Basic Infrastructure Operations: NTQF Level I

ANRS TVED Bureau
Education and Training Core Process
BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE
OPERATIONS
NTQF Level I
Unit of Competence: Use Hand and Power Tools
Module Title: Using Hand and Power Tools
LG Code: CON BIO1M04LO1-01

TTLM Code: CON BIO1TTLM 0816v1
Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

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Basic Infrastructure Operations Level I Author: ANRS TVED Bureau Education and Training Core Process
Version: 1 Revision: 0
Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #4
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following learning out come and content coverage;
MODULE CONTENTS:
LO1. Plan and prepare.
1.1 Understand work instructions and relevant document
1.2 Safety and OHS application
1.3 Application of environmental protection
LO2. Select and use hand tools.
2.1 Types and uses of hand tools.
2.2 Fix materials in position
2.3 Effective utilization of hand tools
LO3. Select and use power tools.
3.1 Types and uses of power tools and equipment
3.2 Effective utilization of power tools
LO4. Clean up.
4.1 Safe keeping of tools and equipment
4.2 Clean and check hand and power tools
4.3 Locate and store hand and power tools
4.3 Clear work area
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome and contents stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Select hand tools consistent with needs of the job
 Check tools for serviceability and safety, and report faults
 Clamp or fix materials in position
 Use hand tools safely and effectively according to their intended use Safely locate hand
tools when not in immediate use

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Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 18.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page _8_.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #2.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.
8. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
check 2).
11. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 3 and 4”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
check 3).
14. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 4”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
16. However, if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back
to Learning Activity #4.
17. Practice the steps or procedures as illustrated. Go to your teacher if you need clarification or
you want answers to your questions or you need assistance in understanding a particular step
or procedure.
18. Request your teacher to evaluate your performance and outputs. Your teacher will give you
feedback and the evaluation will be either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory,
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your teacher shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to
Learning Guide #5.

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Information Sheet-1 Plan and prepare
1.1 Understand work instructions and relevant document
The vast majority of shop employees know what it takes to ensure that a high-quality product
arrives at the customer’s dock on time. They have been instructed in specific tasks, and they
follow those instructions.
Work instructions are developed to guide workers in four key quality areas:-
• training,
• reference,
• problem solving and
• continuous improvement.
Each of these areas can be directly related to the Deming Cycle, a cycle that identifies
fundamental quality planning as "Plan-Do-Check-Act." It is important to establish (plan) the
instructions that your people must execute. The references must then be effectively implemented
(do) so they are accessible to personnel.
Training is the essential first step to ensuring that people are competent in their duties. It is
important to define, within the quality planning activities, the type of training that each function
is to receive. It is equally necessary to ensure that the trainers are executing the plan, including
improvements made to the instructions.
Reference ; This quality activity should focus on both access and format of the instructions. The
documentation must be implemented so workers are not wary of having to locate the information
relative to their areas of responsibility.
Write out how the instruction is to be performed specific to each core task.
Avoid defining why the activity is performed. There should be no need for an expert
organization to reaffirm why core tasks are needed. If the "why" information must be defined,
keep that separate from the work instructions and make the additional information available as
reference-only training documents.
Work instructions are key documents to reference when internal or external non conformances
are identified.
Make the review of the work instructions part of the corrective action process. Ask if the
supporting instruction properly defines the process, then audit the instruction to confirm proper
definition.
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1.2 Safety and OHS application
Recognize and reinforce personal safety ownership for success. Practice recognition through
safety reinforcement and make sure recognition and rewards are meaningful and commensurate
with the required employee safety performance. And don't forget that in order for rewards to be
appealing to an increasingly diverse and often global audience, they should be self-selected
rewards, if at all possible.
When companies acknowledge the special contributions of employees to daily safety and make
this "public," the safety culture becomes stronger.
 Feature employees' advice on working safely: Capitalize on the safety expertise of

employees.
 Integrate ramifications, safety contests, and safety games during work hours.
Measurement
Companies that measure their safety metrics and overall safety performance consistently do a
better job at creating safer job sites and work environments. Being able to track employee
participation in safety programs efficiently, to track safety performance -- if not down to
individual level, at least to a departmental level -- and to correlate these data back to key safety
metrics will assist in keeping a finger on the companying safety pulse.
Do assessments and conduct research to determine current attitudes and aptitudes toward
employee safety. This will provide a baseline measurement against which to gauge future
improvements. Make sure you share findings with employees consistently; it will help to build
and sustain your safety culture. And make it personal.
Consistently reporting on results and metrics and then keeping those results in front of leadership
and employees is key.
1.3 Application of environmental protection

Employees who use hand and power tools and are exposed to the hazards of falling, flying,
abrasive, and splashing objects, or to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases must be
provided with the appropriate personal protective equipment. All electrical connections for these
tools must be suitable for the type of tool and the working conditions (wet, dusty, flammable
vapors). When a temporary power source is used for construction a ground-fault circuit
interrupter should be used.
Employees should be trained in the proper use of all tools. Workers should be able to recognize
the hazards associated with the different types of tools and the safety precautions necessary.
Five basic safety rules can help prevent hazards associated with the use of hand and power tools:

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 Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.
 Use the right tool for the job.
 Examine each tool for damage before use and do not use damaged tools.
 Operate tools according to the manufacturers' instructions.
 Provide and use properly the right personal protective equipment.
Employees and employers should work together to establish safe working procedures. If a
hazardous situation is encountered, it should be brought immediately to the attention of the
proper individual for hazard abatement.
The following sections identify various types of hand and power tools and their potential hazards.
They also identify ways to prevent worker injury through proper use of the tools and through the
use of appropriate personal protective equipment.

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Self-Check 1 Written Test
Direction: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page: (each 5 points)
1. List the reason for work instruction are developed to guide workers in four key quantity areas.
2. What are the applications of environmental protection?
3. Explain the basic safety rules to prevent hazards.

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Note: Satisfactory rating – 15 points Unsatisfactory - below 15 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Score = ___________
Rating= ____________
Answer Sheet for self check #1
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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Information Sheet-2 Select and use hand tools.
2.1 Types and uses of hand tools.

Hand Tools Used For Setting Out
The surveying and setting out requirements for labor-based road construction vary
with the type of work to be executed. The construction of new roads requires a complete by the
surveyor/ Engineer to establish the alignment. The following figures and tables shows the basic
surveying tools that are used for setting out in labor based road construction and maintenance
technology.
pegs:
Pegs are used for survey purposes and for setting out
all the activities. On labor based sites usually wooden
sticks are used of approximately 50 cm length and
strings. On one end they are pointed so that they can
easily be hammered into the ground. Survey pegs, for
example chain age pegs, are cut at the edge so that a

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clear marking can be made.
Tape Measure:
A great variety of tape measures exist. The most
common length of tape measure used for setting out is
30 meters. The tapes are made of steel or linen.
Although the former is stronger, the numbers/ marking
on the tape become unreadable after a period of use.
Note: The location of the ‘zero point’ may differ from
tape measure to tape measure
Ranging Rods:
Ranging rods are round sticks usually 2 m
long with a diameter of approximately 2.5
cm. They are made of various materials (metal, hard
plastic, wood) and are usually provided with a pointed
metal end. They are painted red and white with black
marking at the 1 meter point. The lengths of the
red/white sections are 50 cm.
As a cheaper alternative a hard wood lath (must be
straight), which is pointed at one, end can also be used
as a ranging rod. At the same time it can be used as
vertical part of the profile board (see below).
Profile Board:
A profile board is designed in such a way that it can be
attached to a ranging rod. It has a screw mechanism
that enables the profile board to slide up and down on
the ranging rod and be fixed at any desired point
simply by tightening the screw. A long lasting profile
board is the one made from thin steel plate (40 cm x 10
cm) welded to a short length of metal tubing that can
slide up and down and can be clamped to the metal rod.
Spirit Level:
Spirit levels are available in all different sizes.
For construction work robust and long spirit levels are
ideal. The longer the spirit level the more exact the
measurement will be. Always ensure that the spirit
level is properly adjusted before you buy it.
Straight-Edge with Spirit Level:
If the spirit level is not long enough, then a
Straightedge of 2.50 m to 3.50 m, usually out of wood,
can be used. Always ensure that your straightedges on

