ORIENT COLLEGES TALAGANG

10th Chemistry
On-Screen Lectures
Chapter # 12
Lecture # 1
 Fundamental Principles of Organic
Chemistry
What we will learn in this chapter?
 Hydrocarbons and their classification
 Alkanes: Sources, Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses
 Alkees: Sources, Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses
 Alkynes: Sources, Methods of Preparation, Properties and Uses
 Tests for following Functional Groups: Double/ Triple bond, -
OH group, aldehydic -CHO group, Keto –CO- group,
Carboxyl group –COOH, Ester –COO- group, Primary
Amino group

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 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
What are Hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are those compounds which
are made up of carbon and hydrogen
elements
Methane CH4, Ethane C2H6, Ethene CH2=CH2 etc.

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 Classification of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are classified into two major types

viz
 Open chain hydrocarbons or aliphatic hydrocarbons
 Close chain hydrocarbons or cyclic hydrocarbons

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 Open chain Hydrocarbons or aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Those hydrocarbons in which first and last carbon atoms

are not directly bonded to each other are called open
chain hydrocarbons or aliphatic hydrocarbons

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 Types of Open-Chain Hydrocarbons
 Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
 Branched Chain Hydrocarbons
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
Those Hydrocarbons in which none of the carbon atoms
is bonded to more than two carbon atoms are called
straight chain hydrocarbons

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 Types of Open-Chain Hydrocarbons
Branched Chain Hydrocarbons
Those compounds in which at least one carbon atom is
bonded to more than two carbon atoms are called
branched chain hydrocarbons

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 Closed Chain Hydrocarbons or Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Those hydrocarbons in which first and last carbon atoms

are directly bonded to each other i.e. c-atoms form a ring
are called closed chain or cyclic hydrocarbons

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 Types of Cyclic Hydrocarbons
 AromaticHydrocarbons
 Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Those hydrocarbons which contain at least
one benzene ring is present are called
aromatic hydrocarbons

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 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Cyclic compounds containing at least one benzene ring
are called aromatic compounds and due to this structure
they have special properties
Some more examples

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 Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Cyclic hydrocarbons containing no benzene ring

are called non-aromatic hydrocarbons

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 Another Classification

Hydrocarbons are also classified on the basis of

whether they contain all carbon-carbon single
bond or double and triple bond
 Saturated Hydrocarbons
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

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 Saturated Hydrocarbons

Those hydrocarbons in which tetravalency of C-

atoms is fully satisfied i.e. every C-atom is bonded
to four other atoms are called saturated
hydrocarbons
All alkanes are considered as saturated hydrocarbons
Methane CH4, ethane H3C-CH3

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 Saturated Hydrocarbons

Those hydrocarbons in which tetravalency of

some C-atoms is not fully satisfied and more
atoms can form bonds to them are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons
All alkenes and alkynes are considered as unsaturated
hydrocarbons
Ethene H2C=CH2, Propene CH3-CH=CH2, acetylene

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 Classification of Organic Compounds
A Summary

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