ORIENT COLLEGES TALAGANG

10th Chemistry
On-Screen Lectures
Chapter # 12
Lecture # 4

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Alkynes
Introduction, Preparation, Physical Properties, Chemical
Properties & Uses

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 THE ALKYNES

Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing one or more

carbon-carbon triple bonds

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They have general formula CnH2n-2 where n is any positive integer
greater than 1
They are also called acetylenes. Because the first member have name
of acetylene and all other alkynes are obtained by removing one or
both H-atom of this acetylene with other groups

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 General methods of preparation of Alkynes

Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides

Removal of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom

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from a molecule is called dehydrohalogenation
When vicinal dihalides (molecules having two halogen atoms on
adjacent C-atoms) are treated with alcoholic KOH or NaNH2,
dehydrohalogenation occurs and alkynes are formed

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 General methods of preparation of Alkynes

Dehalogenation of tetrahalides
Removal of halogen atoms from a molecule is

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called dehalogenation
When tetrahalides (molecules having four halogen atoms
two on each of two adjacent C-atoms) are treated with
Zn, dehalogenation occurs and alkynes are formed

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 Physical Properties of Alkynes
 Alkynes also form a series of compounds. Its first member
is acetylene. It is a colorless gas with faint garlic odor.
 Acetylene is slightly soluble in water but soluble in

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organic solvents such a benzene, alcohol, acetone, ether,
etc.
 Acetylene is slightly lighter than air.
 Alkynes are also flammable. They produce smokier
flames than those of alkanes and alkenes.

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 Chemical Reactions of Alkynes
Characteristics Reactions of Alkynes
Alkynes like alkenes contain pi bonds and therefore they are

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reactive. They undergo addition reactions easily. Besides
addition reactions they also undergo oxidation reactions

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 Chemical Reactions of Alkynes

Hydrogenation
When a mixture of hydrogen and an alkyne is heated

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over surface of a metal such as Pd, Pt or Ni, alkanes are
formed

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 Chemical Reactions of Alkynes

Halogenation
When alkynes are treated with halogens (chlorine or bromine) in
non-polar solvent, four halogen atoms add to two triply bonded

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carbons and a tetrahalide is formed. Reddish brown of bromine is
discharged so it is used to check the presence of double/ triple bond

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 Chemical Reactions of Alkynes

Reaction with KMnO4 (Oxidation) (Baeyer's Test)

When alkynes are treated with alkaline solution of

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KMnO4, four –OH groups add to two triply
bonded carbons and a tetraol (molecule having
four –OH groups) is formed

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 Chemical Reactions of Alkynes

Reaction with KMnO4 (Oxidation) (Baeyer's Test)

The tetraol formed undergoes elimination of water molecules to form
glyoxal which is further oxidized to oxalic acid

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In this reaction, purple color of KMnO4 is discharged. So this reaction is used to
check the presence of double/ triple bond because only alkenes and alkynes react
with KMnO4

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 Uses of Acetylene
 Acetylene produces oxy-acetylene flame with oxygen. It is a highly
exothermic reaction. Heat released is used for welding purposes.
 Acetylene is used to prepare other chemicals, such as alcohols,

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acetaldehyde and acids.
 It is used for the ripening of fruits.
 It is used for the manufacturing of polymer products like polyvinyl
chloride, polyvinyl acetate and synthetic rubber like neoprene
 It is polymerized to form benzene, which is used as raw material to
form a variety of organic compounds

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