Anrs Tved Bureau Education and Training Core Process: Basic Infrastructure Operations NTQF Level I

ANRS TVED Bureau
Education and Training Core Process
BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE OPERATIONS

NTQF Level I
Unit of Competence: Perform Manual Earthworks

Module Title: Performing Manual Earthworks
LG Code: CON BIO1M09LO1-01

TTLM Code: CON BIO1TTLM 0816v1
Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Basic Infrastructure Operations Level I Author: ANRS TVED Bureau Education and Training Core Process Page 1 of 32
Version: 1 Revision: 0
Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #9
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
learning out come and contents coverage ;
MODULE CONTENTS
LO1: Plan and prepare work
1.1 Safety for equipment , OHS regulation requirements and application
1.2 Basic Civil constuction terminology
1.3 Type and source of information for labor base road project
1.4 Road safety measures
1.5 Types and use of Plant, tools and equipment
1.6 Standard for compaction and testing requirement
1.7 Concept of environment protection
1.8 Communication techniques and principles
1.9 Work ethics
1.10 Basic concept of organizing work activities and resource
1.11 Organizations codes and regulations
LO2: Carry out clearing and grubbing operation
2.1 Basic quality application principle and procedure
2.2 Basic concept of setting out Principle and procedure of road boundaries
2.3 Clearing and grubbing operation
LO3: Perform excavation and fill operation

3.1 Basic concept of set out using surveying methods practiced in labour base construction
technology
3.1.1 horizontal
3.1.2 vertical alignments
3.1.3 Cross sections
3.1.4 detail section
3.2 basic concept of quantity estimation
3.3 Slotting techniques and principles
3.4 Level to level operation
3.5 Compaction techniques and procedure
3.6 Basic concept of replacement and stabilization of unsuitable material
LO4: Conduct ditches and road formation operation

4.1 Road formation operation
4.2 Finishing operation principles and techniques
4.3 Ditching and side slop formation operation
4.4 Cambering
4.5 Super elevation
4.6 Gradient
4.7 Site-distance

4.8 widening
4.9 Reporting procedure and principle
LO5: Clean up
5.1 Principle and procedure of cleaning and disposing waste materials
This guide will be also assist you to attain the learning outcomeand contents stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Clearing road width and length is set out as per the work order
 conduct of earthworks setting out sub-grades,
 forming earthworks, Level to level cut /fill are done in accordance to the working
drawing
 Placing and compacting sub-grading replacement materials, and cleaning up.
 Conduct Ditches, road formation, camber, super elevation and side slope formation are
set out and performed according to the working drawing.
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 21.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page _15_.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-check
1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your rating is
unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity #9.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.
8. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2”. Try to understand what are being
2).
11. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 3 and 4”. Try to understand what are being

18. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 1” in page _49. However, if
your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #9.
19. Read the “Operation Sheet 1” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
20. Practice the steps or procedures as illustrated. Go to your teacher if you need clarification or you
want answers to your questions or you need assistance in understanding a particular step or
procedure.
21. Do the “LAP test” in page _50_ (if you are ready). Request your teacher to evaluate your
performance and outputs. Your teacher will give you feedback and the evaluation will be either
satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on additional work.
But if satisfactory you can proceed to Learning Guide #10.
Information Sheet-1 Plan and prepare
1.1 Safety for equipment , OHS regulation requirements and application

Definition of Earth Work Earth work or formation to level is one of the main operation in the
sequence of road construction and involves detailed setting out of the works including the clearing and
grubbing, loosening, removal and handling or balancing (where possible ) of earth works, excavation
to level and compaction. Earth works are carried out to provide a level terrace or ‘bench’, with an even,
longitudinal slope, on which the drainage and camber can be built.
A Road Safety Assessment

A road safety assessment is: ‘An examination of the quality of traffic flow, accident potential and
safety performance of a road based on a set number of key indicators to identify hazardous locations
and safety deficiencies.’ The essential elements of the road safety assessment process are that it is:
 A process that forms part of an overall Road Safety Management Plan (RSMP)
 To be conducted by a professional person or team with appropriate training and experience
 To be limited to a number of pre-defined key road safety indicators.
Road Safety Assessments assess the operation of a road, focusing on road safety as it affects the users
of the road. These users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, truck, bus and taxi drivers as well
as other motorists.
The deliverable of a Road Safety Engineering Assessment on urban roads is a Road Safety Assessment
Report that:
 Reports on the safety status of the road network
 Lists and prioritizes the hazardous locations that will require a road safety audit which is a
more detailed (project level) analysis of the location The report can include, for example, a
map indicating hazardous locations of the total road network.
 Identifies the network level safety deficiencies in the road traffic management process of the
authority.
The purpose of road safety assessments is:
To evaluate the safety performance of the road network based on a set number
of key indicators

To priorities hazardous locations on the road network to ensure that road safety audits and remedial
measures can be implemented where it is the most needed. Road Safety Assessments forms part of a
road safety management plan.
By assessing the road safety of the road network, hazardous locations can be identified and prioritized,
enabling a road authority to spend funding in a focused way on road safety audits and remedial
measures at the hazardous locations.
Regular assessments of roads allow safety hazards to be identified in time and analyzed thoroughly
through the road safety audit process before these hazards result in incidents and accidents.
1.2 Basic Civil constuction terminology
Basic concept of civil construction terminology
Chippings: are single sized particles of crushed rock, crushed boulders, and crushed cobbles or crushed
gravel used for surface dressing.
Coarse Aggregate: is crushed or naturally occurring stone material retained on the 4.75mm sieve.
Cobble: A fragment of rock, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with a minimum dimension of
60mm and a maximum dimension of 200mm.
Culvert: A drainage structure which provides an opening under the carriageway for the passage of
water.
Cut: shall mean all excavated material from the road prism including side drains.
Equipment: All machinery, together with the necessary supplies for upkeep and maintenance, and also
all tools and apparatus necessary for the proper construction and acceptable completion of the work.
Quarry: An area within designated boundaries, approved for the purpose of obtaining rock.
Stone Pitching: A single course of stones placed on edge with spalls rammed into the spaces between
the stones
Rock Excavation: Classification of excavation for payment purposes. It Denotes excavation required
from the road prism, drains, etc. according to the Drawings and the Specifications that requires drilling
and blasting or the use of pneumatic or hydraulic jackhammers in order to be loosened sufficiently for
loading and transportation.
Spoil (Material): Material originating from construction operations and which is not utilized for
construction purposes
Road works: means repairs, maintenance, alterations, improvements or installations or any other
works to, above or under a public road.
1.3 Type and source of information for labor base road project
Check List for route selection

