INTRODUCTION AND

BASIC CONCEPTS
Oleh
Ir. H. Nefli Yusuf, M.Eng.
1. THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
Application Areas of Thermodynamics
 2. IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND
UNITS
primary or secondary or
fundamental dimensions derived dimensions.
• mass m, • velocity V,
• length L, • energy E, and
• time t, and • volume V
• temperature T
English system / United States Customary
System
(12 in = 1 ft, 1 mile = 5280 ft, 4 qt (quart)
= gal, etc.),

International System (SI = Le Systeme

International d ’ Unites)
1 lbm = 0.45359 kg, 1 ft = 0.3048 m,
 Some SI and English Units
Newton’s second law: Force = (Mass) (Acceleration) or F = ma
1 lbm = 0.45359 kg, 1 ft = 0.3048 m,
• the amount of energy needed
to raise the temperature of 1 g
of water at 14.5°C by 1°C is
defined as 1 calorie (cal)
• The unit for time rate of
energy (Power) is joule per
second (J/s) =watt (W).

1 J = 1 N-m
1 cal = 4.1868 J.
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W.

kW or kJ/s is a unit of power, kWh is a unit of energy …. 1kWh = 3600 kJ

 Dimensional Homogenity
EXAMPLE 1
A school is paying $ 0 .09/kWh for electric power. To reduce its power bill, the school
installs a wind turbine with a rated power of 3 0 kW. If the turbine operates 2 2 0 0 hours
per year at the rated power, determine the amount of electric power generated by the
wind turbine and the money saved by the school per year.

SOLUTION

Total energy = (Energy per unit time)(Time interval)

= (30 kW)(2200 h)
= 66,000 kWh

Money saved = (Total energy)(Unit cost of energy)

= (66,000 kWh)($0.09/kWh)
= $5940

1 kWh = 3 6 0 0 kJ
EXAMPLE 2
A tank is fille d with oil whose density is ρ = 850 kg/m3. If the volume of the tank is V =
2 m3, determine the amount of mass m in the tank.

SOLUTION

m = ρV;
= (850 kg/m3) (2 m3) = 1700 kg

EXAMPLE 3
Using unity conversion ratios, show that 1.00 lbm weighs 1.00 lbf on earth.

SOLUTION

1.00 lbf = 453.6 g (0.4536 kg)

3. SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
4. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

Continuum
5. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density:

Specific volume

Specific gravity:

Specific weight:
 6. STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM

Thermal

Mechanical

PV = nRT Phase
chemical

state postulate:
The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties.
7. PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Process:
• Isothermal
• isobaric
• isochoric
The Steady-Flow Process

steady (uniform) X unsteady (transient)

no change with time

(no change with location)

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass

and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.
 8. TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
T ( K ) = T ( °C ) + 273.15
T ( R ) = T ( °F ) + 459.67
T ( °F ) = 1.8T ( °C ) + 32

The thermometer is based on the principle

that at low pressures, the temperature of a gas
is proportional to its pressure at constant
volume.

T = a + bP
thermal equilibrium

the zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both
have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

The zeroth law was first formulated and labeled by R. H. Fowler in 1931.
 9. PRESSURE
Defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area (1 Pa (Pascal) = 1 N/m2)

1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa

1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars
1 kgf / cm2 = 9.807 N / cm2 = 9.807 × 10 4 N / m 2 = 9.807 × 10 4 Pa = 0.9807 bar = 0.9679
atm
P = Patm + ρgh ; Ppage = ρgh
 10. PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
DEVICES
Barometer, Patm = ρgh Manometer, P 2 = P atm + ρgh
Other Pressure Measurement Devices
Bourdon tube Pressure transducers
Piezoelectric transducers

deadweight tester
 11. PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion