FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Functional Groups (definition) – grouping of atoms in an organic molecule.

 HYDROCARBONS- organic compounds made of only two elements; hydrogen &

carbon.
ALKANES- saturated, with single covalent bonds

Structure: Straight-chain and branched, consists of either straight chains of carbon atoms, connected
one after the other, with the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms on each carbon.

CYCLOALKANES- single bonded, cyclic hydrocarbons

Structure: The ends of the carbon chain are joined together, making a ring of carbon atoms.

ALKENES- unsaturated, double bonded carbon

Structure- straight linear chain, with a double bonded carbon.

ALKYNES – unsaturated, triple bonded carbon

Structure- straight chain or branched as long as it has triple bonded carbon

AROMATICS- cyclic but unsaturated with alternating double bonds, non-polar and non-reactive.

Structure: ring of six carbon with alternating double bonds and single bonds
  CARBONYLS- organic compounds made of a carbon atom double-bonded
to an oxygen atom.
CARBOXYLIC ACID- C is bonded to an O by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (-OH)

Structure: it has a single bond of OH and double bonded oxygen groups.

CARBONYL HALIDES- C and O double bond with a halogen on the same carbon.
structure: it has a double bond oxygen with a halogen

ANHYDRIDES- any chemical compound obtained, by the elimination of water from another compound.

Structure: it has two central carbon atoms and has two bonded bonds of oxygen connected

ESTERS- formed from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

Structure: a carbon-oxygen double bond that is also singly bonded to a second oxygen atom.

AMIDES- when there are two remaining bonds on the nitrogen atom are attached to hydrogen atoms

Structure: a nitrogen atom is bonded to a carbonyl carbon atom.

NITRILES- a.k.a Cyano Compound, any of a class of organic compounds having molecular structures in
which a cyano group (-C---N is attached to a carbon atom.

Structure: the atoms of nitrogen and carbon have triple bonding.

  HETEROATOMS- those atoms other than carbon or hydrogen.
HALOALKANES- hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen
atoms.

Structure: contains halogens that are attached to a carbon atom

ALCOHOLS- contains hydroxyl (-OH) group covalently bonded to a carbon atom.

Structure: this group has two reactive covalent bonds, the C-O and the O-H bond.

ETHERS- contains oxygen between two alkyl groups.

Structure: it has an oxygen atom that forms single bonds with two carbon atoms

AMINES- formed when one hydrogen atom in ammonia is substituted by an alkyl or aromatic group

Structure: one or more 3 hydrogens are replaced with carbon group

THIOLS- compound that contains sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom

Structure: it has a sulfur atom instead of an oxygen

THIOETHERS- it has oxygen that is been replaced by sulfur

Structure: an angular functional group and a sulfur-containing compound

  CARBONYLS CLASS II- compounds that do not leave the molecule when
reacting.
ALDEHYDES- chemical substance made by alcohol.

Structure: the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogen atoms

KETONES- produced when your body breaks down fat.

Structure: contains a carbonyl group which contains a carbon-oxygen double bond

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Introduction (AUBREY); Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It was stated that the
word “organic” was originally used by eighteenth-century chemists to describe substances obtained
from living sources such as plants and animals. Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry devoted
entirely to the study of carbon and its compounds. So, today let us enhance more our knowledge and go
on for deeper understanding about the Functional Groups which are in contrast to Organic Chemistry.

MITCH: A functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of
the parent molecule.

MITCH: Functional Groups falls into 4 categories which includes the HYDROCARBONS, HETEROATOMS,
CARBONYLS AND THE CLASS 2 CARBONYLS.

1. MITCH: First is the HYDROCARBONS, from the word itself these states that these are organic
compounds made of only two elements; hydrogen & carbon. Hydrocarbons includes five
derivatives.

AUBREY: The first one are ALKANES, which are saturated, and it has single covalent bonds. Alkanes are
named based on the number of carbon atoms present in the main parent chain.

Structure: Straight-chain and branched, consists of either straight chains of carbon atoms, connected
one after the other, with the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms on each carbon.

ANGEL: Next are the ALKENES which are unsaturated and it has a double bonded carbon. Its name ends
with ene, for example ethene, propene and much more.

Structure: straight linear chain, with a double bonded carbon.

TRISHA: the third one are CYCLOALKANES which is single bonded, it is a cyclic hydrocarbon. The name
cyclo refers to its structure which is somewhat rotating.

Structure: The ends of the carbon chain are joined together, making a ring of carbon atoms.
KIRVEE: next are, ALKYNES which are unsaturated, and it has triple bonded carbon. The names ends
with yne, like ethyne, butyne and more.

Structure: straight chain or branched as long as it has triple bonded carbon.

BLESS: The last one for hydrocarbons are AROMATICS which are cyclic but unsaturated with alternating
double bonds, it is also non-polar and non-reactive. It is somewhat similar to cycloalkanes and the only
difference is that cycloalkanes are single bonded while aromatics has alternating double bonds
Structure: ring of six carbon with alternating double bonds and single bonds.

2. MITCH: the next derivative of the functional groups are the CARBONYLS which are organic
compounds made of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

AUBREY: The first one is, CARBOXYLIC ACID the Carbon is bonded to an Oxygen by a double bond and to
a hydroxyl group (-OH). Its names ends with oic acid, such as ethanoic acid, butanoic acid and more.

Structure: it has a single bond of OH and double bonded oxygen groups.

ANGEL: second are, CARBONYL HALIDES which has Carbon and Oxygen double bonded with a halogen
on the same carbon.
structure: it has a double bond oxygen with a halogen.

TRISHA: third one are, ANHYDRIDES these any chemical compound obtained, by the elimination of
water from another compound.

Structure: it has two central carbon atoms and has two bonded bonds of oxygen connected

KIRVEE: Next are the ESTERS which are formed from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an
alcohol. Their names end with –oate, for example: ethyl propanoate, methyl butanoate and hexyl
ethanoate.

Structure: a carbon-oxygen double bond that is also singly bonded to a second oxygen atom.
BLESS: next are the AMIDES, these are formed when there are two remaining bonds on the nitrogen
atom that are attached to hydrogen atoms.

Structure: a nitrogen atom is bonded to a carbonyl carbon atom.

ANGEL: the last one for carbonyls are NITRILES a.k.a Cyano Compound, these are any of a class of
organic compounds having molecular structures in which a cyano group or (-C---N is attached to a
carbon atom.

Structure: the atoms of nitrogen and carbon have triple bonding.

3. MITCH: the next derivative of the functional groups are the CLASS II CARBONYLS which are
compounds that do not leave the molecule when reacting.

TRISHA: the first one are ALDEHYDES which are chemical substances made by alcohol. Its name ends
with -al. for example, Hexanal, Pantanal, ethanol, propanal and so much more.

Structure: the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogen atoms

BLESS: The last one under carbonyls class II are the KETONES these are produced when your body
breaks down fat.

Structure: contains a carbonyl group which contains a carbon-oxygen double bond.

4. MITCH: the last derivative of the functional groups are the HETEROATOMS which are those
atoms other than carbon or hydrogen.

KIRVEE: The first one are, HALOALKANES which has one or more hydrogen atoms that have been
replaced with halogen atoms.

Structure: contains halogens that are attached to a carbon atom.

TRISHA: next are the, ETHERS which contains oxygen between two alkyl groups. Its name starts with
oxy- and ends with parent alkyl chain name. such as, Methoxymethane ethoxybutane, propoxypentane
and more.

Structure: it has an oxygen atom that forms single bonds with two carbon atoms.

ANGEL: next are AMINES which are formed when one hydrogen atom in ammonia is substituted by an
alkyl or aromatic group.

Structure: one or more 3 hydrogens are replaced with carbon group.

BLESS: next are THIOLS which are compounds that contains sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom.

Structure: it has a sulfur atom instead of an oxygen.

AUBREY: the last one are THIOETHERS these are somewhat the other way around of the thiols, these
compounds has oxygen that is been replaced by sulfur.

Structure: an angular functional group and a sulfur-containing compound.

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