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site are actually straight on both sides.
Line Level:
A line level is a small spirit level of about 80 -
120 mm length. It has a hook on each end of the level
which is used for hooking the level onto a smooth line.
The level is used together with a line, ranging rods (or
profile boards) and a tape measure. The line level
requires two people to operate.
The line level can be used to:
to transfer levels
to check existing gradients
to set out gradients
Always check:
that the line is smooth or of nylon
keep the line tight,
level is in the middle between the two ranging rods,
Check the accuracy of the level regularly.
Plumb Bob:
The plumb bob is usually used by masons to check the
vertical alignment of walls. On road sites this is the
case for structure work. The distance plate is slightly
wider than the plumb bob itself and can be freely
moved along the string line. In this way the plate can
be held
against the top of the wall while the plumb bob hangs
on the lower end If the plumb bob nearly touches the
wall, then the top and bottom point of the wall are in a
vertical line
Excavation Equipment by hand
Hoes; The hoe, in addition to being very useful in

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agriculture, is also a commonly used tool when using labor-based work methods for rural road
works. It can be used for excavating soft soils and is often used in combination with stretchers or
head baskets. Hoes are also effective when excavating drains, cutting back slopes and removing
topsoil. The most efficient way of using the hoe is when the workers can stand slightly below the
level being excavated. As it is commonly found and used in farming communities, its use is well
known among the workers and would normally not need any instruction in how it is effectively
used.
Shovels and Spades
Shovels are used for scooping up material and loading it on to a trailer, truck or wheelbarrow, or
throwing it directly to where the material is needed. The shovel has a rounded or pointed blade
making it suitable for both digging and loading purposes. A spade has a stronger square shaped
blade and is primarily intended for digging in denser soils and is less suitable for throwing or
loading activities. The spade is essentially a heavy-duty forged tool. In hard soils, the spade is
more efficient because it can be pushed into the ground without bending the blade. Placing a foot
on the top of the blade and pressing it down increases the pushing force. This however requires
that the worker is provided with boots or shoes with safety metal embed in it.
Rakes and Spreaders tools

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Rakes are used in road works for raking out vegetation from loose soil. Commercially
produced rakes have 10 to 16 teeth, each about 75 - 100mm long, with an overall length about
400- 450mm. Spreaders are useful when forming the camber and when spreading gravel.
Spreaders are made of sheet metal (2 - 3mm thick) with ridges on one side, which are used to
level the road surface according to set levels and gradients.
Compaction equipment by Hand

Hand Rammers
Hand rammers are used for compacting soil and gravel. It consists of a weight with a long handle.
The effectiveness of a hand rammer depends on its weight and the area that hits the ground.
Ideally, the weight should be as heavy as possible and the area as small as
possible (without the rammer penetrating the soil). The weight can be made of
various materials such as steel, concrete or solid wood.
Rammers made from concrete or wood can be manufactured locally. A rammer
that can be handled effectively by a worker should therefore have a weight of
some 6 – 8kg. The diameter at the bottom end should be between 13 to 15cm.
The handle needs to be long enough to allow the workers to lift the rammer
without bending their back.
Manually transport equipment
Wheelbarrows
The wheelbarrow is a useful piece of transport equipment for short distances (up to 200 meters).
Wheelbarrows are used for earth and concrete works, transporting construction materials such as
soil, gravel, sand, aggregate, stone, concrete, etc. Wheelbarrows are made in many different
types and qualities. A good wheelbarrow should be able to take a big load (struck capacity
approximately 60 to 70 liters) and be easy to balance and tip. A wheelbarrow consists of a body
or tray that rests on a chassis with attached handles, a wheel and legs. The chassis is normally
made from tubular steel, although wooden wheelbarrows are still common in some countries.
The frame needs to be strong enough to carry the loads without bending or twisting. Check the
handles for cuts or burrs that might catch unwary fingers. The strongest and most comfortable
wheelbarrows have a pneumatic rubber wheel and a tray made of 1.6mm to 2mm steel sheets.
The tray should be reinforced around the rim and properly attached to the chassis with bolts, nuts
and washers.

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Dump trucks and hauling equipments
1.2 Fix materials in position

Application of Tools and Equipment
Reference pegs are used to mark the alignment and road levels. They are invariably of wood,
tree branches or stakes cut to length, ideally 40 cm long and 5 cm diameter or 5 cm x 5 cm
square. It is advisable to paint them white or yellow for visibility and paint the chain age on a
prepared face.
To avoid loss or damage, the pegs should be offset from the road width, hammered deep into the
ground to avoid pilferage and placed in a prominent location.
Survey pegs are usually set on the centre line, but unless there are no earthworks to be
undertaken, they should be off-set from the road width. Multipurpose pegs may be needed to

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stake out cross-section, tasks, levels, etc. They are normally sharpened sticks 30 cm long used in
conjunction with a string line to define horizontal or vertical alignment.
Tape measures are made of steel or linen, the most useful length is 20 or 30 meters. Steel is
expensive, liable to damage and illegibility after a period of use. It is recommended that the linen
tape are used although they are not quite as accurate as steel. Tapes are vital for length and width
setting out as well as setting tasks or defining contract limits.
Profile Boards and Ranging Rods
are useful for setting out levels. Also, the ranging rods are used for setting out straight lines and
curves. A long lasting profile board is made from thin steel plate which is welded to a short
length of metal tubing that can slide up and down and be clamped to a metal ranging rod. A
useful size for the metal profile boards has been found to be 40 cm by 10 cm, painted red to
make it easy to see.
The profile boards, ranging rods and travelers are inexpensive and can easily be made by a local
metal work business. The ranging rods are made of hollow metal tubes; often 12.5mm diameter
galvanized water pipe, with a pointed end of sharpened reinforcement steel. They are normally 2
meters long, and are painted red and white to make them easy to see during setting out. Before
starting setting out works, make sure that you have a sufficient supply of ranging rods and profile
boards. A supply of 20 rods and 20 profile boards is regarded as a minimum to effectively
carry out the job.
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In very compact or rocky ground, it is useful to first make a hole for the ranging rod by first
producing a hole by hammering down a metal spike produced from high tensile reinforcement
steel. Crow bars can also be used for this purpose.
A very useful additional tool is a sliding hammer with a weighted head that fits over the ranging
rod and can be used to drive the ranging rod into the ground.
Line level
The level of each of the profile boards can be controlled

by using a line level. The line level is a short spirit
level (about 100 mm long) with a hook at each end to
hang it from a nylon string.
This instrument needs two persons to operate - one at the end of the line, and the second to watch
the spirit level. The line operator moves the string up or down until the bubble is centre in the
middle between the range poles or profile boards
The Profile Board Method A commonly used setting out procedure is based on the use of a
series of profile boards and a string line level giving control of levels during construction. The
basic principle when using profile boards is that when they are set out we are placing a series of
level boards that show the level 1 meter above the completed construction levels.
Imagine that a ditch is to be excavated from A to B at the level shown in by the dotted line:
To ensure that the correct level is obtained in the ditch, profile boards are placed at positions A
and B, 1 meter above the level of the planned ditch:
Traveler