 Locate the best sites for river crossings,
 Avoid rocky areas
 Avoid areas with heavy bush clearing
 Try to avoid areas requiring complicated drainage solutions
 Follow existing alignments
 Avoid steep gradients (max 10%)
 Keep earth moving to a minimum
 Be considerate with existing farming activities in the area
 Avoid triggering soil erosion
Route survey
The general route survey and location principles and guide listed below applies also for the
labor- based road construction roads. Route surveying to be used includes all the surveying mapping
activities required to plan, design, and lay out the road for low volume traffic roads.
Route survey
a) Initial survey
b) Detail survey
a) Initial survey
 The objective of the preliminary survey is to obtain a general idea of the future location and
dimensions of the road and to assess how this alignment integrates into the surrounding
environment. This relates particularly to the existing terrain as well as the impact of the road on
local residents and their economic activities. By considering several alternative alignments, it is
possible to arrive at a final solution that to the extent possible takes all these aspects into
consideration.
 The survey methods used at this stage can therefore be simplified without prejudicing the level of
accuracy desired. The centre line of a new road is established well in advance of commencing
construction works. This allows the authorities sufficient lead-time to resolve any right-of way
issues with local residents and to ensure that no new economic activities commence inside the road
reserve, i.e. new buildings erected, planting new crops, etc. It also allows local residents reasonable
time to terminate on-going farming or other economic activities within the road reserve before the
road works commence.
The initial survey is an essential input for the preliminary cost

estimates and budget allocations. From the survey, rough quantities of
work can be derived, soil conditions observed and productivity norms
and costs assumed.
This survey also provides an overview of potential social and
environmental impacts caused by the new road alignment. The line
established by the surveyor is clearly defined and marked properly so
that it can be retraced during the detailed design.

It is important to stress that during this survey the subsequent end product must be borne in mind. When
building a new road for local traffic, expected to carry limited traffic volumes, the choice of alignment
should reflect this. A high speed alignment and design is expensive and irrelevant to a low volume rural
road. Undulating vertical curvature and comparatively sharp curves are more compatible with local roads
with limited traffic.
b) Detailed Survey
The purpose of the detailed survey is to establish all the details of the chosen alignment such as the
exact location, width and levels of the road and drainage arrangements. On this basis, the precise
quantities of works are estimated and used as the basis for further planning and preparation of works.
1.4 Road safety measures
road safety assessment procedure

1: Identify the assessor or assessment team
2: Collect data as specified for each key indicator, including site visits
3: Complete the road safety assessment forms with each key indicator
4: Prepare priority list by Road Safety Index per location, i.e. the list of hazardous locations
5: Prepare an assessment report describing the process and data used in the assessment
6: Prepare a map showing the hazardous locations on the road network or incorporate into GIS to
generate such a graphical presentation
7: Identify locations on the road network where road safety audits should be conducted (i.e. the locations
with the highest Road Safety Index) Repeat overall assessment of the road network every three years
(recommended)
A number of parties are involved with safety during construction namely:

 The traveling public using the facility/road under construction.
 The contractor executing the work.
 The client/consulting engineer responsible for designing, specifying and supervising the
contract.
The Occupational Health and Safety has important implications for the contracting parties and it is
important that the parties are conversant with the act and its implications, as it affects the execution of the
work; and that the necessary Health and Safety Plan is in place in accordance with the client’s Health and
Safety Specifications.
- Safety of road users/public
The safety of the public is materially affected by the actions of the contractor and his staff.
i.e. the manner in which traffic is accommodated during construction, the erection of suitable road signs
and warning devices and adherence by the workers to these road signs and other safety arrangements.
Requirements for the accommodation of traffic are laid down in the relevant specifications, referred to
in the scope of the work in the contract documents.

1.5 Types and use of Plant, tools and equipment
Tools and Equipments
Labor-based construction methods require an adequate number of hand tools and equipment to
successfully carry out the task. Most are relatively inexpensive, either already in the possession of the
local labor force or are easily obtained. In addition, small mechanized plant that a contractor may have
should be employed whenever possible. The plant will provide the means to more accurately meet
construction requirements and speed up the work.
The tools and equipment that are thought essential for various types of labor based work are listed
below.
The numbers of each item required will be depend on the nature of the surface treatment and the size of
the construction project.
 Shovels, Pickaxes, Hoes, Brooms, Rakes, Buckets, Watering cans, Steel measuring tape (50
meter), String, Hand tampers or rammers, Steel pegs or nails and so on.
Particular plant required for labor-based construction can include those described in.
Shovels: Shovels can be used to throw soil up to about 4 m. If a longer distance is needed, only a very
strong worker will be able to throw soil further than 4 m, perhaps up to 6 m or 7 m. Less strong workers
will have to carry the shovel with soil until near enough to throw it. Excavation productivity is lower if
the soil has to be thrown or carried over a distance. A point is quickly reached where productivity will
increase when wheelbarrows are used instead of carrying and throwing from a shovel. This distance is
between 6 m and 10 m.
Figure1.1 Shovel
Wheelbarrows: Wheelbarrows are used for haulage up to 100 m, and in certain circumstances, up to
200m. Good quality wheelbarrows with rubber tyres on steel wheels with roller bearings are best. Solid
rubber tires are preferred to pneumatic tyres, to avoid problems with punctures. Most wheelbarrows made
for concrete work have a capacity of 50 liters to 65 liters. Larger wheelbarrows are also available. The
wheelbarrow is a useful piece of transport equipment for short distances (up to 200 meters).
Wheelbarrows are used for earth and concrete works, transporting construction materials such as soil,
gravel, sand, aggregate, stone, concrete, etc.

