HEAT TRANSFER

Forced Convection

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection

• When a uid is forced past a solid body and heat is transferred between the uid
and the body, this is called forced convection heat transfer.

• Examples in the food industry are in the forced-convection ovens for baking
bread, in blast and uidized freezing, in ice-cream hardening rooms, in agitated
retorts, in meat chillers.

• In all of these, foodstu s of various geometrical shapes are heated or cooled by

a surrounding uid, which is moved relative to them by external means.

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 2

fl
fl
fl
ff
fl
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection
Convection heat transfer rate

Newton’s Law

qconv

q = Convection heat transfer rate (W)

Ts or Tw
h = convective heat transfer coe cient (W/m2.K)

h is not a property - it’s depend on geometry,

nature of ow, thermodynamic properties etc.

A = surface area where heat transfer occur (m2)

Tw = Temperature of the wall/surface

Tb = Temperature of bulk / uid

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 3

fl
fl
ffi
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection
Forced Convection
External

Internal

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 4

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection
Dimensionless numbers for Forced Convection

L
• Nusselts Number
or
For Cylinder/Sphere, D=Diameter For Planes, L= Length

• Prandtl Number

L
• Reynold Number
or

For inside Pipe

For Parallel Plates (Outside Geometries)

Laminer = NRe < 2000 Laminer = NRe < 3x105

Transitional = 2000<NRe >6000 Turbulent = 3x105 <NRe < 3x107 dan 0,6 ≤ NPr ≤ 60
Turbulent = NRae >6000

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 5

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Inside Pipes

Forced Convection inside pipes equation for laminar ow

And

Where

Where

D = Diameter (m)

Tw = Wall temperature (K)

L = Pipe length (m)

Tbi = inlet bulk uid temperature (K)

b = uid viscosity at bulk average temperature (Pa.s)

Tbo = outlet bulk uid temperature (K)

w = viscosity at the wall temperature

cp = heat capacity (J/kg.K)

Note: for laminar ow, ha depends strongly on heat length
k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K

ha = heat transfer coe cient (W/m2.K)

NNu = Dimensionless Nusselt Number

Note: All the physical properties are evaluated at the bulk uid
temperature except w
Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 6
𝜇
𝜇
fl
fl
fl
fl
𝜇
ffi
fl
fl
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Inside Pipes

Forced Convection inside pipes equation for turbulent ow

And

Note:
This equation holds for

NRe > 6000

0.7 < NPr < 16000

L/D > 60

Where

hL = heat transfer coe cient based on log mean driving force ΔTlm(W/m2.K)

Note: All the physical properties are evaluated at the mean bulk uid
temperature except w

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 7

𝜇
ffi
fl
fl
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Inside Pipes

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 8

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Latihan Soal - Forced Convection Inside Pipes

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 9

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow Parallel or at ow

Turbulent ow
Laminar ow

NRe < 3x105 NRe > 3x105

NPr > 0.7 NPr > 0.7
Where

L
,L

Note: all uid properties are evaluated at the lm temperature Tf= (Tw+Tb)/2

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 10

fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow Parallel or at ow

h=

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 11

fl
fl
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Latihan Soal - Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow Parallel or at ow

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 12

fl
fl
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Single Sphere

Note:

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 13

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Single Sphere

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 14

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Cylinder with Axis Pendicular to Flow

Note:

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 15

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Banks of Tube or Cylinder

D = Outside Diameter (OD) in m (ft)

Sn = Distance between the centers of the tubes in m (ft)
Sp = Distance parallel to the ow in m(ft)
Sn-D and Sp-D = open area to ow for in-line tubes in m (ft)
Sn-D and S’p-D = open area to ow for staggered tubes in m (ft)

In-line tube rows Staggered tube row

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 16

fl
fl
fl
 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Banks of Tube or Cylinder

In-line tube rows Staggered tube row

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 17

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Banks of Tube or Cylinder

In-line tube rows Staggered tube row

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 18

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Banks of Tube or Cylinder

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 19

 Chemical Engineering - Politeknik Negeri Malang

Forced Convection Outside Various Geometries

Flow past Banks of Tube or Cylinder

Mas’udah, S.S.T., M.Sc. Heat Transfer 20