HEAT TRANSFER

Natural (Free) Convection

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer

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Convection
Convection heat transfer is the mode of energy transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined e ects of conduction and uid motion

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 2

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Convection
Two way of convection:

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 3

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Convection
Free Convection Forced Convection
External

Internal

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 4

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Natural Heat Convection

• No mechanical force to push the uid – pump, fan etc.

• No prede ned uid ow rate and velocity

• Fluid moves as a result of density di erence

• Fluid velocity established as a result of the temperature eld

• Fluid can move downward and upward

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 5

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Natural Heat Convection

Convection heat transfer rate

Newton’s Law

qconv

q = Convection heat transfer rate (W)

Ts or Tw
h = convective heat transfer coe cient (W/m2.K)

h is not a property - it’s depend on geometry,

nature of ow, thermodynamic properties etc.

A = surface area where heat transfer occur (m2)

Tw = Temperature of the wall/surface

Tb = Temperature of bulk / uid

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 6

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Natural Convection
Dimensionless numbers for Natural Convection

L
• Nusselts Number
or
For Cylinder/Sphere, D=Diameter For Planes, L= Length

• Grashof Number
=
D or =

For Cylinder/Sphere, D=Diameter For Planes, L= Length

• Prandtl Number

• Rayleigh Number
NRa =
NRa < 109 = Laminer
NRa >109 = Turbulent
Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 7

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Natural Heat Convection

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 8

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Natural Heat Convection

SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR NATURAL CONVECTION

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 9

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Natural Heat Convection

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 10

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Natural Heat Convection

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 11

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Latihan Soal

Consider a 0.6 m  × 0.6 m thin square plate in a room at 30°C. One side is
maintained at 90°C while the other is insulated. For the vertical plate, determine
the rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection. Properties of air at
60°C, k = 0.02808 W/m.°C, Pr = 0.7202,  ν = 1.896 × 10-5 m2/s

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 12