Figure1.2 Wheelbarrow
Wheelbarrows function best when a smooth path or runway is available for travel. It improves
productivity to spend some effort in providing a better pathway. One way traffic or a ‘circular’ route
should be chosen wherever possible to speed up the transportation of soils, as waiting is reduced or
eliminated and as it reduces time lost in turning the wheelbarrow around after tipping or loading. The
productivity and time taken for a wheelbarrow trip depends not only on the length of the haul, but also on
the rise. Pushing a loaded barrow uphill takes more effort and time than if the path were level. If steep
slopes have to be negotiated, a helper with a hook can greatly speed the passage of the wheelbarrow up
the slope, by hooking onto the front and pulling the load up the slope.
1.6 Standard for compaction and testing requirement

Compaction
Compaction in road construction terminology is essentially the densification or systematic packing closer
together of the different sizes and shapes of the gravel or soil particles.
This process is assisted/ advanced by using optimum water to lubricate the particles to slip/ rearrange
themselves into more stable positions, increasing the density and strength of the material.
Under controlled conditions of compactive force and moisture content, a specific soil can be identified to
a state in which it has increased structural strength and stability and therefore the ability to withstand the
forces imposed on it by the vehicles using the road.
Compaction decreases the volume of a layer of soil. By forcing soil particles close together, the soil
becomes stronger. By applying compaction to the materials used for road construction, the road body will
be strengthened, and better withstand the envisaged traffic loads and natural erosion.
Optimal Moisture Content
Soil and gravel in its natural state consists of solid particles, water and air. Air does not contribute to the
strength and stability of the soil - on the contrary, it reduces the stability of a soil.
A certain optimum quantity of water (usually between 8 to 20%, depending on the soil type) facilitates
compaction and contributes to the soil's strength and stability, because it lubricates the particles and
allows them to settle in a dense mass.
If the soil contains too much moisture and is too wet, the soil particles are kept apart by the water. When
the soil is too moist and you try to compact it, it will simply not compress, but flow out sideways.
Experience shows that if soil is taken from the ditches or a side borrows, and spread and compacted
immediately, the natural moisture content is usually sufficient for good compaction.
Sometimes, however, the soil comes from a dry stockpile and then needs to be watered.
It makes sense to check this so-called `optimum moisture content', between too wet and too dry.
1.7 Concept of environment protection
The term “Environment” denotes totality of all extrinsic, physical and

Biotic factors effecting the life and behavior of all living things. Therefore, it is important that the
environment of which land, water, air, human beings plants and animals are the components be preserved
and protected from degradation to enable maintenance of the ecological balance.
 Considering that these natural resources sustain life on the planet being the basis of all our
activities, whether agricultural, industry is of vital importance.
The term environment owes its genesis to a French word „environ‟
Means „encircle‟ and encompasses within it the land, water, living creatures, forests and every thing on
the earth. Environment etymologically relates to „surroundings‟, but obviously the concept that is
relative to the object which is surrounded in the sense environment include anything.
 Environment in its generic sense comprises of air, water, land, the things imbibed and also
embedded in the land. The more specific meaning is taken as
Covering the common physical surroundings such as air, space, waters, land, plants and wildlife.
Environmental Law
The complex term environment infers to conditions that influence
Living and nonliving organisms including plant life, air, water, sunlight etc.,
Environment in its wide connotation also includes
Temperature, wind, electricity etc. All the necessities of life are derived from
Environment which is the life supporting system.
Environment is the
Representative of physical components of earth where in human beings are the important factor
influencing the environment in the world.
The following are some of the meanings for the world “Environment”.
 Environment means. The entire range of external influence acting on an organism, both the
physical and biological, and other organisms.
Various types of environment

1. Physical Environment
Physical environment refers to geographical climate and weather or
Physical conditions wherein and individual lives. The human races are
Greatly influenced by the climate.
2. Social environment
Social Environment includes an individuals social, economic and
Political condition wherein he lives .All the organisms work to
Form their social groups and organizations at
Several levels.

3. Psychological Environment
Although physical and social environment are common to the
Individual in a specific situation .Yet, every individual has his own
Psychological environment, in which he lives.
1.7 Communication techniques and principles
The ability to communicate is an essential life skill and one that can be continually developed. Even if
you are a naturally good communicator, there are always opportunities and ways to enhance your
communication skills.
Individuals who are good communicators find it easy to develop empathy and trust with
Others. These people adapt their style of communication to suit the audience and situation they are
presented with.
Communication is a two-way process Success is attained when all parties involved have the same
understanding of what has been communicated Communication is a complex two-way process that
can involve several iterations before mutual understanding is achieved.
Communication takes place in many ways.
You can communicate using words, symbols, pictures, graphics, voice, tone, facial expressions,
clothing, and body language.
Most communication is a combination of these elements. By understanding how to use
these elements effectively you can improve the way you communicate and achieve the
best outcome for any situation.
Whether speaking formally or informally, addressing a meeting or writing a report, the basic
principles of communication are as follows.
Communication should always be packaged to suit the listener’s level of understanding. Know your
purpose and topic Make it clear whether you are delivering specific information, requesting
information, or being social.
1.9 Work ethics

- Ethics is the theory of conduct, so far as conduct may be judged as right and wrong. Ethics, then,
means little more than morals.
- But the study of ethics may include that part of the theory of life which is involved in the explanation of
the causes and effects of moral acts and the moral judgment.
It is sets of formal and informal standards of conduct that people use to guide their behavior at work.
-These standards are partly based on core values such as honesty, respect, and trust, but they also can be
learned directly from the actions of others.
- Honesty, loyalty, commitment and rights go in building a conducive work culture in a workplace.
Although personal ethics differ, they matter in making of the ethical standards of the organization.
Because of the difference, every employees needs to be put on one single ethical platform.

The work ethic is a cultural norm that advocates being personally accountable and responsible for the
work that one does and is based on a belief that work has intrinsic value. The term is often applied to
characteristics of people, both at work and at play.
An instrument that has been developed to measure work ethic is the Occupational Work Ethic Inventory
(OWEI).
-This instrument has been used extensively in research and the electronic version is available to provide a
basis for comparing your work ethic to that of others.
The inventory provides scores for interpersonal skills, initiative, and being dependable will allow you to
determine how you rate on these important areas.
A core ethical value includes:

 Honesty: truthfulness, fairness, sincerity
 Integrity: good judgment, adherence to principles
 Fidelity: to clients, to the public trust, to employer, to the profession
 Charity: kindness, caring, good will, tolerance, compassion/mercy, adherence to the Golden
Rule
 Responsibility: reliability/dependability, accountability, trustworthiness
 Self-Discipline: acting with restraint, not indulging in excessive behavior
1.10 Basic concept of organizing work activities and resource

Introduction
Every work site needs to be organized in a structured manner in order to ensure that the outputs of all
staff and workers are properly coordinated. The basic building block s in any work organization includes;
 Defining the specific work duties of each staff member and
 Identifying the person to whom each individual reports.
The project management, as well as the labor force at the work site needs to be organized in a similar
fashion.
When employing a large workforce, it is important to establish an organization in which the supervision
and management of all the workers are secured in an effective manner.
The exact structure of the organization varies depending on the nature of the works, but in general it
would be as shown in the diagram below.
Whether works are carried out using equipment or by manual labor, the essence of effective work
organization is to make good use of the resources available on site.
When carrying out works using labor-based work methods there are three basic elements that have a
major impact on the work performance.
These are;
(i) Good supervision,
(ii) The use of incentive schemes, and
(iii) Establishing an appropriate balance between labor and machines.

Amongst the three, the skills and experience of the supervisors have the greatest impact on the
productivity and quality levels on site.
When the majority of the workforce consists of unskilled labor, the workers rely on detailed instruction
and guidance in order to achieve the expected outputs.
This is where supervisors with solid vocational skills and experience play an essential role.
 Work organization consists of arranging and distributing the work activities between the gangs of
workers in such a way that the best use is made of the available labor, materials, tools and
equipment.
Depending on the size and complexity of the works, the site is managed by an engineer or a technician.
On smaller work sites, it may be more feasible to assign a manager to supervise several sites.
The optimal size of the workforce depends on the type of work being carried out, the expected level of
outputs and the availability of local labor.
1.11 Organizations codes and regulations
The following are the most common of ethical values considered in organizations.
Respect of personal rights and interests of Employees, clients' demands and terms of cooperation, set by
our business partners and by the society.
Impartiality, meaning labor compensation in proportion to the results achieved and equal rights for
professional growth.
Honesty in relations and in provision of all information required for our work.
Efficiency as sustainable achievement of maximum possible results in everything we do.
Courage for resisting the unacceptable and taking on responsibility for the consequences of own
decisions.
Care to protect people from any harm or threat to their lives and health and to safeguard the environment.
Trust in employees that allow us to delegate powers and responsibility for decisions and ways of their
implementation.
Protect and Preserve the organizations assets, prosperity and utilize them to the best advantage of the
organization.
Environmental protection requirements are identified and applied in accordance with environmental plans
and regulatory obligations.
Self-Check 1 Written Test

Direction: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
(each 5 points)
1. What is earth work?
2. Write the road safety assessment report?
3. List down 5(five) checklist for rout selection.
4. How many types of environment?
Note: Satisfactory rating - 20 points Unsatisfactory - below 20 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet for self check #1
Score = ___________
Rating= ___________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Information Sheet-2 Carry out clearing and grubbing operation

2.1 Basic quality application principle and procedure
 The road land should be cleared of all materials unsuitable for the work by cutting, trimming,
removing and disposing of all materials, such as trees, bushes, shrubs, stumps, roots, grass, weeds,
top organic soil not exceeding 150 mm in thickness and rubbish, etc. This should be carried out
well in advance of earthwork operations.
 The top soil removed during clearing and grubbing of site, if suitable for re-use shall be
transported, conserved and stacked for re-use.
 All trees, stumps, etc. falling within the excavation and embankment lines should be cut to such
depth below ground level that in no case these fall within 500 mm of the sub-grade. Beyond these
limits, they need to be cut down to 500 mm below ground level.
 Excavations below the ground level arising out of removal of trees, stumps, etc., should be filled
in layers with suitable material and compacted to the specified density given by the Engineer.
 Measurement of trees having girth more than 300 mm should be done as per sizes given in the
Bill of Quantities (BOQ).
 Ant-hills both above and below the ground shall be removed by excavating to a suitable depth as
directed by the Engineer. Cavities in the ground after removal of ant-hills shall be filled with
appropriate material and properly compacted to the specified density.
 Existing structures which are within the road land and designated for removal should be
dismantled carefully and the resulting materials so removed as not to cause any damage to the
serviceable materials to be salvaged, the parts of the structure to be retained and any other
adjoining properties and utilities.
 Holes and depressions caused by dismantling operations or caused by rats etc. shall be backfilled
with approved material and compacted to the required density.
The Supervising Consultant should ensure that the Contractor has a full set of quality control aids on site
for checking works during and at the end of each worker’s task. These should include the line and spirit
levels, strings, measuring tapes, profile boards, travelers, ditch and slope templates and camber boards.
During works inspections, the Supervising Consultant must also use these quality control aids to check
the works.
2.2.Basic concept of setting out Principle and procedure of road boundaries
The surveying and setting out requirements for labor-based road construction vary with the type of work
to be executed.
The construction of new roads requires a complete by the surveyor/ Engineer to establish the alignment.
Once the position and level of the centre line has been established, the next step is to set out guiding
stakes for the entire road formation including its drainage system. This work is normally carried out in
two stages. A preliminary survey is done when preparing the detailed design drawings, which form part
of the bidding document s. This survey exercise is essential for estimating the exact quantities of work.
A second surveying exercise is carried out at the time when civil works commence.
At this stage, the setting out of the road cross section provides the detailed directions for civil works
activities such as clearing, excavation and fills works, and drainage construction. A similar exercise is
carried out when works on a road section have been completed, for the purpose of reporting and payment
of the actual quantities of work carried out.
Using the established centre line for the road, this setting out exercise will result in details relating to:
 The exact location and amount of excavation works,
 Detailed measurements of fills and embankments,
 All road levels including shape of road camber,
 Location and shapes of the drainage system, including side and miter drains, cut-off drains,
drifts and culverts, and
 Exact location and dimensions of any other structures.
As with the surveying of the road alignment, the setting out of the road cross-section can effectively be
carried out using the same surveying tools and methods. The results are marked with pegs, indicating the
key locations such as extent and depths of fills and excavations, location and depth of drains, etc.
2.3 Clearing and grubbing operation

