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SECTOR: ECONOMMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

SUB-SECTOR: ROAD CONSTRUCTION
TVET PROGRAM TITLE: On-Site Road Construction and
Maintenance Management Level IV
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Migrate to New Technology
MODULE TITLE: Migrate to New Technology
MODULE CODE: CON RSM4 12 0911
PROGRAM: EXTENSION
Time allowed :- 20hr
LEARNING GUID # 1

COMPLIED BY Fentahun.M
26/06/ 2014E.C
BAHIRDAR

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LO 1 :_ Apply existing knowledge and techniques to

technology and transfer
Technology is the systemized knowledge applied to alter, control, or order elements in our
physical or social environment. More specifically, technology is also defined as the ability to
create a reproducible way to generate improved products, processes, and services.
 Technology management is
 Union between management, science and technological know haw.
 Managing the innovation process by integrating business and engineering
thinking.
To apply existing techniques and knowledge in any organization, we have to follow the following
steps that makes more effective in transferring technology.
 Review organization’s goals and activities
 Research new operational technologies that will advance the organization’s goals
and activates
 Prepare evaluation check list
 Evaluate and select the most appropriate technologies
 Acquire selected technology
 Identify and use new or upgraded equipment where appropriate, for the benefit of
the organization

what is migrate new technology

It includes testing and evaluating new technologies to improve the

organization's. performance. Application of the Unit. This unit applies to
individuals engaged in ongoing review and research in order to identify and apply
new technology or techniques to improve aspects of the organization's activities.

Technology can be used to protect financial data, confidential executive

decisions and other proprietary information that leads to competitive
advantages. Simply put, technology helps businesses keep their ideas
away from their competition.

Here are some advantages of technology in our lives:

 Ease of Access to Information. The World Wide Web, abbreviated as www
has made the world a social village. ...
 Saves Time. ...
 Ease of Mobility. ...
 Better Communication Means. ...
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 Cost Efficiency. ...
 Innovation In Many Fields. ..
 Improved Banking. ...
 Better Learning Techniques.

Advantages of New Technology in the Workplace

The technology developments are also helping to improve work
environments and lifestyles of people in the workplace. Investments in
technology leads to employee motivation, well-being, high productivity
and growth for businesses that take the lead in its adoption.

Here is a list of the benefits of technology in the workplace:

 Technology allows for working remotely, which has shown to

increase employee productivity
 Working remotely also offers more flexibility for parents and young
mothers
 Connecting with the best resources regardless of their location in
the world
 External and internal communication is quicker through emails,
project management, co-working tools, and work place productivity
apps
 Helps save time, thanks to automation of redundant tasks
 Leaves time for more innovation and growth related conversations
 Cost savings due to computing technology that takes care of the
repetitive tasks
 Less wastage of time because files are stored on the cloud and can
be searched easily
 Because of technology, companies can act faster, make quicker
decisions, and remain adaptability
 Less wastage and optimal usage of all other resources can be
controlled
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 Monitoring of employee performance is made easier

6 steps for introducing technology into the workplace

1. Make sure it's something everyone, not just you, will benefit from. Be diligent
and remain objective. ...
2. Give everyone a heads up. ...
3. Engage a champion (or a few) ...
4. Provide engaging launch and training events. ...
5. Consider different learning styles and needs. ...
6. Make it personal.

10 Steps to Build Innovative Technology

1. Find an Unmet Need

2. Study the Effects of a Solution

3. Gather Requirements from Stakeholders

4. Design & Plan with all Stakeholders

5. Build and Deliver Often Using Clear Requirements

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6. Feedback, Feedback, Feedback

7. Iterate

8. Tell Them Why They’ll Love It

9. Launch in Partnership with Key Stakeholders

10. Support with Empathy

What is technology?

Technology is the product of transferring scientific knowledge to practical use.

Different forms of technology are the result of people trying to find more efficient
ways to do things and testing new ideas. Technology is constantly improving and
generally aims to make processes easier for people. For example, the internet
makes communication easier and more efficient. While a single piece of
technology often overlaps into different areas, there are generally six different
categories of technology: communication, electrical, energy, manufacturing,
medical and transportation.

What is difference between innovation and technology?

Innovation is the action or process of innovating. Innovation can be a new
method, idea, product, etc. which includes "creation of a new" thing or new way of
doing something which was unknown earlier. For better understanding I will let
you know that an innovation is usually done by a single or group of innovators.

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge(known things) for practical

purposes, especially in industry. Technology is the development of machinery and
devices from scientific knowledge that we have. Technology come into existing
when we use the known earlier.

Invention is the "creation of a product or introduction of a process for the first

time." Thomas Edison was an inventor. Innovation happens when someone
"improves on or makes a significant contribution" to something that has
already been invented.
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Inventors Create New Products
An inventor is someone who is focused almost solely on creating and building a
product, process, or service that can solve the problems that someone might have.
While the product or service is meant to solve an issue and should conceivably be
able to fit onto the market, inventors don't usually focus their attention on assessing
the market viability of the product or service that they've invented. An inventor
strives to perform cutting edge research that's essentially never been done before.

When creating a product or service, an inventor will establish a proof of

concept for the product, which means that they will conduct numerous tests to
determine if their idea can be transformed into a feasible product or service. If your
main goal is to create a product or service that's never been done before, you would
likely classify as an inventor. In most cases, an inventor will have a high amount of
technical expertise and will spend much of their time solving problems. An
inventor cannot be successful if they don't have patience.

Entrepreneurs Create Companies Around Those Products

Entrepreneurs are individuals who are focused primarily on creating a business
and increasing shareholder value. While the business may be centered around a
specific product or service, entrepreneurs want to be able to take the startup that
they've created and form it into a successful business that can stand beside the
leaders of the industry. As such, entrepreneurs will usually know more about
marketing a product to investors and prospective customers than they do about
creating and developing a product.

Concept Description

Creativity ability to develop something original, particularly an idea or a representation of an idea, with an
aesthetic flair

Innovatio change that adds value to an existing product or service

n

Invention truly novel product, service, or process that, though based on ideas and products that have come
represents a leap, a creation truly novel and different

The 4 Types of Innovation

1. Incremental Innovation. Existing Technology, Existing Market. One of the most
common forms of innovation that we can observe. ...
2. Disruptive Innovation. New Technology, Existing Market. ...
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3. Architectural Innovation. Existing Technology, New Market. ...
4. Radical Innovation. New Technology, New Market.
Incremental Innovation

Incremental Innovation is the most common form of innovation. It utilizes your

existing technology and increases value to the customer (features, design changes,
etc.) within your existing market.  Almost all companies engage in incremental
innovation in one form or another.

Disruptive Innovation

Disruptive innovation, also known as stealth innovation, involves applying new

technology or processes to your company’s current market.   It is stealthy in nature
since newer tech will often be inferior to existing market technology.   This newer
technology is often more expensive, has fewer features, is harder to use, and is not as
aesthetically pleasing.   It is only after a few iterations that the newer tech surpasses
the old and disrupts all existing companies.  By then, it might be too late for the
established companies to quickly compete with the newer technology.

Architectural Innovation

Architectural innovation is simply taking the lessons, skills and overall technology
and applying them within a different market.   This innovation is amazing at
increasing new customers as long as the new market is receptive.   Most of the time,
the risk involved in architectural innovation is low due to the reliance and
reintroduction of proven technology.   Though most of the time it requires tweaking to
match the requirements of the new market.

Radical innovation

Radical innovation is what we think of mostly when considering innovation.   It gives

birth to new industries (or swallows existing ones) and involves creating revolutionary
technology.   The airplane, for example, was not the first mode of transportation, but it
is revolutionary as it allowed commercialized air travel to develop and prosper.

Required skills and knowledge

Required skills
 Analytical skills to evaluate features and functions of new equipment
 Communication skill to:
 Communicate with peers and supervisors
 Seek assistance and expert advice

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 Seek feedback from users
 Literacy skills to interpret technical documentation, equipment manuals and specifications
 Planning and organizational skills to prioritise and monitor own work
 Safety awareness skills to work systematically with required attention to detail without injury to
self or damage to goods or equipment
 Research skills to locate appropriate source of information regarding new technologies
 Technical skills to :
 Assist in the decision –making process
 Identify features of new technologies
 Test and evaluate new equipment
Required knowledge
 Broad knowledge of general features and capabilities
 Information gathering techniques
 Vendor product directions relating to specified technology.

Classification of technologies
• In general, it is possible to identify three broad classes of technologies in a typical firm’s
technological portfolio:
– Base technologies
– Key technologies
– Pacing technologies
• Base technologies: - These are technologies that a firm must master in order to be a competitor in
its chosen product-market mix. These technologies are widely known and readily available.
– The key to managing this type of technologies is to invest enough, effort and resources to
maintain competence.
• Key technologies: - These technologies provide competitive advantages. They may permit the
producer to embed differentiating feature or functions in the product or to achieve greater
efficiencies in the production processes.
• Pacing technologies: - These technologies could become tomorrow’s key technologies. Not
every participant in an industry can afford to, or knows how to, invest in pacing technologies.
This is typically what differentiates the leaders from the followers.
• The critical issue in technology management is balancing support of key technologies to sustain
current competitive position and support of pacing technologies to create future vitality.
• An important component in technology management is forecasting of technology.

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LO 2 :- Apply functions of technology to assist in solving

organizational problems
When applying the functions of technology
 Conduct testing of new or upgraded equipment
 Use features and functions of new or upgraded equipment
 Access and use new or upgraded equipment
2.1 Technology forecasting
• The term “technology forecasting” designates forecasting activities that focus on changes in
technology.
• Technology forecasts usually center on changes in functional capacity and/or on the timing and
significance of an innovation.
• The following factors should be considered in preparing a technology forecast:
(1) Dependence on basic scientific breakthroughs
(2) Physical limits to the rate of development
(3) Maturity of science and applications of the technology
(4) Sensitivity of the pace of innovation to high-level policy decisions
(5) Extent of substitutability by other products or by parallel innovation
(6) Opportunities to borrow advances from related technologies.
• Numerous techniques have been proposed for technology forecasting. Roughly, these can be
classified into the following families:

(1) Monitoring
(2) Expert opinion
(3) Trend extrapolation
(4) Scenarios
• Monitoring is to watch, observe, check, and keep up with developments, usually in a well-defined
area of interest for a possible development of a technology.
• More specifically, the method of monitoring includes:
– Detecting scientific/technical or socio-economic events important to your company.
– Defining potential threats for the organization by those events.
– Seeking opportunities for the organization implied by changes in the environment.
– Alerting management to trends that are converging, diverging, speeding up, slowing
down, or interacting.

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• Monitoring is an opportunistic technique. If patterned technological development is expected to
continue, monitoring tracks this historical development as a basis for projection. If patterns are
not as well-defined, monitoring relies on current information and expert assessments of future
advances.
• Expert opinion relies on the assessment of experts on the possible development of a technology.
It is suggested that the following types of experts should be selected to provide their opinions: 
– Generalists with a spread of interests and perceptions that given them a high level of
awareness of the broad context.
– Persons of thought who have particular and deep knowledge of specific fields.
– Persons of present or future action whose present or likely future positions make it
possible for them to affect the technology.
• Three important characteristics for experts to be selected:
– Substantive knowledge in a particular field;
– Ability to cope when faced with uncertain extensions of that knowledge;
– Imagination.
• Trend extrapolation is the extrapolation of quantitative historical data to anticipate the future. It
uses mathematical and statistical techniques to extend quantitative times series data into the
future.
• Trend extrapolation is of use to the technology manager only if the future proves to be like the
past, at least in some important aspects.
• Scenarios are outline sketches of some aspects of the future that are useful in forecasting.
• Some of the most interesting and well-known future scenarios are the works of science fiction.
• They may be future histories – that is, dynamic time paths from the present to some point in the
future. They may also be snapshots - structural cross-sections of a future state. Combinations
of these are also possible.
• Scenarios can provide intellectual stimulation for imagining the range of possibilities that the
future may hold.
• Scenarios are useful as stand-alone (independent) forecasts if data for time series are lacking, if
expertise is weak or non-existent, and if there are no solid bases for model building.
• Even if other forecasts are possible, scenarios may be used to integrate disparate forecasts and all
sorts of qualitative and quantitative information.
• Constructing scenarios:
(1) Identify topical dimensions
(2) Identify intended users’ interests and the appropriate style of information presentation
(3) Specify time frame
(4) Specify general societal contextual assumptions and specific technology assumptions
(5) Decide on the number of scenarios and their emphases
(6) Build and present scenarios
• Scenarios are extremely effective vehicles for communicating forecasts to non-technical
audiences because they can use a wide variety of literary and multimedia techniques.
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1.3 Technology management process

Technology studies
• Manage and handle technology studies that relate to technologies prior their attachment to any
project.
• Technology studies give first indications on issues such as
– Technical solution
– Alternative technological solutions
– Required competence
– Technical hour estimation

Technology prototyping
What is the importance of technology prototyping?
 To learn
 Reveals big mistakes sooner.

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 Proof of concept
 Cost effective (development costs reduced )
 Increases system development speed
 Test out ideas /technologies
 Support in choosing between alternatives
 Design by doing
 Stakeholders can see, hold ,and interact
 Gather early user feedback
 Team members can communicate effectively
 Show feasibility for buy-in
Technology development
Development process
 Pre-project activities more demanding and complex in technology than product development.
 Currently same process for technology and product development projects.

LO 3 :- Evaluate new or upgraded technology

performance
Technology evaluation is a set of principles, methods and
techniques/tools for effectively assessing the potential value of a
technology and its contribution to a company, a region or an industrial
sector.

When evaluating new or upgraded technology performance

 Evaluate new or upgraded equipment for performance and usability against OHS
standards and evaluation criteria.
 Determine environmental considerations from new or upgraded equipment
 Seek feedback from users ,where appropriate
 Document new technology in a method consistent with organization’s guidelines

How to Evaluate New Technology

1. Verify Marketing Materials Provide Technical Details.
2. Ask Specific Questions About Problems with the Product.
3. Verify that the Vendor is not a Pathological Liar.
4. Ask the Vendor how the product will work with all elements of your operations.
5. Test Under Stress.

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10 Factors To Help You Evaluate A New Technology

11Development Cost
Estimate the cost of integrating this technology into the organization. Development
time costs money. Think of it this way: What is the cost of hiring the developers
who know this technology compared to the cost of current developers.
Running example: Forrester’s online surveys of 54 global autonomous vehicle
practitioners found that the cost of the technology needed to support autonomous
vehicles is yet too high.

2. Threat
Estimate the risk of implementing the new technology in terms of security,
financial aspect, and business viability. If you don’t know what the technology will
look like in the future, chances are you’ll suffer from it.
Running example: Safety and health risks are medium now, but the safety record of
autonomous vehicles still needs to be improved.

3. Capability
Evaluate new capabilities that this technology brings compared to what there is
now. Unless the technology opens up important capabilities, chances are it isn’t
worth it.
Running example: Uber and Lyft are heavily investing in building fleet vehicles to
drive ridesharing with driverless cars. Another new capability is the switch from
autonomous car ownership to temporary access.

4. Usability
Assess if usability improves to address user's problems, for example with an app
design. Do you think this new technology will address the existing usability
problems?
Running example: Currently, social driving and novel user interface approaches are
emerging themes in the user experience of autonomous driving.

5. Interoperability
Measure the level of interoperability between the technologies that support
this trend and existing technologies and systems.
Running example: The way self-driving vehicles will connect and communicate
with other vehicles or technologies.

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6. Integration
Measure the ease of integration of the technology into the existing IT systems. If
the integration into the existing systems is quick and easy, it gives
an opportunity to realize make value using the technology faster.
Running example: There is still an existing challenge of integrating autonomous
vehicles and analytics into existing IT systems.

7. Application
Analyze the existing pilot projects or proof of concepts leveraging the technology.
Try to analyze if the technology’s ecosystem is expanding or shrinking.
Running example: There are 48 corporations already working on autonomous
vehicle solutions.

8. Legal Compliance
Scan the regulatory and compliance requirements linked to this technology
implementation.
Running example: A major challenge currently. Who is responsible in case of an
accident? Need for new laws to regulate the permits of autonomous vehicles on the
roads

9. Security and Privacy

Measure the security risks and privacy concerns coming from this technology. If
the technology isn’t secure, it is better not to be used for anything that needs secure
technologies.
Running example: A major challenge currently. What if an autonomous car is
hacked?

10. Social and Cultural

Forecast the response of the society in regard to this technology adoption.
Running example: There will always be people pro car driving and ownership.
Also another pool of people concerned about safety and the environment.

Investing in new technology is usually a long-term decision causing wide-ranging

consequences. Make sure to dedicate enough time to specify and prioritize the
factors for evaluation to end up with robust decisions.

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