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A travelling profile is used to obtain levels between two profile boards. A boning rod or a
profile can be used as a traveler. Along the line from A to B, slots are excavated to the level of
the ditch. By placing the traveler in a slot and sight from the profile board in position A to the
profile board in position B, we can see if the traveler lines up with the two fixed profile boards.
If the traveler is too low, the slot has been dug too deep. If the traveler sticks up above the sight
line, the slot needs top be dug deeper.
To provide good guidance, slots are dug at regular intervals, say at every 4 to 5 meters along
the sight line. When sufficient slots have been dug, the workers can start excavating the ditch by
joining up the slots. The traveler can then be used to check that the finished work is to the correct
level and that there are no high or low spots.
Temporary travelers
It is also possible to take measurements below the line sighted between two profile boards by
using a temporary traveler.
This is very useful for the site supervisor when setting out. The most frequent use the
supervisor will make of temporary travelers, is to mark earthwork levels on the edge of road
pegs. But there are other uses for the traveler:
To guide and check excavation below earthwork levels (eg. for excavation for drift base
construction),
To find out whether large boulders are above or below road levels before the road levels are
finally decided upon,
To estimate the amount of fill needed if the road is "lifted", or when the road crosses low areas -
this will help estimate the work involved and help decide on the optimal road levels,
To locate the end of drains and approaches, and
To provide a quick check on work, levels, string lines etc.
However, for guiding drainage work the laborers and gang leaders should use the specially built
travelers or a boning rod. This is because the profile on a temporary traveler can become loose
and the supervisor may not be present to check and re-set the traveler length.
Triangles: Triangle sets can be manufactured by the site carpenter from laths and used for
various purposes:

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To set out a right angle to the centre line (which has to be done when cross sections are set out);
To control or estimate the steepness of gradients - in this case a spirit level or plumb line is
also required.
The steepness of gradients is described as a ratio. For example, a gradient of 2 : 1 means two
meters horizontal one meter vertical.
Existing gradients are measured using the triangle principle, incorporating a spirit level as the
horizontal member with pinned joints rather than fixed.
1.3Effective utilization of hand tools

The triangle can also be useful in establishing a right angle to the road centre line as illustrated in
the figure below.
Optical Square is a small instrument using

either mirrors or a prism to
establish a right angle as
illustrated in the figure below.
The observer can see both point
B, through a narrow opening left
in the optical, square and point C
in the mirror or prism.
When two ranging rods are placed at points B and C, the observer will see ranging rod B direct
and ranging rod C reflected as illustrated in the figure below.
When points A and B on the survey line are known and point C has to be found, as shown in the
figure above, the person holding ranging rod C should move forwards or backwards until the
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observer see the reflection of rod C in one line with his direct view of rod B. At this point angle
CAB, is now at a right angle.
Straight Edge is a simple beam, usually wooden, which in conjunction with a spirit level and
tape measure, can be used to establish a
gradient/or road camber.
The straight edge is usually 3 meters long and
set horizontally with the aid of a spirit level.
This method should be used for the
measurement of gradients which continue only
for short distances, e.g. culvert beds, drain
slopes and road camber. The figure below
shows how a gradient of 1:15 is measured.
Tube Water Level: A very accurate and simple instrument for measuring the level differences
of two points is the "tube water level".
This level, illustrated in the figure below, consists of a
length of clear plastic pipe clipped at each end to a wooden
leveling staff. The two leveling staffs should be of the same
length, about 1.5 m long. A graduated tape is attached to each stave, with the zero level with the
top end of the stave. The tube is filled with water until the level is about 1 m high from the
ground. The ends of the tube are fitted with rubber stoppers to prevent loss of water. The total
length of tube, which defines the’ range of the instrument, is variable, but is usually limited to
about 15 m by the difficulty of moving the level around.
The two standpipes are brought together at the starting point, the stoppers removed and the
readings taken level with the bottom of each meniscus. The readings should be the same (e.g.
reading A = 50 cm, reading B = 50 cm). The surveyor takes his/her standpipe to the point being
measured and takes another reading. The difference between the two readings is the difference in
level (e.g. now reading A = 30 cm and reading B = 70 cm, the difference in level is now 70 - 30
= 40 cm).
Range is limited only by the convenience of being able to carry the tube. The two’ points whose
difference in level is being measured do not need to be in sight of one’ another. The level gives
accurate results and with care can be used for setting level’ lines or slopes not less than 1 in
1,000.
Abney Level can be used for the measurement of vertical angles for setting out levels.
Vertical angles are measured as follows:

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The sight is taken on to a point which should be at the same height above the ground as the eye
of the observer. The line of sight will then be parallel to the ground surface between A and B
(see figure below).
Holding the abney level in this position (the cross hair intersects the target), the air bubble in the
tube of the abney level should be positioned in the middle against the cross hair by turning the
milled head. The angle of the line of sight with the horizontal can then be read on the arc.
The abney level can also be used to set out gradients. The arc should be set at the required angle
or gradient (e.g. 5o 40' or 1:10) and a line of sight established to a profile board which is moved
up or down until the top of the profile board is at the `correct height.
Finally, the abney level can be used to measure distances and to transfer heights.’ The degree of
accuracy that can be achieved, however, is not very high. Where’ greater accuracy is required it
is recommended to use tape measures for distances and leveling instruments for heights.
The dumpy level is used to measure height differences used in combination with a leveling staff.
Levels can be transferred from a bench mark and new levels can be established very accurately
over distances up to 100 meters. There are several types of dumpy levels on the market, each
with its own system. It is recommended that engineers or surveyors should practice using the
instrument by checking its accuracy before taking it into the field.
A camber board; can be used to establish the camber of the road. Its length is usually the
distance from the centre line to the shoulder of the road. In cases where the shoulders have the
same gradient as the running surface, the length of the camber board can also include the
shoulder.
The figure below shows a 2.50 meter long camber board showing a gradient of 6 percent (1:20).
The length and gradient should be modified to
suit the required profile.
The camber board is used in combination with a
spirit level as shown below:

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Self-Check #2 Written Test
1. Write types and use of hand tools for setting out?

2. What is the different between line level and sprit level?

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Score = ___________
Rating= ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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Information Sheet-3 Select and use power tools.
3.1 Types and uses of power tools and equipment
GRADING EQUIPMENT
A) MOTOR GRADER
Motor graders are used for leveling and smoothing the earth work, spreading leveling the base
courses in the construction of roads and air fields. It can also be used for land reclamation, snow
clearance, gravel road repairing, mixing of the stabilizing materials such as tar, asphalt, cement
and lime maintaining quarry roads etc.
Motor grader can be used on following types of works:

1. Gravel road repairing.
2. Road shoulder reshaping.
3. Bank cutting and reshaping.
4. Ditch filling or digging.
5. Level or sloped ground finishing.
6. Base course spreading and leveling.
7. Material mixing.
8. Hard surface cutting.
9. Snow clearance.
10. Land clearance.
11. Frozen top soil and asphalt breaking

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Adjusting the blade
The blade (sometimes called as mould board) is the main tool of the grader.
The blade can be adjusted to any position with the help of levers, as indicated below.
1. Side shift
2. Lifting the blade
3. Rotating the circle
4. Adjusting blade cutting angle (blade bitch) The cutting angles are generally adjustable
‘between’ 300 to 600.
5. Blade carrying position
Various operations
1. Grading: Grading in the road construction means flattening and smoothing the road surface
and others by scraping action of the blade, and includes working operations like, surface
skimming, light duty bulldozing, leveling, spreading and crowning. A cutting depth of 2 to 3
cm is considered to be the best for optimum efficiency. Under no circumstance it should be
grater than 5 cm. for finishing cuts, the depth of cut is kept with in 1 cm.
2. Spreading: Gavel together with binding material is spread by the motor grader. The
windrows are spread in a set thickness by keeping all the wheels straight.
3. Finishing and leveling: in final finishing and leveling, surface has to be finished to fine
limits. In such cases make the finishing pass with the blade only slightly angled and set to
skim the surface.
4. Ditch digging: Te front end of the blade is tilted down and the rear end is tilted up above the
road surface. The front end cuts in to ground.
5. Cutting: For the purpose of cutting in soft dirt, set the blade to an angle between 40 and
55 degree, while for cutting in hard dirt an angle of 30 to 45 degree is proper. To grade

