HVAC

Systems in
Buildings
Arch 502

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 General Information
Air-Conditioning is the simultaneous
control of the temperature, humidity,
motion and purity of the air in a confined
space.
Functions of Air-Conditioning
1. Cooling and de-humidifying of air
2. Heating or humidifying of air
3. Cleaning of air or filtration
4. Circulation of air
Air-Conditioning Standards
1. Cooling and De-humidifying
for summer cooling, temperatures of 68
deg to 74 deg F and 50% relative
humidity are a frequent design average.
2. Heating and Humidifying
for winter cooling, temperatures of 70
deg to 75 deg F and relative humidity of
30% to 35% are found most satisfactory.
3. Air Motion
air velocity should average 4.57 to 7.6
meters per min measured 36” above the
floor.
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AIR HANDLING UNIT
4. Air Supply
a. 5 cuft to 7-1/2 cuft of air per minute
per person (5-71/2 cuft/min/pers). In
rooms where smoking is not allowed
b.25 cuft to 40 cuft of air per minute per
person allowed in rooms where smoking
is permitted.
Methods of Cooling and De-
humidifying
1. Passing the air through a spray of cold
water
2. Passing the air through coils
containing cold water
3. Passing the air through coils
containing the refrigerant itself; in this
case the coils are called “direct
expansion” coils
4. Passing the air through a combination
of sprays and coils
 The Refrigeration Cycle
1. Freon* is a gas at normal
temperature and pressure. It is first
subjected to high pressure in a
compressor which raises its boiling
point and temperature.
2. 2. At the same high pressure, the
vapor is piped into condenser coils
where it is cooled by water to a
degree below its liquefaction point.
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3. In the evaporator, the pressure is
relieved by the suction stroke of the
compressor. The boiling point of the liquid
refrigerant drops and evaporation into a
vapor takes place. The water which
surrounds the evaporator coils gives up its
heat in causing the vaporization at low
pressure,
The cold water can then be piped at this
low temperature to any desired point and
sprayed to cool the passing air. The
refrigerant is sucked back into the
compressor and the cycle recommences
*Freon - refrigerant used for cooling.
Mechanical refrigeration is based upon the
alternate liquefying and evaporating of a
volatile liquid with a low boiling point
usually Freon 12 (Dichlorodiflouromethane)
or Freon 11 (Trichloromonoflouromethane)
during which processes it respectively gives
off and takes in heat. The desirable
properties of Freon are:
a) high heat of vaporization;
b) moderate pressure change for low to high
temperature range;
c) non-toxic;
d) incombustible;
e) non-explosive; and
f) non-corrosive.
 Types of Air- Conditioning Systems
1. Split Type Air Conditioning System

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 2. Window Type Air Conditioning System

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 3. Centralized Systems

All-Season Centralized Air Conditioning System

consists of the following:
a. A method of cooling, a refrigeration plant
b. A source of heating such as a boiler or furnace
c. An Air Handling Unit (AHU) equipped with filters,
pre-heater, spray, cooling coils and re-heater
d. The air distributing equipment composed of ducts,
fans and air outlets
e. The necessary manual or automatic controls

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 Air-Conditioning Equipment Shell & Tube Condensers

The Refrigeration Plant

1. Compressors
a) Piston Type or Reciprocating
Compressors for tonnages up to 100
tons
b) Centrifugal Compressors - these are
quieter, have fewer vibration problems,
require less maintenance and with
better operating control

2. Condensers
a) Air-cooled Condensers - used in unit
and packaged-type air- conditioners up
to 3 tons refrigeration.
b) Water-cooled Condensers - Double- Evaporative Condenser
piped Condensers:

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 Shell and Tube Condensers: Shell & Tube Evaporator
3. Evaporators

a) Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

(Evaporator)
similar in operation to the shell and tube
condenser. The refrigerant is expanded into
a shell enclosing the tube through which the
water flows.

b) Direct Expansion Coils (coils containing

the refrigerant itself) This may either be
installed in the spray chamber so that the
water sprayed into the air comes into Direct Expansion Coils
contact with the cooling coils or the air
itself comes into direct contact with the
cooling coils, as in the window type unit

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 Cooling and De-humidifying Heating and Humidifying Equipment
1. Tempering Coils - contains steam and
Equipment are used to heating the air ie.,
1. Water Sprays preheaters and reheaters.

2. Cooling Coils

2. Water Heaters - used for heating the

water which will be used in the spray
chamber to add heat and humidity to the
air
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 Air Cleaning Equipment c) Water Sprays
a) Dry Filters
consist of wire frames enclosing felt, cotton d) Eliminator Plates
or sponge through which the air is consist of corrugated galvanized iron sheets
screened. placed 1-1/8” apart which deflect the air
flow about 30 deg catching the wet dust on
the surfaces

b) Viscous Filters
consist of metal deflecting plates or screens
coated with viscous oil.

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 Air
Distribution
Equipment
1. Ducts
are usually of
galvanized sheet
metal, or aluminum
sheets, usually
rectangular in
section, depending
on the aspect ratio*,
although circular
ducts are also used
for high velocity
systems.

*Aspect Ratio – the

ratio of the long
side to short side;
not to exceed 5:1
although 4 or 3:1 is
preferred.

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 2. Fans
a) Centrifugal fans (radial fans)
these are intended for moving air at
comparatively high pressures and are
commonly used in duct systems.
b) Propeller or axial fans
commonly used for wall exhausts

3. AIR OUTLETS - these are made for

two locations: wall and ceiling.

a) Wall outlets include the following:

Vaned outlets
Perforated grills

b) Ceiling outlets include the

following types:
Plaques
Perforated panels
Perforated ceilings

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 Control Equipment 2. Actuating or Operating Devices

a) Dampers
1. Sensing Devices
These control the flow of air and are in the
form of louvers.
a) Humidistat
or Hygrostat is a controller, sensitive to
b) Control Valves
the amount of humidity in the air.
These are valves with variable orifices
which are moved by motors to present
b) Thermostat
smaller or larger openings as directed by a
a controller which responds to changes in
thermostat.
temperature.
c) Relays
c) Pressure Regulators
These are devices that use electrical energy
are instruments sensitive to changes in
to amplify or convert the power of a
pressure. They may control a single
thermostat or other controllers so that the
pressure or a differential between two
resultant force will be sufficient and
pressures.
adaptable to operate a valve or damper.

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 Heating Systems
Types of Heating Systems

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 Heating Systems
Mechanical Warm Air Heating System

Furnace Installation

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 Heating Systems
Mechanical Warm Air Heating System

Radiator Installation

Home Heating - Wall

Hung Boiler installation

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 Heating Systems
Hot Water Heating System

HOT WATER
COLD
WATER

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 Heating Systems
Radiant Panel System

Floor installation

Ceiling installation
Wall installation

Floor Installation Detail

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 Definitions Condemned Boiler or Unfired Pressure
Vessel - A boiler or unfired pressure vessel
that has been inspected by the Building
Accidental Contact
Official and declared unsafe or disqualified
Any inadvertent physical contact with
and power stamped or marked designating
power transmission equipment, prime
its rejection.
movers, machines or machine parts
which could result from slipping, falling,
Crane
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a
action or movement.
load and moving it horizontally, the
hoisting mechanism being an integral part
Boiler
of the machine.
A closed vessel for heating water or for
application of heat to generate steam or
Duct
other vapor to be used externally or to
A passageway made of sheet metal or other
itself.
suitable material not necessarily
leak tight, for conveying air or other gases
Capacity of Works, Project or Plant
at low pressure.
The total horsepower of all engines,
motors, turbines or other prime movers
Enclosed
installed, whether in operation or not.
Means that the moving parts of a machine
are so guarded that physical contact by any
Compressor
part of the human body is precluded or
A mechanical device for the purpose of
prevented. This does not however prohibit
increasing the pressure upon the
the use of hinged, sliding or otherwise
refrigerant.
removable doors or sections to permit
inspection, lubrication or proper
Condenser
maintenance.
A vessel or arrangement of pipes or
tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is
liquefied by the removal of heat.
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 Evaporation
That part of the AC/refrigeration system
in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized to
produce refrigeration.
External Inspection
An inspection made on boiler during
operation.
Guarded
Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
by means of suitable enclosure guards,
covers or standard railings, so as to
preclude the possibility of accidental
contact or dangerous approach to
persons or objects.
Internal Inspection
An inspection made when a boiler is shut
down, with hand holes, manholes, or
other openings opened or removed to
permit inspection of the interior.
Liquid Receiver
A vessel permanently connected to a
system by inlet and outlet pipes for
storage of a liquid refrigerant.
Locomotive Boiler
A boiler mounted on a self-propelled
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track locomotive used to furnish motivating
power for traveling on rails.
Low Pressure Heating Boiler
A boiler operated at pressures not
exceeding 1.05 kgs/sqm with steam or
water temperature not exceeding 250oF.
Machine
The driven unit of an equipment.
Machine House
An enclosure for housing the hoisting
mechanism and power plant.
Machine Parts
Any or all moving parts of a machine.
Mechanical Works Plant
Includes steam plants, internal combustion
engine plants, hydraulic power plants,
pumping plants, refrigerating plants, air
conditioning plants, mill shops, factories,
foundries, shipyards, etc. containing any
mechanical equipment, machinery or
process, driven by steam, internal or
external combustion fuel, electricity, gas, air,
water, heat,
 Point of Operation
That part of a machine which performs
an operation on the stock or material
and/or that place or location where stock
or material is fed to the machine. A
machine may have more than one point
of operation.
Portable Boiler
An internally fired boiler which is self-
contained, primarily intended for
temporary location.
Prime Mover
An engine or motor operated by steam,
gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous fuels,
liquids in motion or other forms of
energy whose main function is to drive
or operate, either directly of indirectly,
other mechanical equipment.
effect by its absorption of heat while
expanding or evaporating.
Ton of Refrigeration
The useful refrigerating effect equal to
12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/min.
Unfired Pressure Vessel
A vessel in which pressure is obtained from
an external source or from an indirect
application of heat.
Ventilation
Process of supplying or removing air by
natural or mechanical means to or from
any space.

Process Machine
An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.part of the
AC/refrigeration system in which liquid
refrigerant is vaporized to produce
refrigeration.

Refrigerant
A substance which produces refrigerating
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 NBC Regulations
Concerning HVAC
Boilers and Pressure Vessels
1. Location of Boilers:
a) Boilers may be located inside buildings
provided that the boiler room is of
reinforced concrete or masonry and that
the boiler room shall not be used for any
other purpose.
b) In case the main building is not made
up of fire resistive materials, boilers shall
be located outside the building at a
distance of not less than 3.00 m from the
outside wall of the main building and the
building housing the boiler shall be made
up of fire resistive materials.
c) No part of the boiler shall be closer
than one meter from any wall.
d) Fire tube boilers shall be provided
with sufficient room for
removal/replacement of tubes either thru
the front or rear.
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2. Smokestacks whether self supporting or
guyed, shall be of sufficient capacity to
handle fuel gases, shall be able to
withstand a wind load of 175 km per hour
and shall rise at least 5 m above the eaves
of any building within a radius of 50 m.
3. Manufacturers/assemblers of
boilers/pressure vessels/pressurized water
heaters shall stamp each vessel on the
front head or on any other suitable location
with the name of the manufacturer, serial
number, maximum allowable working
pressure, heating surface in sqm and year
of manufacture.
4. Boilers of more than 46 sqm heating
surface shall each be provided with two
means of feeding water, one steam driven
and one electrically driven, one pump and
one injector.
5. Two check valves shall be provided
between any feed pump and the boiler in
addition to the regular shut-off valve.
6. Where two or more boilers are
connected in parallel, each steam outlet
shall be provided with a non- return valve
and a shut-off valve.
 7. Boiler rooms shall have at least two
separate exits.
8. In no case shall the maximum pressure
of an old/existing boiler be increased to a
greater pressure than would be allowed
for a new boiler of same construction.
9. Each boiler shall have at least one
safety valve. For boilers having more than
46 sqm pressure of water heating surface
or a generating capacity exceeding 907
kg per hour, two (2) or more safety
valves shall be required.
10. Each boiler shall have a steam gauge,
with a dial range of not less than 1-1/2
times and not more than twice the
maximum allowable working pressure. It
may be connected to the steam space or
to the steam connection to the water
column.
11. Whenever repairs/replacements are
made on fittings or appliances, the work
shall comply with the section on New
Installation of the Philippine Mechanical
Engineering Code.
12. After a permit has been granted to
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install a boiler/pressure vessel/pressurized
water heater upon payment of the
installation fees thereof, it shall be the duty
of the Building Official to make periodic
inspection of the installation to determine
compliance with the approved plans and
specifications.
13. Upon the completion of the installation,
the Building Official shall conduct an
inspection and test, after which a certificate
of operation for a period not exceeding one
year shall be issued upon payment of the
required inspection fees.
14. The Building Official shall notify the
owner in writing of the intended date of
the annual inspection at least 15 days in
advance. However, the owner may request a
postponement in writing of said inspection
and the Building Official shall fix a date for
inspection agreeable to both, but not to
exceed 30 days from the intended date.
15. The owner or user of a boiler shall
prepare the same for inspection by
cooling it down blanking off all connections
to adjacent boilers, removing all soot and
ashes from tubes, heads, shell, furnace and
combustion chamber. The owner shall
 assist the Building Official by providing
all labor and equipment required during
said inspection.
Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning
1. The temperature and humidity of the
air to be used for comfortable cooling
shall be maintained at 68-74oF effective
temperature at an air movement from
4.57 to 7.60 MPM within the living zone.
2. Water from evaporators, condensers
and other machinery shall be properly
collected into a suitable water or
drainage system.
3. Ducts shall be constructed entirely of
non-combustible materials such as steel,
iron, aluminum or other approved
materials. Only fire retardant lining shall
be used on the inside of ducts.
4. Access doors shall be provided at all
automatic dampers, fire dampers,
thermostats and other apparatus
requiring service and inspection in the
duct system.
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5. Where ducts pass thru walls, floors or
partitions, the space around the duct shall
be sealed with fire resistant material
equivalent to that of the wall, floor or
partition, to prevent the passage of flame
or smoke.
6. When ducts or the outlets or inlets to
them pass through fire walls, they shall be
provided with automatic fire dampers on
both sides of the fire wall through which
they pass.
7. Fire doors and fire dampers shall be
arranged to close automatically and remain
tightly closed, upon the operation of a
fusible link or other approved heat
actuated device, located where readily
affected by an abnormal rise of
temperature in the duct.
8. Each refrigerating system shall be
provided with a legible metal sign
permanently attached and easily accessible,
indicating thereon the name of
manufacturer or installer, kind and total
number of kgs of refrigerant contained in
the system and field test pressure applied.
9. In refrigerating plants of more than 45
kg refrigerant, masks and helmets shall be
 used. These shall be kept in a suitable
cabinet outside the machine room when
not in use.
10. Not more than 136 kgs of refrigerant
in approved containers shall be stored in
a machine room at any given time.
11. Where ammonia is used, the
discharge may be into a tank of water,
which shall be used for no other purpose
except ammonia absorption. At least one
gallon of water shall be provided for
every 0.4536 kg of ammonia in the
system.
12. Refrigerant piping crossing a
passageway in any building shall not be
less than 2.3 m above the floor.
13. In a refrigerating system containing
more than 9 kgs, stop valves shall be
installed in inlets and outlets of
compressors, outlets of liquid receivers,
and in liquid and suction branch header.
14. Window type ACs shall be provided
with drain pipe or plastic tubing for
discharging condensate water into a
suitable container.
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15. Window type AC installed on ground
floors of buildings shall not be less than
2.13 m from the ground.
16. Window type ACs shall be provided
with exhaust ducts if the exhaust is
discharged into corridors/hallways/
arcades/sidewalks etc.
17. Window type ACs installed along
corridors/hallways/above the first floor
shall not be less than 2.13 m above the
floor level.
Piping
1. Piping shall, as much as possible, run
parallel to building walls.
2. Grouped piping shall be supported on
racks, on either horizontal or vertical
planes.
3. Piping on racks shall have sufficient
space for pipe or chain wrenches so that
any single line can be altered/repaired/
replaced without disturbing the rest.
4. Piping 100mm in diameter and above
shall be flanged. Smaller sized pipes may
be screwed.
5. Piping subjected to varying temperatures
 5. Piping subjected to varying d) Pneumatic Division
temperatures shall be provided with All piping – Gray
expansion joints.
e) Gas Division
6. Galvanized piping shall not be used for All piping – Black
steam.
f) Fuel Oil Division
7. Piping carrying steam, hot water of hot All piping – Black
liquids shall not be embedded in concrete
walls or floors and shall be properly g) Refrigerating Division
insulated to prevent accidental scalding Pipes – Black Fittings – Black
to persons and to minimize heat loss.

8. Color coding of piping shall be as

follows:

a) Steam Division
High Pressure- White
Exhaust System – Buff

b) Water Division
Fresh water, low pressure – Blue Fresh
water, high pressure – Blue Salt water
piping – Green

c) Oil Division
Delivery – Brass or Bronze
Discharge – Yellow

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