.158 bar, Tc=   × T01 = × 1000 = 857 K
1.853  γ +1 2.333
Pc 2.158 × 100
ρc = = = 0.877 kg/m3
RTc 0.287 × 857
Cc= 1.333 × 0.287 × 857 × 103 = 572.6 m/s
m 20
Athroat= = = 0.0398 m2
ρc Cc 0.877 × 572.6
60

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 7.2
 γ −1

  1  γ

= ηt T01 1 − 
  P01 P03  
∆T013
 
 1

 1 
=0.88 ×1050 1 −    = 147 K

4
 2 
 
T03 = 1050 – 147=903 K
With zero outlet swirl:

Ws=UCw2=Cp ∆T013
And with free vortex,

Cwr = constant
Hence at root
C p ∆T013 1.147 × 147 × 103
(Cw2)r = = = 562 m/s
U 300
T2 − T3
Now at root, Λ = 0 ∴ = 0 hence T2=T3
T1 − T3
C22r C2
∴ T02- =T03 – 3 ; T02=T01 and C3=Ca3=275 m/s
2C p 2C p
C22r 2752
Hence = + 147 = 180 K
2C p 2294
∴ C2r=642.6 m/s
61

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
562
α 2 r = sin −1 = sin −1 0.8746 = 61D
642.6
(Ca2)r = 642.62 − 5622 = 311.6 m/s
( Cw 2 ) r − U r 562 − 300
tan β 2 r = = = 0.8406
( Ca 2 ) r 311.6
β 2 r = 40D 4'
rt
(Ca2)t=(Ca2)r=311.6 m/s and = 1.4
rr
562
(Cw2)t= =401.4 m/s
1.4
 401.4 
α 2t = tan −1   = tan (1.2882 )
−1
 311.6 
∴ α 2t = 52°10'
C2t= 401.42 + 311.62 = 508.15 m/s
2752
With no exit swirl T3t=T3r=903 – = 870 K
2294
508.152
T2t=1050 – = 937.5 K
2294
(T1-T3)= ∆T013 because C1=C3 with no inlet or exit swirl
T2t − T3t 937.5 − 870

Λ tip = = =0.46
T1 − T3 147
C22r 642.62
At the root T2r-T’2r= λn =0.05 ×
2Cp 2294
T2r – T’2r = 9 K
T’2r=(1050 – 180) – 9.0 =861 K

γ / γ −1
P01  T01 
4
 1050  3.8
=  =  = 2.21 ∴ P2 = = 1.719 bar
P2  T'2   861  2.21
γ / γ −1
P03  T03 
4
 903  3.8 / 2
=  =  = 1.16 ∴ P3 = = 1.638 bar
P3  T'3   870  1.16
62

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 7.3
C22 4002
T3=T03 – = (1200 − 150) − = 980.2K
2C p 2294
320
Um =2 π rm N or rm= = 0.2037 m
2π × 250
 1

 
= ηt T01 1 −  
4
1
  P01 / P03  
∆T013
 
1
 1 4 ∆T013 150
  =1− =1− = 0.8611
 P01 / P03  ηt T01 0.90 × 1200
P01 8
= 1.818 ∴ P03= = 4.4bar
P03 1.818
γ / γ −1
P03  T03 
4
 1050  4.4
=  =  = 1.316 ∴ P3= = 3.343 bar
P3  T3   980.25  1.316
P3 3.343 × 100
ρ3 = = =1.19 kg/m3
RT3 0.287 × 980.25
m 36
A3= = =0.0756 m2 (N.B. C3=Ca3)
ρ3C3 1.19 × 400
A 0.0756
h= = =0.0591 m
2π rm 2π × 0.2037
rt 0.2037 + (0.0591/ 2) 0.233
= = = 1.34
rr 0.2037 − (0.0591/ 2) 0.1741
A2 = A3
m
Ca2 must satisfy Ca2= and Ca2= C 2 − Cw2 2
ρ 2 A2
Ws=Cw2U=Cp ∆T013 (because α 3 = 0 )
1.147 × 150 × 103
Cw2= = 537.6 m/s
320
If Ca2=346 m/s C22 = 3462 + 537.62 ⇒ C2=639 m/s
C22 C2 6392
T2=T02- =T01- 2 =1200- = 1022 K
2C p 2C p 2294
C22
T2’=T2 – λN =1022-0.07 ×178 = 1009.5 K
2C p
P01 8.0 8.0
P2= 4
= 4
= = 4.008 bar
(T01 T2 ' ) (1200 /1009.5 ) 1.995
63

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
4.008 × 100
ρ2 = = 1.366 kg/m3
0.287 × 1022
m 36
Ca2= = = 348 m/s (agrees with given 346 m/s)
C2 A3 1.366 × 0.0756
At the root, for free vortex design, we have:
rm 0.2037
= = 1.17
rt 0.1741
rm
(C w2 )r =(C w2 )m × = 537.6 × 1.17 =629 m/s
rr
Ca2 is constant at 346 m/s. Hence:
C2r= 6292 + 3462 = 717.9 m/s
7182
T2r=1200 – =975.3 K
2294
320
UR= = 273.5 m/s
1.17
V2r= 3462 + (629 − 273.5) 2 = 496.1 m/s
a2r= γ RT2 r = 1.333 × 0.287 × 975.3 × 103 =610.86 m/s
496.1
(Mv2)r= =0.812
610.86
64

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Problem 7.4
Cr2=constant (1)
Cw2r=constant (2)
From (2), since Ca2=Cw2 cot α 2
 rm 
Ca2r=constant and Ca2=(Ca2)m  
 r 2
 r 
Also U=Um  
 rm  2
U
Now, = tan α 2 − tan β 2
Ca 2
2
Um  r 
∴tan β 2 =tan α 2 -
( Ca 2 )m  rm 
tan α 2 =(tan α 2 ) m = tan 58D 23' =1.624
Um
= tan 58 D 23’-tan 20 D 29' =1.624-0.374=1.25
( Ca 2 ) m
(N.B. Flow coefficient (Ca/U)m=0.8 for this mean diameter design)
2
 r 
Hence, tan β 2 = 1.624 − 1.25  
 rm  2
65

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2
 rm   rm 
 r   r  tan β 2 β2
 2  2
Root 1.164 1.357 0.709 35 D 20’
Tip 0.877 0.769 0 0
We therefore have untwisted nozzles.
Cw2 rx=constant where x= sin 2 α 2 = sin 2 58D 23' =0.726 With

α 2 = constant, we also have Ca2 rx = constant.
x
r 
Hence, Ca2= (Ca2)m  m 
 r 2
This with
 
U=Um  r  yields
 rm  2
x +1
 r   M 
tan β 2 = tan α 2 -    
 rm  2  Ca 2  m
1.726
 rm 
  tan β 2 β2
 r 
Root 1.164 0.662 35 D 20’
Tip 0.797 0.056 3 D 12'
66

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Problem 7.5
P3
m= ρ3 AC3 = A 2C p × T03 − T3
RT3
P3
= A 2C p × T01 − ∆Tw − T3
RT3
Assuming isentropic expansion,
( γ / γ −1)
T 
P3=P01  3 
 T01 
2
A 2C p P01 γ −1
m= × T3 (T01 − ∆Tw − T3 )
R T01(γ / γ −1)
2 γ +1
A 2C p P01 γ −1 γ −1
m= × T3 (T01 − ∆Tw ) − T3
R T01(γ / γ −1)
dm
For the given inlet conditions m is a maximum when = 0 i.e when:
dT3
2
2 γ + 1 γ −1
(T01 − ∆Tw ) T3(3−γ ) /(γ −1) − T3 = 0
γ −1 γ −1
∴ T3= 2 (T01 − ∆Tw )

γ +1
A 2C p P 01
Hence, writing K= × ( γ / γ −1)
R T01
γ +1  2 γ +1

 2  −  2  
γ −1 γ −1
γ −1
mmax= K (T01 − ∆Tw )
 γ + 1   
 γ + 1  
 
γ +1  2 2

 2  −  2   2 
γ −1 γ −1
mmax= K (T01 − ∆Tw ) γ −1 
 γ + 1     
 γ +1  γ +1 
 
2
γ +1
γ −1  2  γ −1  λ − 1 
mmax= K (T01 − ∆Tw )    
 γ +1  γ +1
67

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Cp γ
But =
R γ −1
2 γ +1
γ +1
AP01 γ −1  2 γ  γ −1 2 γ −1 (γ − 1)
mmax = (T01 − ∆Tw )   γ +1
T01(γ / γ −1)  R γ −1 ( γ + 1) γ −1
γ +1 γ +1 γ +1
T01 γ  2  γ −1  ∆Tw  γ −1 T01γ −1

mmax =   1 −  γ +1
AP01 R  γ +1  T01  γ −1
T01
γ +1 γ +1
T01 γ  2  γ −1  ∆T  γ −1
mmax =   1 − 
w
AP01 R  γ + 1   T 01 
Hence maximum mass flow will vary with N/ T01 because ∆Tw varies with P01/P03.
68

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Problem 8.1
N=250 rev/s ⇒ Angular velocity ω = 2π N = 1570.5 rad/s

Rr=0.1131m
Rt=0.2262 m
ρ = 4500 kg/m3 (Ti-6Al-4V) ref table page 407
Centrifugal stress at the root
ρω 2 2 2
σr = ( Rt − Rr ) K
2
2
4500 (1570.5 )
=
2
( 0.2262 2
− 0.11312 ) ( 0.6 )
≅ 127.8 MPa
Material UTS=880 MPa
Endurance limit =350 MPa
Assess the vibratory stress at failure – Goodman diagram
-vibratory stress at failure ≈ 300MPa -high
-Allowable approximately 1 ≅ 100 MPa

3
69

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Problem 8.2
N=250 rev/s
R0=0.113m; Ri=0.105m
Width=0.025m
Blade m ≅ 0.020 kg
rcg ≅ 0.163m
Material ρ = 4500 kg/m3, UTS = 880 MPa
For a thin ring rotor (eq 8.29)
Frim
σ t = ρω 2 Rring
2
+
2π Aring
0.113 + 0.105
Rring = = 0.109m
2
Aring =0.025(0.113-0.105)
=2 ×10−4 m2
Frim =43 ( mrω 2 )
= 43 ( 0.02 × 0.163 × 1570.52 ) ≅ 345,750N
2 2 345,750
σ t = 4500 (1570.5 ) ( 0.109 ) +
2π ( 2 × 10−4 )
=131.87 ×106 + 275 × 106 ≅ 407.06 × 106 Pa
σ t = 407 MPa
Considering burst, for UTS = 880MPa and burst margin of 1.2, the maximum
allowable σ t
880
(σ t )allowable = 2
= 611 MPa >> 407MPa
(1.2 )
The design is conservative; but acceptable for a conceptual design.
70

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Problem 8.3
t
t[hrs] σ [MPa] PLM T[K] t1%[hrs]
t1%
TO+Climb 0.33 300 26.8 1150 2,015 1.489 × 10-4
Cruise 5 220 28 1000 100,000 5 × 10-5
Descent+L 0.5 150 29.5 1050 124,520 4 × 10-6
2.029 × 10-4
∴ 4,929 flights
PLM is obtained from figure 8.7, for CMSX-10
71

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Problem 8.4
Haynes 188 at 1033K
∆ε = 0.01N −f 0.06 + 0.7 N −f 0.72
Source: Manson, S. S. and Halford, G. R., Fatigue and durability of structural materials (ASM International, 2006),
where it is Figure 6.15(c). Reprinted with permission of ASM International ®. All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org
∆ε1 = 0.009 → Nf1 = 2 ×103 cycles
∆ε 2 = 0.007 → Nf2 = 1 ×104 cycles
Using Miner’s rule (linear damage accumulation)
n n n n
+ =1= +
N f1 N f 2 2 × 10 1 × 104
3
1 × 104 n + 2 × 103 n  12 × 103 

1= = n  7 
2 × 107 n  2 × 10 
∴ n ≅ 1,670 cycles of each loading.
72

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Problem 8.5
Rigid bearings : Kr= rotor stiffness

1 1
K r  N  2  kgm  2 1
ω= = = 2  =s
m  mkg   s mkg 
πN
m=20 kg ; ω = = 5, 235 rad/s
30
1
 K 2
5,235=  r  ⇒ Kr=548 × 106 N/m
 20 
Soft bearings: total stiffness
1 Kr + Ks 548 × 106 + 1 × 107

= =
Kt K r Ks 548 × 106 × 1 × 107
= 1.018 × 10–7
Kt = 9.821 × 106 N/m
First critical speed
9.821×106
ω= = 700.7 rad/s = 6,693 ≅ 6,700 rpm
20
Plot the critical speed as a function of support stiffness!
73

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Problem 9.1
Note: In the problems for chapter 9, we are dealing with stagnation conditions at all times and
the suffix ‘0’ has dropped throughout.
Flow compatibility is expressed by:
m T1 m T3 P3 T
= × × 1
P1 P3 P1 T3
And
P3 P2 P2 − P3 P2 P P
= − = − 0.05 2 = 0.95 2
P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
m T1 P 288 P
∴ =14.2 ×0.95 2 × = 6.903 2
P1 P1 1100 P1
P2 P2 m T1
6.903
P1 P1 P1
5.0 34.515 32.9

4.7 32.444 33.8
4.5 31.064 34.3
From curves, equilibrium point is at:
P2 m T1
=4.835, =33.4, ηc = 0.795
P1 P1
74

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P3
=0.95 ×4.835 =4.59
P1
And from turbine characteristic graph: ηt = 0.8497
33.4 × 1.01
m= = 1.988 kg/s
288
Net power output = mCpg ∆T34 − 1 mC pa ∆T12

ηm
 1

  1 4 
Poutput = 1.988 × 1.147 × 0.8497 × 1100 1 − 
  4.59  
 
288  1

−1.988 × 1.005 ×  ( 4.835 ) 3.5 − 1

0.795  
Poutput = 675.189 – 411.620 = 263.989KW
Net power output = 264 KW
75

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Problem 9.2
m T4 m T3 P3 T
= × × 4
P4 P3 P4 T3
T4 ∆T
= 1 − 34
T3 T3
∆T34  1 P3
= ηt 1 − 1  ; r= ; and ηt = 0.85
T3   P4
 r4 
1
P3  P3 4 ∆T34 T4 T4 m T3 m T4
 
P4  P4  T3 T3 T3 P3 P4
2.00 1.189 0.135 0.865 0.930 88.2 164.05

2.25 1.2247 0.156 0.844 0.918 90.2 186.31
2.50 1.257 0.174 0.826 0.909 90.2 205.0
m T4 P3
∴ =188 when =2.270 (graphical solution)
P4 P4
m T3
∴ =90.2
P3
 1

∆T34   1 4 
= 0.85 1 −  = 0.1575
T3   2.27  
 
76

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From compatibility of flow:
m T1 m T3 P3 T
= × × 1 and P3=P2
P1 P3 P1 T3
∴
T3
=
(
m T3 / P3 ( P2 / P1 ) )
T1 (
m T1 / P1 )
T3 90.2 ( P2 / P1 )
= -----------------------------(A)
T1 (
m T1 / P1 )
From compatibility of work:
∆T ∆T T3 C pgηm 0.1575 × 1.147 × 0.98 T3 T

= = = 0.1762 3 -------(B)
T1 T3 T1 C pa 1.005 T1 T1
∆T12 1  P2  
0.286
=   − 1
T1 ηc  P1  

0.286
P2 m T1 T3 T3  P2  ∆T12 T3   1   ∆T 
ηc    =    
P1 P1 T1 T1  P1  T1 T1   0.1762   T1 
(A) (B)
5.2 220 2.13 4.54 0.82 1.602 0.734 4.17

5.0 236 1.91 3.65 0.83 1.584 0.704 3.99
4.8 244 1.77 3.15 0.82 1.566 0.690 3.92
P2 T
∴ = 5.105 and 3 = 4.06, from graphical solution
P1 T1
Hence T3=1170 K
77

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Problem 9.3
At outlet of gas generator turbine
m T4 m T3 P3 T
= × × 4
P4 P3 P4 T3
 1

T4   1  4
;
= 1 − ηt 1 − 
  P3 / P4  
and
T3
 
 1

m T4 m T3 P3   1  4
;
∴ × × 1 − ηt 1 − 
  P3 / P4  
=
P4 P3 P4
 
ηt = 0.85
1
1 1
  1
2
 P3   1      
  
P3 4 4 1 4 m T3 m T4 P4
  1 −   1 − ηt 1 − 
 P4   3 4 
  3 4   
P4 P P  P /P P3 P4 Pa

1.3 1.0678 0.064 0.972 20.0 25.27 1.92
1.5 1.1067 0.097 0.958 44.0 63.22 1.664
1.8 1.1583 0.137 0.940 62.0 104.90 1.387
The value of P4/Pa in the table is found from
P4 P4 P3 P2 P4 P
= = × 0.96 × 2.60 = 2.496 4
Pa P3 P2 Pa P3 P3
Hence curves – from which power turbine pressure ratio is r = 1.55
78

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And gas generator turbine pressure ratio r=1.61
Use work compatibility equation to find T3
∆T12 ∆T34 T3  C pgη m 

= ×  
T1 T3 T1  C pa 
 1
  1

T   P2  3.5    1 4 
∴ Cpa 1
  − 1 = η m C pg T3 1 −  
ηc  P1   P3 / P4  
   
T1 must be given. Compressor efficiency from compressor characteristic once operating point
m T1 m T3 P3 T
found from = × × 1 where T3 unknown, so trial and error method required.
P1 P3 P1 T3
79

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Problem 9.4
For gas generator turbine

m T4 m T3 P3 T
= × × 4
P4 P3 P4 T3
 γ −1

T4 ∆T34   1  γ
;
= 1 − ηt 1 − 
  P3 / P4  
where =1−
T3 T3
 
and ηt is constant.
m T4  P3 
Thus: = f  from gas generator turbine characteristics.
P3  P4 
Since power turbine is choking at all conditions considered, the gas generator turbine is
∆T34
operating at a fixed pressure ratio and hence fixed value of .
T3
(a) At 95% of speed, work compatibility yields
 γ −1

T1  P2  γ 
ηm C pg ∆T34 = C pa   − 1
ηc  P1 
 
T1  1

∆T34 = C pa  ( 4.0 ) 3.5 − 1

η m C pg 0.863  
C paT1 0.486
=
ηm C pg 0.863
At 100% speed we have similarly:

T1  1
 C paT1 0.5465
∆T34 = C pa  ( 4.6 ) 3.5 − 1 =
 η C 0.859
ηm C pg 0.859   m pg
 ∆T   ∆T 
But:  34  =  34 
 1075 95% speed  T3 100% speed
Therefore;
0.5465 0.863
T3= 1075 × × = 1214.5 K
0.859 0.486
(b) 95% mechanical speed at 273 K.
80

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
N 288
(%design) = 95 =97.57 %
T1 273
m T1 p
From the operating line = 439, 2 = 4.29 and ηc = 0.862
P1 P1
273
∆T =  (4.29)0.286 − 1 = 163.6K
0.862
439 × 0.76
m= = 20.19 kg/s
273
Power=20.19 × 1.005 × 163.5 = 3318 kw.
81

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Problem 9.5
Work compatibility yields:
 γ −1
  1

  1  γ
 T 
 2 P  3.5

mηt T3 1 −    P1 
= mc 1 − 1
  ηc 
  3 4  
P /P
 
P3 P2
Let: = =r
P4 P1
At design point:
 3.5
1
  3.5
1

T1  r − 1  4 − 1
mc − mb
=
1   = 1
×
1
×  
mc ηtηc  1
 0.8 × 0.85 3.3  1

 1  3.5 1 −  1  
T3 1 −   
3.5
 r   4 
   
m mc − mb
= = 0.6622
mc mc
mb m T1 / P1
= 1 − 0.6622 = 0.3378 = b
mc mc T1 / P1
Therefore at design point:

mb T1
= 0.3378 × 22.8 = 7.70
P1
 
 (m − m ) T  (m − mb ) T3
 c b 3
 = c
 1  1
 P3 1 − r 2  P3 1 − 2
 d r
And T3 is constant.
1 1
1− r 1− 2
mc − mb P 2
r = r Thus : P =P
= 3 3 2
( mc − mb )d ( P3 )d 1 1
1 − 2 rd 1 − 2
rd rd
mc T1 / P1 − mb T1 / P1 r 1 − 1 r 2 r2 −1
= =
22.8 − 7.7 4 1 − 1/16 15
mc T1 / P1 − mb T1 / P1 = 3.899 r 2 − 1 --------------------(1)
82

lOMoARcPSD|9131802
Also from work compatibility:
mc T1 / P1 − mb T1 / P1 0.4457( r1 3.5 − 1)
= ------------------(2)
mc T1 / P1  1

1 −  1  
3.5
 r 
 
3
Now: mb T1 / P1 = × 7.7 = 5.775
4
From (1): mc T1 / P1 = 5.775 + 3.889 r 2 − 1
(2) becomes:
5.775 0.4457(r1 3.5 − 1)

1− = , solve by trial and error
5.775 + 3.899 r 2 − 1  1

1 −  1  
3.5
 r 
 
r r2 r2 −1 3.899 r 2 − 1 5.775 + 3.899 r 2 − 1 left-hand-side
3.5 12.25 3.35 13.08 18.85 0.694
3.0 9.0 2.83 11.05 16.82 0.657
2.5 6.25 2.29 8.94 14.71 0.607
2.25 5.06 2.015 7.865 13.63 0.576
1
 1 
r r 3.5
0.4457  r1 3.5 − 1  1 − 1 3.5  right-hand-side
 r 
3.5 1.430 0.192 0.301 0.638

3.0 1.369 0.164 0.270 0.607
2.5 1.299 0.133 0.230 0.578
2.25 1.261 0.116 0.207 0.560
From curves, r = 2.08
Hence;
mc T1 / P1 = 5.775+ 3.899 2.082 − 1 = 12.886
83

Solucionario Cohen Turbinas A Gas

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lOMoARcPSD|9131802

Solucionario Cohen Turbinas a gas

Termodinamica (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos)

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For further instructor material

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My sincere thanks to Mr.Hariharan Hanumanthan, a doctoral student at Cranfield University,

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T04 = 1150 – 309 = 841K

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Specific power output:

WN = 1.147 × 0.98 × 148.254 = 166.64 kWs/kg

T02 = 288 + 345.6 = 633.6K

Theoretical f = 0.01415 (from Fig. 2.15)

Actual f = 0.01415 0.99 = 0.01429

3600 f 3600 × 0.01429

Descargado por Gonzalo HR (emperador_973@hotmail.com)

P03 = 3.8 − 0.12 = 3.68bar

Net work output

200 = 288.73m − 433.1 − 156.5m

(a) m = 4.788 kg/sec

With no bleed flow:

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∆T012 (K) 305 357.8 413.9

T02 (K) 593 645.8 701.9

Wc= (1.005 ×∆T12 ) / 0.99 309.6 363.2 420.2

Wt= 1.148(1 − B) ∆T034 501.2 649.6 786.0

Wnet=Wt–Wc 191.6 286.4 365.8

f/a 0.0162 0.0219 0.0268

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T04=1268.7 K, ∆Thp = 256.3

P05 13.00 × 0.96 T 0.223

T05 1525 1425 1325

∴ m for 240 MW = 240000 = 523.9 kg/s

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∆Tcc = 1550 − 569 = 981D C

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P04 = 2 × 27.66 = 55.32 bar

P06 = 55.32 − (0.27 + 1.03) = 54.02 bar

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Power output = mC p [∆T067 − ∆T034 − ∆T012 ] = 180 × 5,19 × 229.0

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At 7000 m Pa = 0.411bar; Ta = 242.7K

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Therefore theoretical f = 0.01785 (Fig. 2.15)

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From problem 3.1 P04=1.710 bar

P05 = 1.17(1 − 0.03) = 1.658bar

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Since P01 = Pa = 1 bar

P03 = 9.0 − 0.45 = 8.55bar

So nozzle is choking even while landing

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