ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

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ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

Organic Chemistry
Notes

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ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

Organic compounds are the compounds of carbon and organic chemistry is the
study of carbon compounds, excluding oxides of carbon, metallic carbonates
and related compounds like metal cyanides, metal carbides. ·

Sources of organic compounds

1) Plants : Compounds like sugar, starch and cellulose, as well as several drugs,
are obtained from plants.
2) Animals : Urea, proteins, fats, etc., are .obtained from animals.
3) Coal : Destructive distillation of coal produces benzene, toluene,
naphthalene, dyes, drugs, perfumes, etc.
Petroleum : A large number of organic compounds, like gasoline, fuel gases,
petrol, naphtha, etc., are obtained from petroleum

Catenation : Carbon atoms possess a unique property to link together (self-

linking) to form very long chains. This property is referred to as
Catenation
The property of self-linking of atoms of an element through covalent bonds in
order to form straight chains, branched chains and cyclic chains of different
sizes is known as catenation. The carbon-carbon chain can be very long.

Formation of single, double and triple covalent bonds

The valency of carbon is four, i.e. it is tetravalent. In order to satisfy its valency,
it forms single, double and triple covalent bonds by sharing one, two or three
pairs of electrons respectively between two carbon atoms as well as with other
atoms like oxygen, nitrogen and so on.

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ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up only of carbon and hydrogen
atoms.

Hydrocarbons are sub-divided into two main groups, the aliphatic (open) and
cyclic (closed) chain. The open chain compounds or aliphatic compounds are
further sub-divided into saturated compounds and unsaturated compounds

Saturated compounds
It is a saturated hydrocarbon, as all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied by
a single covalent bond.

Unsaturated Compounds
The hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent bonds between two
adjacent carbon atoms are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. These
unsaturated compounds are further classified as Alkenes which are the
hydrocarbons with double bond and Alkynes which are the hydrocarbons with
triple bond between two carbon atoms

The cyclic hydrocarbons are of two types :

(i) Alicyclic compounds : These are ringed carbon compounds containing three
or more atom of carbon arranged in a closed structure.

ii) Aromatic compounds : Some hydro- carbons contain at least one benzene
ring in their molecules. The benzene ring is a specific type of ring structure of
six carbon (Atoms having carbon- carbon single and carbon-carbon double
bonds in alternate positions

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ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

Homologous series
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having a similar
structure and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds
differ by a CH2 group.
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