Clearing
Clearing and grubbing are generally the first operation to be undertaken on any project involving earth
work. These activities may be defined as the removal of trees, stumps, roots, down timber, rooted wood,
rubbish and other objectionable material from an area marked on the plan or otherwise designated by the
engineer.
In labor-based road construction, clearing of vegetation and removal of topsoil is split into 4 sub-
activities (bush clearing, grass cutting, stripping and grubbing and tree and stump removal), in
accordance with the steps used in the execution of the works.
Grubbing and stripping of topsoil.
Grubbing is an activity whereby all roots of grasses, bushes and other vegetation is removed from the
cleared width. If the topsoil contains much organic material, it will also be required to strip the topsoil.

Following are important issues to remember when checking for this activity.
 Check the width of the stripped and grubbed area
 Check that all grass, upper grass roots and other vegetation remaining after bush clearing
within the specified section has been removed (conserve trees where possible )
 Check also for the removal of top soil within the section.
- Bush clearing
Heavy bush clearing involves cutting down and removing trees, the clearing of dense bush and scrub and
the digging up and removing root systems to prevent re-growth. Heavy bush clearing and the unnecessary
cutting down of trees should be avoided wherever possible by careful selection of the centre line. Work
should be organized on a task work basis, allocating work by the area or by specific job task (such as the
removal of one or two large trees), depending on the type and difficulty of the work.
Before felling a tree, make sure it is absolutely necessary to cut it down. Maybe, it is possible to adjust
the alignment so that the tree felling can be avoided. If a tree needs to be cut, use experienced workers
and keep everyone else well away. After felling, cut the tree in pieces and remove them from the road
side.
Once the tree is cut, dig up and remove the roots. Holes after root extraction need to be filled and
compacted properly using hand rammers. Heavy grass cover should be cleared.
-Boulder Removal
Boulder removal can involve hand carrying small boulders, rolling clear, breaking or digging and burying
large boulders. This work is often time consuming and expensive and should be avoided if possible when
selecting the alignment. Where there is an excessive boulder in the soil, which creates problems for drain
excavation, the possibility of lifting the road levels should be considered

Task work on a group or specific job basis could be used to organize the labor force
Tree and Stump removal
Trees and stumps smaller than Ø-20cm are covered under topic of bush clearing and shall be treated as
bush clearing however, larger trees and stumps are removed on the basis of worker days spent.
Topsoil Removal
Topsoil removal is usually only needed where the topsoil is deep (10-15cm), very organic and obviously
much lower in strength than the soil below. Unnecessary topsoil removal has very little effect on the
strength of the road. Topsoil removal is most likely to be needed in river valleys and flood areas that
build up silt. Most agricultural land and open areas are eroded, with a very thin topsoil layer which can be
mixed in with the earthworks for the road construction.
Topsoil removal could be executed using task work on an area basis, the area being determined by the
thickness of the topsoil.

Direction: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
(Each 5 points)
1. Write setting out exercise requirements?
2. Explain clearing and grubbing?
3. Explain Bush clearing, stamp, top soil and boulder removals.

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Information Sheet-3
Perform excavation and fill operation
3.1 Basic concept of set out using surveying methods practiced in labour base construction
technology
3.1.1 horizontal
3.1.2 vertical alignments
3.1.3 Cross sections
3.1.4 detail section
3.1.1Horizontal Alignment
Prior to construction, the exact location of the road needs to be established through a detailed
survey. The position of the road centre line provides the main reference for the setting out of all other key
positions relating to the various components and structures that form part of the road. While surveying
works for highway construction normally relies on triangulation and polygon net works and up-to-date
maps, surveying for rural road works is normally carried out without such aids. A common approach
used to establish the alignment for a rural road is by finding a suitable alignment in the terrain, using
simple tools such as ranging rods, profile boards and a line level.
Setting out Curves
At first, the centre line is defined by means of a series of straight lines meeting at points of intersection
(PI). To avoid abrupt changes of direction in the road alignment, these straights are joined by curves thus
creating a more smooth curvature.
The distance between the intersection points can easily be measured and used as a first estimate of the
length of the road to be constructed. There are various methods to set out curves. With rural roads
designed for low traffic volumes, it is usually sufficient to follow existing tracks and to improve existing
curves where necessary. Some simple methods to set out curves using a tape measure, ranging rods, pegs
and strings are described on the following procedures:-
Some simple methods to set out curves using a tape measure, ranging rods, pegs and strings are described
on the following pages.
1. String method (suitable for curves with a radius < 30 meters and intersections)

2. Quarter point method (suitable for short curves where a string line (AB) can be
stretched between the ends of the two straights)
3. Tangent and chord method (the intersection point for the straights, and the area between it
and the road, must be flat and free of obstructions)

4. Tangent method (the intersection point for the straights, and the area between it and the
road, must be flat and free of obstructions)
5. Off-set method (suitable for any curve – it does, however, require a trial and error approach)
Example Tangent method procedure
Among the above listed methods the intersection/tangent method is one method that is mostly used to set
out a curve. It requires simple equipment and is easily managed by the technical staff on site.
STEP-1: The first step of designing the curve is to establish where it starts and ends. These points,
referred to as tangent points, also define the end of the first straight line and the start of the next
straight line. Having established the tangent points and the intersection point, the distance
between the TP and the PI, referred to as the tangent line, is divided into five or six intervals of
equal length.
Starting at the tangent point, place ranging rods along the tangent lines to mark these intervals.
Longer tangent lines produce longer curves with a larger radius. Deciding on the appropriate
length of the tangents depends on the angle between the two straight lines. With a large
intersection angle (I), the intersection method will produce an easy curve with a large radius. The
tangent length can then be shortened (however still keeping it at more than 20m).
A smaller intersection angle (ii) will require a sharper curve with a smaller radius. In such situations, the
tangent line should be extended in order to increase the curve radius (i.e. more than 30 meters).
STEP: 2
A string line is stretched from the ranging rods in positions a on each of the tangent lines. Another string
line is pulled between positions b on both the tangent lines. The point of intersection between each of
these string lines will mark the first point defining the curve between the tangent lines. With practice, the
determination of this curve point can be done without the string lines. Sight along line a - a while an
assistant holds a ranging rod in your sight line. A second assistant stands at point b and sights along the
line b - b. Direct the first assistant along line a - until he/she also stands on the line b - b. Mark this spot
with a ranging rod and a peg.
STEP: 3
Now repeat this exercise by sighting along b - b while an assistant is sighting along the line c - c to find
the next curve point. Once again the curve point is marked with a peg.
STEP: 4

Complete the exercise for the remaining lines c - c, d - d, until reaching the intersection point.
Finally, use these curve points to set out pegs at intermediate points along the curve at 5 m intervals.
Inspect the curve and make sure that all the pegs provide a smooth line.
Adjusting the Position of the Curve
If the length of the tangent lines is increased, the final curve will move further away from the
intersection point, PI. By manipulating the length of the tangent lines, it is possible to avoid obstacles
such as trees, buildings, boulders, etc. when setting out the curve. There will always be one curve point
less than the number of segments into which the tangent length is divided. For example, 6 segments will
produce 5 curve points. Even numbers of segments on the tangent line will give uneven numbers of curve
points, and provide a middle curve point opposite the intersection point, PI. Where the two middle lines
intersect is the middle point of the curve (as above with c-c & d-d, and B-b & C-c).
Tangent method (the intersection point for the straights, and the area between it and the road,
must be flat and free of obstructions)
a) With the help of ranging rods, establish the point of intersection D by extending QR and ST.
b) Choose the most suitable tangent lengths (equal lengths, and establish points B and C. (In the example
BD =DC = 25 meters).
c) Establish points B and C with pegs.
d) Divide BD and DC into an equal number of parts
e) Them as shown above Place a peg at each point.
f) String a line between the two points marked 1 (1-1) on each tangent. Repeat with Points 2 (2-2), 3 (3-
g), 4 (4-4) and 5 (5-5).
h) The points on the curve lie at the intersection of 1-1 with 2-2; 2-2 with 3-3; 3-3 with 4-4; 4-4 with 5-5.
I) nock in pegs at these points and remove the pegs along the tangents.
j) If the radius is too sharp move B and C further apart and start again.
3.1.2 Vertical alignment
The vertical alignment defines the exact level of the road and how the road is placed in relation to
the surrounding terrain. As with the horizontal alignment, most roads works agencies have developed
appropriate standards for how the vertical alignment is designed.
The vertical alignment is determined by the nature of the area in which the road is situated.
For example, is the area hilly or flat? Are there rivers that have to be crossed, etc?
As with the horizontal alignment, it is seldom possible to join two places with a straight line from
the lower place to the higher place. This would be too expensive, as lots of soil will have to be moved to
construct the road, by either digging it out or filling it up (earthworks). It might even be necessary to
construct tunnels.
Rules concerning the allowed curvature and gradients greatly influence the alignment of the road and the
amount of earthworks required. Still, the When the road passes through hilly or mountainous terrain, the
choice of alignment is more critical in terms of arriving at a durable design, which stands up to the
environment in which it needs to perform. In order to reduce future maintenance works, it is important
that the road allows the shape of the existing terrain, avoiding steep gradients and large cuts and fills.
Vertical Levels
When designing the horizontal alignment, it is important to check the gradients along the road. Ideally,
the longitudinal gradient should be somewhere between two and eight percent, preferably staying at the
low side of the range. In the field, the slope of any surface can easily be established with a line level and
two ranging rods.
By transferring the level of one profile board to the next ranging rod, the level difference can be
determined. The slope or t he gradient is then calculated as follow

Example: If the difference of levels is 0.5m between
two profiles with a distance of 20m between them,
the gradient is:

This procedure is useful in order to identify low spots along the road line. It is also a useful
method for ensuring that the slope of the side drains has the correct gradient and there is no risk
of erosion or silting. If the road gradient is found to be unsuitable, the road alignment should be
adjusted to produce levels with an improved gradient.
The gradient of the road could be checked during the initial route alignment selection using the
clinometers or abbeny levels or profile board.
3.1.3 Cross sections and

3.1.4 Detail section
Once the position and level of the centre line has been established, the next step is to install
the entire road including its drainage system. This work is normally carried out in two stages. A
preliminary survey is done when preparing the detailed design drawings, which form part of the
bidding document s. This survey exercise is essential for estimating the exact quantities of work.
A second surveying exercise is carried out at the time when civil works commence.
At this stage, the setting out of the road cross section provides the detailed directions for civil
works activities such as clearing, excavation and fills works, and drainage construction.
Using the established centre line for the road, this setting out exercise will result in details
relating to:
 The exact location and amount of excavation works,
 Detailed measurements of fills and embankments,
 All road levels including shape of road camber,
 Location and shapes of the drainage system, including side and miter drains, cut-off
drains, drifts and culverts, and
 Exact location and dimensions of any other structures.
3.2 basic concept of quantity estimation
On steeper cross slopes, there is too much excavation for a practically sized gang to finish in one
day. In these cases, the excavation is divided into two or three days work. By calculating the
volumes involved, we know that the following setting out dimensions will give roughly equal
amounts of work for the days involved.
When the centre line profiles are set out at 1m above ground level, we can measure the height of
the high side profile to tell us:
 how steep the slope is,
 how deep we will have to dig, and
 The volume we will have to dig.

. If the height of one high side profile is 43cm and the next high side profile is 59cm then the
average profile height is:
59+43 = 51cm
2
Calculating volumes of work is a central task when planning and managing civil works. It is
carried out at a number of stages throughout the project, starting With rough estimates during the
initial design stage when selecting the appropriate road alignment. During the detailed field
surveys, all quantities are calculated in detail and entered into the Bill of Quantities.
During construction, volumes of work are estimated in order to organize work efficiently.
3.3 Slotting techniques and principles
Slotting is the first activity of the earthwork, and according to the specifications, the
contractor is required to prepare slots at 10 meters interval, covering the free-clearance width
specified in the contract. The slots visualize the amount of cut and fill over the cross-section of
the road, and provide a clear guidance to the area of cut equals the area of fill. At this stage, it is
also important that the slots balance in longitudinal direction.

3.4 Level to level operation
Excavation to Level (ETL)
ETL is the first and basic activity of the construction of earthwork. With ETL a level
platform is created from left to right over the entire grubbed width. If the ETL is not done
correctly, e.g. there are differences in level from left to right, it will be very difficult, to construct
a correct final cross-section. Ditches will end up being at a different level, and it will be hard to
achieve the same camber at both sides of the road. Expensive correction works may have to be
ordered to the contractor. In order to avoid this, the contractor should take good care that ETL is
carried out to the correct standards.
The problems start when the road is built on cross sloping ground. The steeper the cross slope,
the more excavation is needed to build the road. Always avoid steep cross slopes where possible.
Locate the road on ridges where possible - this will reduce earthworks as well as reducing
drainage works.
Road construction in cross sloping terrain has the following features:

• The high side drain will have to be dug deep,
• The low side drain is normally not needed, and
• The road will have to be built on a fill on the low side.
3.5 Compaction techniques and procedure
Compaction of ETL
- The platform should be compacted to the required standards as specified in the contract. It is
the role of the supervising officer to point out to the contractor where balancing is required in
longitudinal direction. Special attention should be given to the compaction of ETL.
- Especially where deep ruts were filled with borrow material, care must be taken to compact in
sufficient thin layers so that uneven settlement at a later stage will be avoided.
The supervising officer should carry out control checks on ETL, compaction and longitudinal
balancing, but these checks should not delay the contractor from continuing with the next
activities.

Compaction is required to improve the properties of the soil, because it:
 Reduces hollow spaces in the soil
 Increases bearing capacity of the soil
 Reduces settlement of the soil
 Reduces permeability of the soil, and
 Increases the shearing strength.
3.6 Basic concept of replacement and stabilization of unsuitable material
Stabilized Soils
Various methods have been developed to improve the quality of soils.
The most common method is by mixing soils or aggregate with bitumen, however, there are a
number of other materials such as chlorides, molasses, lime and cement which can improve the
quality of soils for road building purposes.
When referring to chemical stabilization of soils, the most common methods are the use of lime
or cement to improve the soil properties.
The soil becomes stabilized because the cement or lime reacts chemically with the soil particles
and bind them together. This process can be achieved in both clayey and granular soils, however,
organic soils cannot be stabilized in these ways because they contain (acid) components which
prevents the chemical reaction.
Materials with low plasticity, i.e. granular materials, are best treated with cement. Lime
stabilization is more appropriate for soils with high clay contents.
The use of chemicals to improve local soils is costly, and should only be considered when the
cost of obtaining good quality natural or processed materials, such as crushed rock, exceeds the
cost of using a local soils modified with chemicals.
Construction Procedures
The process of chemical stabilization involves a series of works activities consisting of the
addition of the stabilizer to the soil, mixing with sufficient water, compaction and finally proper
curing to secure the expected strength improvements. For proper mixing to take place, it is
important that any lumps are broken up into fine particles.

Direction: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page: (each 5 points)
1. Explain setting out horizontal curve?

2. Write use of vertical alignment?
3. Write the slotting techniques and principles?
4. List down compaction requirement?

Note: Satisfactory rating - 20points Unsatisfactory - below 20 points
Score = ___________
Rating= ___________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4________________________________________________________________

Information Sheet-4 Conduct ditches and road formation operation
4.1 Road formation operation
Let us first consider the situation where the road is built on land that is level, or nearly level,
between drains - that is, with very little cross slope.
The earthworks are then simply to excavate the side drains and use this material to form the
camber. You will see that the material from the side drains is slightly more than what is needed
to form the camber. This is good, as usually more material is needed than indicated, either
because of low spots in the ground or because of unsuitable soil or because the land is never
consistently level.
4.2 Finishing operation principles and techniques
4.3 Ditching and side slop formation operation

Conduct ditch and road Formation operation
After Excavation to Level is completed, the contractor must start building up the road formations
per the contract specification and designed road cross sections. In labor based road construction,
the formation of the road is built up in four steps, which are all to be carried out separately.
1. Ditching and spreading (red square)

2. Back sloping and spreading (green triangle)
3. (Fore) sloping (blue triangle)
4. Camber formation, final shaping, (brown triangle)

Of the four steps listed above is shown as example in the following figure.
The first step Ditching is the most important one and needs to be carried out and checked by the
consultant on a regular basis.
The reason why is, that the size of the ditch (red square) will also determine the quantity of soil
coming from the back slope (green triangle) and the fore slope (blue triangle), and all three
together comprise the required material for the formation (brown triangle).
If the ditch is dug to shallow, the material from the back- and fore slope will also be less, which
will result in a formation which is not high enough.
Basically, road construction earthworks involves digging drains and using the material to build
up the camber, excavating cut to fill to form the road and building up the road on embankments
in flat areas with poor drainage.
4.4 Cambering
Setting out the Road Camber
With the position and levels of the centre line already established, it is possible to set out the
camber and side drains. The road camber is usually constructed at the same time as the side
drains. The cross section is set out at a right angle to the centre line.
When designing the camber and side drains, it is important once again to keep the excavation
works to a minimum by following the existing level of the terrain along the road line. By
carefully assessing the road levels along the centre line, the resulting quantities of earthworks
can be kept at a minimum. The procedure described below is an efficient way of setting out the
road levels, achieving a well-placed road with good drainage and which does not involve
extensive excavation or fill works.
Mark the levels for the centre line on pegs placed next to the ranging rods along the centre line.
Now, use the centre line profile boards to set out intermediate pegs, placed at every 5 m along
the centre line. This is easily carried out with a one meter tall traveler. Mark these pegs at the
point where the bottom of the traveler touches the peg, when lined up with the profiles. On all
the centre line pegs, mark the level of the crest of the camber.
Levels are usually indicated as three-digit numbers, showing the required cut or fill in meters
(e.g. +0.20 means that a fill of 20 centimeters is required). When the level is indicated, always
measure from the top of the peg.

Camber and Side Drain Construction
Once the excavation and fill have been completed, the road camber is constructed using soils
from the side drains and back slope. Excavated soils from the drains should first be thrown to the
centre of the road, from where it is leveled out towards each road shoulder to form the camber.

4.5 Super elevation
Super-elevation of Curves
Super-elevation is applied to sharp curves, when the curve radius is less than 100m, to counteract
the centrifugal force. Super-elevation is created by inverting the camber slope on the outer half
of the road way, to prevent running vehicles from slipping of the road in the curve. The super-
elevation is gradually built up over a 20m section before entering into the equally running super
elevation.
Equally, the super-elevation is run off over a 20m section starting at the end of the curve.
Throughout the curve, the super elevation is constant, with a full cross slope of 8% across the
road carriage width (10% before compaction). Super-elevated curves, will require the double
amount of materials to construct as compared to the standard camber formation. These additional
materials hould be obtained in close proximity to the curve to avoid any hauling distances.
Ideally, this can be achieved by enlarging side drains or reducing slopes of side cuts. Finally, the
super-elevation should be built up in compacted layers of 15cm.
4.6 Gradient
To control or estimate the steepness of gradients - in this case a spirit level or plumb line is also
required.
The steepness of gradients is described as a ratio. For example, a gradient of 2 : 1 means two
meters horizontal one meter vertical.
Existing gradients are measured using the triangle principle, incorporating a spirit level as the
horizontal member with pinned joints rather than fixed.

The triangle can also be useful in establishing a right angle to the road centre line as illustrated in
the figure below.
4.7Site-distance
Hauling of materials
The choice whether to use wheelbarrows, tractor-trailer combinations or tipper trucks as haulage
equipment depends on the haul distance which needs to be covered. The maximum economic
haul distance for gravelling by wheel wheelbarrows is less than 100mts, tractor/trailer
combination is 4 to 5 km. Trucks may be economic for any distance above 5 km. An upper range
of 15 to 20 kilometers is normally used, above which gravelling becomes extremely expensive
and in most cases hard to justify. In that case alternative surfacing options should be explored.

4.8 widening
Side-borrow from widened side drain
From the widened side drains, the supervising officer can easily check whether side borrow
has actually been carried out. If widening of side
drains is not possible, the supervising officer should
insist that material is borrowed from orderly and well-
established pits, rather than borrowing a bit of soil
from here and there. Special attention should be given
to sections where the road must be raised to such an
extent that a side drain is not required anymore. This
will be the case when a marsh (dambo) area must be
crossed, and an extra wide cross-section should be Side-borrow from widened side
specified. drain
4.9 Reporting procedure and principles

Reporting
Clearing works can be reported under a single cover-all activity, or by individual activities
covering heavy bush, heavy grass cover, boulders and topsoil removal.
The project management will decide on the reporting procedures depending on the scale of the
clearing works. Unless there is extensive work expected under the individual activities, there is
little advantage to be gained from over-detailed reporting.
Usually, a cover-all clearing activity will give sufficient management con

Direction: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page: (each 5 points)
1. Explain super elevation curve.
2. Write reporting procedures and principles?

Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10points
Score = ___________
Rating= ___________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Information Sheet-5
Clean up
5.1 Principle and procedure of cleaning and disposing waste materials
 Clean, maintain and store tools correctly and according to organization requirements
 Clean, visually check and store power leads/hoses
 Clean and store equipment
 Clear the work area and remove

Self-Check #5 Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page: (6 points)
1. Explain principles of clearing waste materials?

Score = ___________
Rating= ___________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Small Answer Questions

1________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Operation Sheet 1 Perform manual earth work
Procedure:-
1. Select working area
2. Site clearance /bush clearing
3. Setting out for cross-section and longitudinal section
4. Excavation top soil
5. Cut and fill operation
6. Slope preparation
7. Compaction
8. Apply soil stabilization method if (required )
9. Ditch and side slop formation operation
10. Clean up
Tools and equipment

1. Profile board
2. String
3. Meter
4. Tray square
5. Peg
6. Peg hammer
7. Sprit level
8. Pick axe
9. Shovel / spade
10. Wheel barrow
11. roller /hand tamper

LAP Test Measurement and calculation
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, workshop, tools and materials you are
required to perform the following tasks within 16 hours.
Task 1: clean and set out the road profile and cross-section part (give the teacher
instruction to the road length, width,)
Task 2: excavate /cut and fill ( to give the teacher instruction height, ditch and side
slope )


Anrs Tved Bureau Education and Training Core Process: Basic Infrastructure Operations NTQF Level I

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Anrs Tved Bureau Education and Training Core Process: Basic Infrastructure Operations NTQF Level I

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ANRS TVED Bureau

Education and Training Core Process

BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE OPERATIONS

Unit of Competence: Perform Manual Earthworks

LG Code: CON BIO1M09LO1-01

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

LO3: Perform excavation and fill operation

LO4: Conduct ditches and road formation operation

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Information Sheet-1 Plan and prepare

1.1 Safety for equipment , OHS regulation requirements and application

A Road Safety Assessment

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Basic concept of civil construction terminology

Check List for route selection

The initial survey is an essential input for the preliminary cost

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.4 Road safety measures

road safety assessment procedure

A number of parties are involved with safety during construction namely:

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.6 Standard for compaction and testing requirement

1.7 Concept of environment protection

The term “Environment” denotes totality of all extrinsic, physical and

Various types of environment

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.7 Communication techniques and principles

1.9 Work ethics

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

A core ethical value includes:

1.10 Basic concept of organizing work activities and resource

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

1.11 Organizations codes and regulations

Self-Check 1 Written Test

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Note: Satisfactory rating - 20 points Unsatisfactory - below 20 points

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

small Answer Questions

Information Sheet-2 Carry out clearing and grubbing operation

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

2.3 Clearing and grubbing operation

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Answer Sheet for self check #2

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

small Answer Questions

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Setting out Curves

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Example Tangent method procedure

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Adjusting the Position of the Curve

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

3.1.3 Cross sections and

3.2 basic concept of quantity estimation

Learning Guide for Date: August ‎ ‎ 2016

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: ___________ Date: _

Name: _____________ Date: