UNIT # 1 PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENTS

❖ Physical Quantity
Quantities are used to Express all the Physical Law by mutual relationship b/w them

𝑀𝑚 𝑄𝑞
e.g. 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎, 𝐹 = 𝐺 , 𝐹 = 𝐾 𝑟2
𝑟2

In above example F, m & r are physical Quantities.

Types:
1) Base 2) Derived
1) Base
These quantities are defied independently e.g. mass, length, temperature, these are only

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seven.

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AD
2) Derived
AC

The Quantities which are described on the basis of "Base Quantities". Most of
Quantities are derived.
SE

e.g. Force, Pressure, Energy Torque.

BA

• What is a Unit?
A well-defined and Invariable standard is called a Unit.
E
TH

How we measure a Quantity?

A Quantity to be measured is compared with standard e.g. length is measured by
comparing it with standard meter stick.
Characteristics of Standard

• Well defined
• Easily approachable
• Invariable with time and space
 • Should kept under constant physical condition
Types
1) Base 2) Derived 3) Supplementary 4) Special
1) Special
• Light yean • Curie • Parsec (3.26 LY)
• Horse Power • Rutherford • AU (1.496 x 1011m)
• Micron (10-6m) • Angstrom (10-10m) • Fermi (10-15m)
Remember
• Radian is used to measure two dimensional angles.
• Radian cuts out a length of circle’s circumference equal to the radius.
• Steradian is used to measure angles in three dimensions
• Steradian cuts out an area of a sphere equal to square of the radius.

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• Steradian is also called square radian.

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❖ System of Units AD
Royal System: Used in Great Britain in old times
AC

Length Mass
1 inch = 0.0254 m
1 grain = Pound
SE

1 Foot = 12 inch 1 ounce =

BA

1 yard = 3 feet = 36 in 1 Pound = 16 ounce = 7000 grains

1 Fathom = 6 feet = 72 in = 2 yard
1 dram = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
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TH

• F.P.S System
Length Mass Time
Foot Pound Second

• M.K.S
System
Length Mass Time
Meter Kilogram Second

• How to calculate unit of Force in M.K.S or F.P.S System

We know that the force can be written as

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
In FPS system we have
Unit of mass = lb.
Unit of length = foot
Unit of time = second
We can write force in base quantities as follow
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑2

(𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡) = 𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡𝑠−2

❖ Short cut technique of converting units

from one system to other
𝑴 𝒂 𝑳 𝒃 𝑻 𝒄
𝒏𝟐 = 𝒏𝟏 [𝑴𝟏 ] [𝑳𝟏 ] [𝑻𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Example:

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Unit of work in SI system is joule. Let convert it into cgs
system

Step 1
AD
AC

Find the dimension of quantity in system 1

𝑚
1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑠2 =[𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ]
SE

Step 2
BA

Find equivalent of each quantity of system 1 into system 2

and set the numeric value of each quantity in system to equal
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to 1
TH

𝑀1 = 1 𝑘𝑔 = 1000 𝑔,

𝑀2 = 1 𝑔,

𝐿1 = 1𝑚 = 100𝑐𝑚,

𝑇1 = 1𝑠 = 𝑇2 And

Step 3
Find powers of dimensions

a=1, b= 1, c= -2

Put all these values in equation one we have

1000 1 100 1 1 −2
𝑛2 = 𝑛1 [ ] [ ] [ 1]
1 1
 = 107
1𝐽 = 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔 In cgs system.

C.G.S System
Table 1.1:
Unit symbol MKS (abbrev.) Cgs (abbrev.)
Acceleration a ms-2 Gal
Capacitance C Farad (F) cm
Charge q Coulomb(C) esu
Electric field I Ampere(A) esu s-1
Electric field E V m-1 statvolt cm-1

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Electric potential V, φ Volt (V) statvolt

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Energy, work E, W Joule (J) Erg
Force F
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Newton(N) Dyne
Inductance L Henry (H) cm-1 s2
AC

Length I, d Meter (m) centimeter (cm)

Magnetic field B tesla (T) Gauss (G)
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Magnetic flux φB Weber (w) Gauss cm2

Mass m Kilogram (kg) gram (g)
BA
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Conversion Factors
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Table 1.2
Length

m cm Km in. ft
1 meter 1 102 10-5 39.37 3.281
1 centimeter 10-2 1 10-5 0.393 7 3.281 x 10-2
1 kilometer 105 105 1 3.937 x 104 3.281 x 103
I inch 2.540 x 10-2 2.540 2.540 x 10-5 1 8.333 x 10-2
1 foot 0.304 8 30.48 3.048 x 10-4 12 1
1 mole 1 609 1.609 x 105 1.609 6.336 x 104 5 280

Mass
 kg G slug u
1 kilogram 1 105 6.852 x 10-2 6.024 x 1026
1 gram 10-3 1 6.852 x 10-5 6.024 x 1023
1 slug 14.59 1.459 x 104 1 8.789 x 1027
1 atomic mass unit 1.660 x 10- 1.660 x 10-24 1.137 x 10-28 1
27

Note! 1 metric ton = 1000 kg

Time
s min h day yr
1 second 1 1.667 x 10-2 2.778 x 10-4 1.157 x 10-5 3.169 x 10-8
1 minute 60 1 1.667 x 10-2 6.994 x 10-4 1.901 x 10-6

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1 hour 3600 60 1 4.167 x 10-2 1.141 x 10-4

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1 day 8.640 x 104 1440 24 1 2.738 x 10-5
1 year 3.156 x 107 2.259 x 105 8.766 x 103
AD 365.3 1

Speed
AC

m/s cm/s ft/s mi/h

SE

1 meter per second 1 10-2 3.281 2.237

1 centimeter per second 10-2 1 3.281 x 10-2 2.237 x 10-2
BA

1 foot per second 0.3048 30.48 1 0.6818

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1 mile per hour 0.4470 44.70 1.467 1

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Note: 1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s.

Work, Energy, Heat

J ft.lb eV
1 joule 1 0.7376 6.242 x 1018
1 foot-pound 1.356 1 8.464 x 1018
1 electron 1.602 x 10-19 1.182 x 10-19 1
1 calorie 4.186 3.087 2.613 x 1019
1 British thermal 1.055 x 103 7.779 x 102 6.585 x 1021
unit
Q kilowatt hour 3.600 x 106 2.655 x 106 2.247 x 1025
cal Btu kWh
1 joule 0.2389 9.81 x 10-4 2.778 x 10-7
 1 foot-pound 0.3239 1.285 x 10-3 3.766 x 10-7
1 electron 2.827 x 10-20 1.519 x 10-22 4.450 x 10-26
1 calorie 1 3.968 x 10-3 1.163 x 10-6
1 British thermal 2.520 x 102 1 2.930 x 10-4
unit
1 kilowatt hour 8.601 x 105 3.413 x 102 1

Pressure

Pa atm
1 pascal 1 9.869 x 10-6

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1 atmosphere 1.013 x 105 1

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1 centimeter mercury 1.333 x 103 1.316 x 10-2
AD
1 pound per square 6.895 x 103 6.805 x 10-2
AC

inch
1 pond per square 47.88 4.725 x 10-4
foot
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cm Hg lb/in.2 lb/ft2
BA

1 pascal 7.501 x 10-4 1.450 x 10-4 2.089 x 10-2

1 atmosphere 76 14.70 2.116 x 103
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1 centimeter mercury 1 0.1943 27.85

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1 pound per square 5.171 1 144

inch
1 pond per square 3.591 x 10-2 6.944 x 10-3 1
foot

1. Which of the following physical quantities has neither dimensions nor unit?
a Angle b Luminous c Coefficient of d Current
intensity friction
2. Universal time is based on :
a rotation of b oscillation of c vibration of d earth's orbital motion
earth on its quartz crystal cesium atom around the sun
axis
3. An atmosphere:
a Is a unit of b is a unit of force c gives an idea of d is the height above
pressure the composition which there is no
of air atmosphere
4. The height of the building is 50 ft. The same in millimeter is :
a 560 mm b 285 mm c 1786.8 mm d 15240 mm
5. The name of the nearest star is proximate centauri. The distance of this star from Earth is 4
x 1016 m. The distance of this star from Earth in mile is :
a 3.5×1013 mile b 2.5×1013 mile c 5.3×1013 mile d 1.5 ×1013 mile

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6. One nautical mile is 6080 ft. The same in kilometer is :

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a 0.9km b 0.8km c 1.85km d none
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7. The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. If the atoms are spherical and closely packed. The mass
of iron atom is 9.27 x 10~26 kg; What is the volume of an iron atom?
AC

a 1.18 x 10-29 m3 b 2.63 x 10-29 m3 c 1.73 x 10-28 m3 d 0.53 x 10-29 m3

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8. Crane is British unit of volume, (one crane = 170. 474 litre ). Convert crane into SI unit:
a 0.170474 m3 b 17.0474 m3 c 0.0017474 m3 d 1704.74 m3
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9. The age of the universe is 5 x 1017 second. The age of universe in year is :
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a 158 x 1011 b 158 xlO8 c . 158 x 109 d 158x105

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10. The number of molecules of H 2 0 in 90 g of water is :

a 35.6x1023 b 41.22x1023 c 27.2 x1023 d 30.11 xl023

11. The value of universal gas constant is R = 8.3 J/kcal/mol. The value of R in atmosphere
litre per kelvin/mol is :
a 8.12 atm b 0.00812 atm c 81.2 atm litre/K d 0.0812 atm litre/K mol
litre/K mol litre/K mol mol
12. The SI unit of the universal gravitational constant G is
a Nm kg-2 b Nm2 kg-2 c Nm2 kg-1 d Nm kg-1
13. One second is equal to
[
 a 1650763.73 b 9192631770 c 652189.63 time d 1650763.73 time
time periods of time periods of periods of Kr periods of Cs clock
Kr clock Cs clock clock
14. Wavelength of ray of light is 0.00006m It is equal to
a 6 microns b 60 microns c 600 microns d 0.6 microns
15. The unit of Stefan's constant ρ is
a W m-2 K-1 b W m2 K-4 c W m-2 K-4 d W m-2 K4
16. Density of wood is 0.5gm / cc in the CGS system of units. The corresponding value in
MKS units is
a 500 b 5 c 0.5 d 5000

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• Dimension

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Dimension represent the nature of physical quantities e.g. length, width, distance, light year,
AD
micron, all have same nature, so all have a single dimension L, similarly mass has M and time
has dimension of T.
AC

How to find dimension:

1. Write the formula of quantity
SE

2. Convert all base quantities into desired quantities

3. Assign dimension.
BA

E.g. Find dimension of Force

E

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
TH

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔.
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2

= [𝑀][𝐿][𝑇−2]

For mechanical quantities:

Remember!
1) Newton = Kg ms-2 = MLT-2
2) Joule = Kg m3s-2 = ML2T-2

Most of dimension of mechanical quantities can be find by remembering above two units e.g.
Find dimensions of torque and power.
 1) Torque

τ = rF
= [L] [MLT-2]

= [ML2 t-2]

2) Power
𝑊 [ML2T−2]
𝑃= =
𝑡 [𝑇]
= [𝑀𝐿2𝑇−3]

Non Mechanical Quantiles

Remember!
1) Charge = coulomb = [Q]

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2) Current = [QT-1]

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3) Voltage = [ML2T-2Q-1]
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By remembering these dimensions you can make dimension of any quantity in electricity and
magnetizing.
AC

Remember
SE

Dimensional analysis cannot differentiate the physical quantities.

❖ Significant Figures
BA

Due to uncertainty in a measurement, the numbers in which we can rely are called significant
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figures.
TH

• How to determine Sig Figs

Two ways:
When the information of measuring instrument in not given, we have to follow simple rules.
• Rules:
I. All non-zero digits are significant.
II. Zero between two significant digits is also significant. III.
Starting zero are not significant.
IV. Ending zeros are significant if number contain decimal fractions. If number is a whole
number significant zero are decided by least count of instrument.
 • When the information of measuring instrument is given

The Rule no. “4” will be slightly change we will find Sig Fig By

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
e.g. Mass is measured by a scale of L.c = 10 kg is 50, 000 kg Find Sig Figs
50000
𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =4
10

• For multination and division

• For Scientific Notation
Remember!
Sig Figs does not change with changing units e.g. length of a stick is 52 cm. If we write it in

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different units, 0.52 m or 0.0052 km, sig figs are always 2.

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Quantity Common Symbol Unit Dimensions
2
Acceleration a m/s L/T2
Amount of substance n
AD
MOLE
AC

Angle θ, φ radian (rad) 1

Angular α rad/s2 T-2
Acceleration
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Angular Frequency ω rad/s T-1

Kg.m2 /s ML2 / T
BA

Angular Momentum L
Angular velocity ω rad/s T-1
Area A m2 L2
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TH

Atomic Number Z

Quantity Common Unit Dimension Unit in Terms of

Symbol s Base SI Units

Acceleration a m/s2 L/T2 m/s2

Amount of substance n MOLE mol

Angle θ, φ radian (rad) 1
Angular Acceleration α rad/s2 T-2 s-2

Angular Frequency ω rad/s T-1 s-1

Angular Momentum L Kg.m2 /s ML2 / T Kg.m2/s
Angular velocity ω rad/s T-1 s-1
Area A m2 L2 m2
Atomic Number Z
Capacitance C farad (F) Q2T2/ML2 A2 .s4 /kg.m2
Charge q, Q, e Coulomb(C) Q A.s
Charge density
Line λ C/m Q/L A.s/m
Surface σ C/m2 Q/L2 A.s/m2
Volume ρ C/m3 Q/L3 A.s/m3
Conductivity σ 1/ Ω.m Q2T/ML3 A2.s3 /kg.m3
Current I AMPERE Q/T A
Current density J A/m2 Q/T2 A/m2
Density ρ kg/m3 M/L3 kg/m3
Dielectric constant k
Length l, L METER L m

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Position x, y, z, r
Displacement Δx, Δ r
Distance d, h AD
Electric Dipole Moment p C.m QL A.s.m
ML/QT2 kg.m/A.s3
AC

Electric field E V/m

Electric flux ΦE V.m ML3/QT2 kg.m3 /A.s3
Electromotive force ε volt (V) ML2/QT2 kg.m2 /A.s3
SE

Energy E, U, K Joule (J) ML2/T2 kg.m2/s2

Entropy S J/K ML2/T2.K kg.m2/s2.K
BA

Force F Newton (N) ML/T2 kg.m/s2

Frequency f Hertz (Hz) T-1 s-1
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Heat Q joule (J) ML2/T2 kg.m2/s2

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Inductance L henry (H) ML2/Q2 kg.m2/A2.s2

Magnetic dipole moment μ N.m/T QL2/T A.m2
Magnetic field B tesla (T) M/QT kg/ A.s2
(=Wb/m2)
Magnetic flux ΦB weber (Wb) ML2/QT kg.m2/ A.s2
Mass m, M KILOGRAM M kg
Molar specific heat C J/mol.k kg.m2/s2.mol.K
Moment of inertia I kg.m2 ML2 kg.m2
Momentum P kg.m/s ML/T kg.m/s
Period T S T s
Permeability of free space μ0 N/A2 (=H/m) ML/Q2T kg.m/A2.s2
Permittivity of free space ε0 C2/N.m2(=F/m) Q2T2/ML3 A2s4/kg.m3
Potential V volt (V)(=J/C) ML2/Q2T kg.m2/A.s3
Power p watt (W)(=J/s) ML2/T3 kg.m2/s3
Pressure P pascal(Pa)(=N/ M/LT2 kg/m.s2
m2)
Resistance R ohm (Ω)(= V/A) ML2 /Q2 T kg.m2/A2.s3
Specific heat c J/kg.K L2/T2 .K m2/s2.K
Speed v m/s L/T m/s
Temperature T KELVIN K K
Time t SECOND T s
Torque τ N.m ML2 /T2 kg.m2/s2
Velocity v m/s L/T m/s
Volume V m3 L3 m3
Wavelength λ M L m
Work W joule (J)(= N.m) ML2 /T2 kg.m2/s2

❖ Constants appearing in expressions:

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Example No.1:
Find the dimension of a and b
x = at + bt2 AD
Step # 1:
Find any quantity in expression whose dimension is known e.g ‘x’ has dimension of
AC

length sp ‘at’ should also has dimension of length

[at] = [L]
SE

a[T] = [L]
𝐿
a = [𝑇 ]
BA

a=[LT-1]
Similarly;
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[bt2 ]= [L]
TH

b[T2] = [L]
b = [LT-2]
Example No.2:
Find dimension of a and b
𝒂 𝒄
(P-𝒗𝑻) = (𝒗−𝒃)
𝑎
As we know ‘P’ is pressure so 𝑣𝑇
𝑎
So, [𝑣𝑇] = Nm-2 = kgms-2m-2 = [ML-1T-2]

1
a[ 𝐿 ] = [ML-1T-2]
𝐾
𝑇
 [a] = [ML-1T-2LT-1K]
[a] = [MLoT-3K]
Example No.3:
Find dimension of b
F = Ae-b/xt+
Values appearing in the exponential are always equal to one, because exponentials are
dimensionless.
𝑏
So, =1
𝑥𝑡

b = xt
b=[LT]

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EM
AD
AC
SE
BA
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TH
 𝐴
1. If v = 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 2 + 𝐶𝑡 3 where v is velocity , t is time A ,B and C are constant then the
dimensional formula B is :
a M0 LT0 b ML0 T0 c M0 L0 T d M0 L T-3
2. Which of the following is dimensionally correct?
a Specific heat = b Specific heat = c Specific heat = d None of the above
joule per newton per joule per kelvin
kilogram kilogram kelvin
kelvin
3. Which of the following is not correct for dimensionless quantity?
a It does not b It always has a c It never has a d It may have a unit
exist unit unit
4.Taking frequency f , velocity v and density p to be the fundamental quantities then the
dimensional formula for momentum will be
a ρ v4 f-3 b ρ v3 f-1 c ρ v f2 d ρ2 v2 f2

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5. The dimensional formula Of the Hall coefficient is

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a M0 L0 A-2 T-1 b M0 L3 A J c M0 L0 A T d M0 L3 A-1 T
AD
6. The dimensional representation of gravitational potential is identical to that of:
AC

a internal energy b angular c latent heat d electric potential

momentum
SE

7. Which of the following pair has same dimensions

BA

a Current density b Angular c Spring constant d Force and torque

and charge momentum and and surface
density momentum energy
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TH

8.The dimensions of 1/2 eE are same as :

a energy density b Energy. c power d none
(energy per
unit volume)
9.The expression for drift speed is vj = J/ne Here, J = current density, n = number of electrons
per unit volume, e = 1.6 xlO- 1 9 unit The unit and dimensions of e are :
a coulomb and b ampere per c no sufficient d none
[AT] second and information’s
[AT-1]
10.What are dimensions of E/B ?
 a [LT-1] b [LT-2] c [MVT-1 ] d [ML2 T-1 ]
11. Which one of the following has the dimensions of ML–2T–2?
a torque b surface tension c viscosity d stress
12.The dimensions of potential difference are
a ML2T-3 A-1 b MLT-2 A-1 c ML2 T-2 A d MLT-2 A
13.The equation of state for n moles of an ideal gas is PV = nRT where R is the universal gas
constant and P, V and
T have the usual meanings. What are the dimensions of R?
a M0 LT-2 K-1 b M0LT-2 K-1 mol- c M0L2T-2 K-1 mol- d ML-2 T-2 K-1 mol-1
mol-1 1 1

14. If the velocity of light (c), gravitational constant (G) and Planck’s constant (h) are chosen

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as fundamental units, the dimensions of time in the new system will be

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a c-5/2 G2 h-1/2 b c-3/2 G-2 h2 c c2G-2 h1/2 d none
AD
AC

❖ Precision
SE

It given information above resolution of an instrument, the more information we have above an
BA

measurement the more precise it is e.g.

Length of a stick v.c s.c Meter Rod
E

L 0.70 cm 0.700 cm 0.7 cm

• Short cut to remember
TH

• The small the least count of measuring instrument be the more precise the
value is
The precision in measurement can also be calculated by absolute uncertainty.

• The measured value 0.700 cm is more precise depends upon least count of
instrument.
• Absolute error can be calculated by

∆𝑥 = |𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 | × 2

❖ Accuracy:
The difference b/w measured value and actual is called accuracy.
It is also called the percentage error or fractional error
 • Accurate Measurement:
An accurate measurement is that which has less fractional uncertainty of less percentage
uncertainty.
1
Accurate measurement ∝
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦

• Fractional Uncertainty:
“It is the ratio of least count of the measuring device to the measured value”
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Fractional uncertainty = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

• Percentage Uncertainty:
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Percentage uncertainty = 𝑋 100
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

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Example:

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Suppose the length of an object is measured by a meter rod L =25.5 cm. Least count of the
AD
meter rod L.C = 0.1 cm or 1 mm Absolute uncertainty = Least count = Precision = ±0.1 cm.
L= 25.5± 0.1 𝑐𝑚.
AC

0.1
Fractional uncertainty = = 0.004
25,5
SE

0.1
Percentage uncertainty = 𝑋 100 = 0.4%
25,5
BA

❖ Shortcuts to find errors:

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TH

1. When x= a + b OR x= a - b
∆𝑥=∆𝑎 + ∆𝑏
Example
Let a = 1.5 ± 0.1
b = 2.6 ± 0.1
∆𝑥= 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
𝑥 = 4.1 ± 0.2
 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑎 ∆𝑏
2. When x= ab or x=a/b maximum possible % error = 𝑥 𝑋 100 = + X 100.
𝑎 𝑏
Example
x=aXb
a = 1.5 ±0.1
b = 2.6 ± 0.1
∆𝑥 ∆𝑎 ∆𝑏
= +
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
∆𝑥 0.1 0.1
= 1.5 + 2.6
𝑥
∆𝑥
= 0.06 + 0.04

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𝑥

EM
∆𝑥
= 0.046 𝑋 100%
𝑥
∆𝑥
= 4.6%
AD
𝑥
AC

x=aXb
x = 3.9 ±4.6%
SE

x = 3.9 ±0.18
BA
E
TH

𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑞
4. When x = maximum possible % error =
𝑐𝑟 𝑑𝑠
∆𝑥 𝑝∆𝑎 𝑞∆𝑏 𝑟∆𝑐 𝑠∆𝑑
𝑋 100 = ( + + + ) X 100
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
1. The height of a man is 5.87532 ft. But measurement is correct up to three significant
figures. The correct height is :
a 5.86 ft b 5.87 ft c 5.88 ft d 5.80 ft
2. 4.338 + 4.835 x 3.88 + 3.0 is equal to :
a 26.1 b 10.59 c 10.5912 d 10.591267
3. If energy of photon is E « hac°Xa Here, h = Planck's constant c = speed of light X =
wavelength of photon Then the value of a, b and d are
a 1, 1, 1 b 1,-1, 1 c 1,1,- 1 d none
4. While measuring the diameter of a wire by screw gauge, three readings were taken are
1.002 cm, 1.004 cm and 1.006 cm. The absolute error in the third reading is :
a 0.002 cm b 0.004 cm c zero d 1.002 cm
5. If the error in the measurement of the volume of a sphere is 6%, then the error in the

Y
measurement of its surface area will be

EM
a 2% b 3% c 4% d 7.5%
AD
6. The random error in the arithmetic mean of 100 observations is x; then random error in the
arithmetic mean of 400 observations would be
AC

a 4x b 2x c 1/4x d 1/2x
7. The unit of percentage error is
SE

a Same as that of b Different from c Percentage error d Errors have got their
BA

physical that of physical is unit less own units which are

quantity quantity different from that
E

of physical quantity
TH

measured
8. According to Joule's law of heating, heat produced H = I2 Rt, where I is current, R is
resistance and t is time. If the errors in the measurement of I, R and t are 3%, 4% and 6%
respectively then error in the measurement of H is
a +-17% b +-16 c +-19 d +-25
9. If there is a positive error of 50% in the measurement of velocity of
a body, then the error in the measurement of kinetic energy is
a 25% b 50% c 100% d 125%
TH
E
BA
SE
AC
AD
EM
Y