Looking back at

Human Biocultural and

Social Evolution
UCSP GROUP 2
 01
BIOLOGICAL AND
CULTURAL EVOLOTION:
FROM HOMO HABILIS TO HOMO SAPIENS
IN THE FOSSIL RECORD
 Biological and Cultural Evolution

• Biological evolution of man

refers to the longevolutionary history of the
human species fromprimates to its current form, the
Homo sapiens

• Evolution
is the process of developing physicaland biological
change in a species over a periodof time. It is not an
overnight phenomenon. It tookmillions of years to end
up with the specific set ofbiological traits that
humanity presently has.
 THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION
THE HOMONIDS
 Theory, suggest that one species
could evolve into another specie
according to (Ember of 2002) that one
of the most controversial aspects of
Darwin’s . It is one of the earliest
member of the primate family hominid,
containing humans, their
immediate ancestors, close extinct
relatives.
THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
 THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

THE HOMO HABILIS

Is known from Tanzania, Kenya and
South Africa. Species with a
brain broca’s area which is associate with
speech in modern humans and was the
first to make stone tools. The ability to
make and sure use tools is unique quality
to human such that the species
is recognized to be the first true human.
The specie names mean “Handy Man”.
Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago
scavenging for food.
 THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

THE HOMO ERECTUS

  The species name “Upright Man” with
body proportion similar to that modern
human. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago;
adapted to hot climates and most spread
in Africa and Asia. They were the first
hunters with improvised tools such as
axes and knives, and were the first
to produce fire.
 THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

THE HOMO SAPIENS

The species name means "Wise

Man" that appeared form
200,000 years ago. The present
human race belongs to this species.
THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

THE HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS

 SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL
EVOLUTION

PALEOLITHIC AGE

• Unpolished Stone Implements

• Hunting and Gathering
• Nomadic Way of Living
SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL
EVOLUTION
NEOLITHIC AGE
 02

CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL

EVOLUTION:
FROM HUNTING AND GATHERING TO
THE AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND
POST-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
 A. THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

 According to V. Gordon Childe the term " Neolithic Revolution" is

also called " Agricultural Revolution". It describes the origin and
impact of food production-plant cultivation and animal domestication.
" Neolithic" which means " New Stone Age" which is refer to
techniques of grinding and polishing stone tools. More so, the
main significance of the Neolithic was the new total economy rather
than just the tool-making techniques. And now Neolithic refers to the
first cultural period in a given region in which the first signs of
domestication are present. The economy based on food production
produced substantial
changes in human lifestyle (Kottak, 2009).
 A. THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Neolithic Stone Tools

Neolithic period began when

first human settled down and
began farming. They continued
to make tools and weapons
from flint and some kinds of
tools
 A. THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Fertile Crescent, a Cradle of Civilization
The Fertile Crescent is the region in the
Middle East which curves, likes a quarter-
moon shape, from the Persian Gulf,
through modern-day southern Iraq Syria,
Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Northern Egypt. It
contains comparatively moist and fertile
land. The region is often called the "cradled of
civilization" which saw
the development of some of the earliest human
civilizations
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
1. The emergence of Civilization
Kottak (2009) states that most ancient
civilizations have been studied by
archeologist rather than historians
because those civilizations evolved before
the advent of writing. The earliest
Neolithic societies were egalitarian-
people did not differ much in wealth,
prestige, or power.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
2. The Cradles of Civilization
Is the term that refers to civilization that
emerged independently. All of these
civilizations developed around rivers, it
provided enough water for large-scale
agriculture, enabling people to abandon
a hunter gatherer lifestyle and to grow
and store surplus food.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
2.a Tigris

Euphrates River Civilization of

Mesopotamia- The most known ancient
civilization was in Mesopotamia, in a region
which lies in modern Iraq. It is
sometimes called the Fertile
Crescent because it is a crescent-
shape area between Tigris and
Euphrates river.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
2.b The Nile Valley
Civilization of Egypt
.
Egypt was known as the Gift of
the Nile because the
annual flooding of the Nile made
possible for agriculture on
which Egyptian civilizations was
based.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
2.c The Yellow River Civilization of
China
In 3000 B.C. the Yellow River
Valley was settled
by farmers. Chinese legends holds
that Xia dynasty arose
and flourished during the
prehistoric period.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
2.d The Indus Valley Civilization
The ancient civilization of the Indus
Valley, located in modern Pakistan, is
unique because unlike the
continuously existing civilization of
Mesopotamia, Egypt and China it
rose and fell, leaving only mysterious
ruins to testify to its existence.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
3. Features of Civilizations

Perry (1983) states that historians use the term civilization

to distinguish between pre-historic societies and the considerably
more advanced societies that developed later. The following are
features of civilization;
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
3.a Cities
Civilized societies were urban
societies, for civilization developed
in cities. They were larger and more
complex than villages. They
had palaces, temples, markets,
workshops, and homes.
3.b Writing
Written language enabled people to
preserve, organize and expand their
knowledge. It made it easier for
government officials, priests, and
merchants to carry out their duties.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
3.c Specialization

Civilized societies were specialist-artisan, merchants, priests,

record-keepers, government officials, farmers. In exchange for
the food they got from the villages, city dwellers supplied
farmers with good manufactured in the city. It encouraged trade,
local and regional, and trade encouraged the exchange of ideas.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
3.d Government 3.e Religion
Civilized societies had
In civilized societies government
organized religions with a
became more organized. There
powerful, trained, and
were rulers who issued laws and
wealthy priesthood. From
officials to carry them out.
the priesthood, people
derived their values
and attitudes toward life.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
4. Democratization

Is a process by which democracy expands within states across the

world? Both as Is a process by which democracy expands within
states across the world? Both as a process as a
concept, democratization draws on long history. It might be most
readily understood as a concept that encapsulates the expansion of
a set of related political ideals with different intellectual vintages
that gain public prominence during the emergence of
capitalist modernity.
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
4. Democratization

According to (Shively of 2005) states that democracy is a states

in which all fully qualified citizens vote at regular intervals to
choose, from among alternative candidates, the people who will be
charge of setting the state's policies. Democracy comes from the
Greek word demokratia: demos meaning " people"
and kratia meaning " government". Therefore, democracy is "
government of the people"
 B. EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE
RISE OF THE STATE
4. Democratization

At the present time the world democracy has rather

magical connotation and somewhat tranquilizing effect. Any
citizen who persuaded that its own government system is a
democratic one is likely to accept the political power exercised
by that system.