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by cutting, motor grader should be driven at the speed of 4 to 6 km/hr, depending up on
the type of surface i.e. hard or soft.
6. Bank cutting: In this operation, the position of the blade is for scraping or cutting the
bank wall.
7. Earth road maintenance
8. Earth road construction
9. Repairing gravel roads
Out puts of motor graders

Out put of motor grader depend up on the following main factors
1. Size and mechanical condition of the motor grader
2. Size of the blade
3. Speed of travel
4. Characteristics of soils being handled
5. Efficiency of the operator.
B) DRILLING MACHINE
Drilling and blasting is done before taking up the excavation work.
Drills in construction are operated either by air or by hydraulics.
Rock drills
Rock drills may be either percussion type or rotary types.
The jack hammers are generally classified according to their weights as follows.
Sinkers: Small sinkers between 7 to 9 kg weights are some times called as plug drills.
Leg drill: similar to sinker but mounted on a pneumatic ram, or leg, which can be jammed
against a rock on the floor to drill a hole horizontally.
These are used for drilling blast hole in tunnels.

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Wagon drills: A wagon drills is a drifter mounted on a wheeled frame. The wheels have swivel
joints with the chassis so that turning is possible in restricted space and the frame can be turned
irrespective of direction of the wheels. These wagon drills are suitable for drilling deep holes in
hard rocks.
C) Asphalt paver
A paver machine is a machine for laying and spreading sub – base, base course or asphalt or
asphalt for road construction to give accurate depth, even leveling and good surface finish before
rolling. Pavers are used in various construction activities like construction of footpaths, parking
areas, sports grounds, highways, airport runways and railways(for laying track ballast)
BITUMEN DISTRIBUTORS
It is mounted on a truck chassis and has with pump, valve system, and spray bar.

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compactors
Type of rollers
There are basically four methods of compaction:
 Manually or mechanically operated tampers or rammers,
 Deadweight rollers,
 vibrating compaction, or
 Natural compaction.
Tampers and Rammers
Tampers and rammers compact the soils by impact. Hand rammers are cheap to produce, and
consist of a long wooden handle with a cast iron or concrete weight at the end. It is lifted and
dropped on the surface repeatedly to produce compaction. The weight is usually 6 to 8 kilograms.
Using hand rammers is expensive and difficult to apply evenly over large areas. A lot of
manpower and direct supervision is needed to produce a steady output of reasonable quality.
Hand rammers are most useful in small and confined areas such as around culverts, pot-holes and
other places where it is impractical or difficult access for rollers.
Deadweight Rollers
There are several types of deadweight rollers, ranging from single or double steel drums,
towed or self-propelled or with a load container to hold the deadweight. A major concern when
choosing the appropriate type of compaction equipment is:
Its availability in the region of your road works activities,
How to deliver it to the construction site,
How easy is it to operate and how easily can it be reversed, and Its cost and reliability.
Large and heavy towed rollers may have good compaction qualities but may prove difficult to
turn and operate in hilly or steep terrain. Self-propelled rollers can normally be operated in both
directions; however, they are more prone to breakdowns. Some rollers can be ballasted with
weights up to 1 tons or more, using water sand or stones. When using this type of roller, the first
passes can be done with relatively light ballast in order to avoid traction problems. After the first
few passes the ballast can be increased.
Vibrating Rollers

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A vibrating roller will generally compact to a greater depth than a deadweight roller.
The effect of the vibrating motion will depend on the intensity of the vibrations and the type of
material on which it is used. They also require lower moisture content than deadweight rollers.
However, it is important to maintain an even speed to achieve even compaction. With
deadweight rollers this is less important.
3.2 Effective utilization of power tools

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The first passes, should be done without vibration, to avoid that the roller gets "bogged down"
into the soil. The speed should be around 3 kilometers per hour or slow walking speed. Instruct
your operators to run the engine at a slow and constant speed.
Natural Compaction
The simplest method of compaction is by leaving soil to settle naturally by just leaving it for a
period of time. The soil by its own weight, rainfall and people, animals and vehicles travelling on
it will eventually consolidate enough to carry traffic loads.
This so-called `indirect compaction' method or natural consolidation is a slow process.
It is normally only used on very low fills, and is most effective if the fill material is very moist
and must dry out. Given sufficient time, it has been found that roads compacted by natural
consolidation can achieve similar densities as roads compacted by equipment. The main
disadvantage is that while the soil is not consolidated, it is prone to erode more easily.
Normally, it would be necessary to leave the fill for a period six months to achieve an effective
degree of compaction.
Compaction Procedure
To gain even compaction, assign and train specific workers to operate the compaction
equipment. They will become experienced at running the rollers at a constant speed for good
compaction and will also maintain the rollers.
To produce a good quality road, it is important that all soils are properly compacted.
Compaction should be carried out along the road line starting at the shoulder of the road and
gradually working towards the centre line. Compaction of the road shoulders should be done
using hand rammers.
Make sure that the camber of the road is always maintained at 8% for both the base layers as
well as the gravel layer. After compaction, it is important to check that all levels are correct and
that the surface is smooth and does not contain any uneven spots. This check is carried out by
using profile boards and a traveler.
Make sure that you have sufficient supply of water, in order to maintain optimal moisture content
in the soils which are being compacted
Excavation machines

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a) Bulldozer,
b) Mechanical shovel,
d) Dump truck,
e) Mechanical auger,
f) pneumatic drill
g) Tipper truck
Tracked loader.
excavator

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1. List down method of compaction?
2. Write types of excavation machines?
3. List down types of works where Motor grader can be used :

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Score = ___________
Rating= ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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Information Sheet-4 . Clean up
4.1 Safe keeping of tools and equipment and

4.2 Clean and check hand and power tools
They should be stored in a separate secure place so that they are safe and easy to find. This is
usually best done in a place which is separate from the office.
Lost tools are expensive to replace and much time can be wasted if they are not available and
ready to use when needed.
It is usual for those who have responsibility for looking after tools, equipment and materials to
keep an inventory (list) of these things.
Check off the inventory regularly and if any items have been loaned out and not returned, he/she
must get them back. Breakages and losses and materials which have been used up should be
reported to the community council administration and requests made to replace them materials
(washers, thread tape, O-rings) ready to be picked up and taken to a job.
It is a good idea to have a tool box equipped with the necessary plumbing tools and equpments.
4.3 Locate and store hand and power tools
Tool and equipment shed.
4.4Clear work area
 Clean, maintain and store tools correctly and according to organization requirements
 Clean, visually check and store power leads/hoses
 Clean and store equipment
 Clear the work area and remove

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page:( 8 points)
1. What are the result of clean check hand and power tool?

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Score = ___________
Rating= ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
.________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Page 37 of 37

Basic Infrastructure Operations: NTQF Level I

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ANRS TVED Bureau

Education and Training Core Process

Unit of Competence: Use Hand and Power Tools

Module Title: Using Hand and Power Tools

LG Code: CON BIO1M04LO1-01

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.1 Understand work instructions and relevant document

 Feature employees' advice on working safely: Capitalize on the safety expertise of

1.3 Application of environmental protection

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

2. What are the applications of environmental protection?

3. Explain the basic safety rules to prevent hazards.

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Small Answer Questions

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

2.1 Types and uses of hand tools.

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Excavation Equipment by hand

Hoes; The hoe, in addition to being very useful in

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Shovels and Spades

Rakes and Spreaders tools

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Compaction equipment by Hand

Manually transport equipment

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.2 Fix materials in position

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Profile Boards and Ranging Rods

The level of each of the profile boards can be controlled

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.3Effective utilization of hand tools

Optical Square is a small instrument using

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1. Write types and use of hand tools for setting out?

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Small Answer Questions

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

3.1 Types and uses of power tools and equipment

Motor grader can be used on following types of works:

11. Frozen top soil and asphalt breaking

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Out puts of motor graders

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Tampers and Rammers

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

3.2 Effective utilization of power tools

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Small Answer Questions

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _