MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD Open Sentence

Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World - Not known whether or not the mathematical
sentence is true or false
 Scattered
 Fractured Closed Sentence
 Mosaic
- Mathematical sentences that are know to be
 Naturalistic Drift
either true or false
 Serpentine
 Radial Basic concepts: Sets
 Spiral
Set – collection of well-defined objects.
 Dendritic
members/set (∈) - Individual objects in a set
Fibonacci Sequence
empty set / null set ({} or Φ)
Leonardo Pisano Bogollo (1170-1250)
- Has no element
Each number in the sequence is the sum of the
two numbers which precede it. Universal Set (∪)
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...
- Totality of all elements of the sets under
Patterns and Regularities in the World as Organized by consideration
Mathematics
Finite Set
Phenomena in the World as Predicted by Mathematics
- Countable number of elements
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
Infinite Set
Characteristics of Mathematical Language
- Uncountable number of elements
1. Precise (able to give very fine distinctions)
PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING
2. Concise (able to tell things briefly)
3. Powerful (able to convey complex thoughts DATA MANAGEMENT
with relative ease)
Argument
Convention in the Mathematical Language
- Series of connected statements
 The 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, …9 - Contains a premise (facts/assumption) and
 The symbol for operations: +, -, x, ÷, * conclusion
 Inequality Symbols: >, ≥, ≤, <
Reasoning
  Grouping Symbols: (), [], {}
- Process of forming a conclusion from the
Variable- symbol commonly represented by any letter
premise
that may assume various values.
Deductive Reasoning
Mathematical expression- consists of terms
- Draws a particular conclusion from general
- Term is separated from other terms with either
instances/facts
plus or minus signs
Inductive Reasoning
Mathematical Sentence
- Gives general conclusion (conjecture) from
- Sequence of symbols that describes the
particular instances/facts
relationship between two or more expressions.

Expression VS. Sentence

 ETHICS - Either moral or immoral
a. Moral or Ethical acts –
ORIGIN
- observe or conform to a standard or norm of
- Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, morality.
means character, customs, or habit. b. Immoral or Unethical acts
- The great Greek moralist, Socrates, was the violate or deviate from a standard of
First recognize the value of questions that effect morality
how a person should alive.
- in ancient Greece, was concerned with the
development of a virtuous and moral Descriptive Ethics
character.
- aims to discover what moral beliefs are held by
DEFINITION a given society, social group or social
organization.
- moral philosophy
- the study of the methods and principles used to
distinguish good from bad, right from wrong Normative Ethics
actions.
- not merely a description of what people find
- science of customs or habits in society.
morally good.
2 COMMON ASSUMPTION OF ETHICS - philosophers believe that ethics is for the most
part, a normative study
1. Man is rational being
1. Metaethics
- Actions with a purpose
- Not act put of instrict and reflex MAJOR NORMATIVE ETHICS
2. Man is a free being
1. CONSIQUENTIALIST (TELEOLOGICAL) ETHICS
- Free to act
2. NONCONSIQUENTIALIST
- Power to act, speak, think
(DEONTOLOGICAL)ETHICS
OBJECTS OF ETHICS 3.

1. Studies of human behavior and makes FORMS OF ETHICAL ANALYSIS

evaluative assessment as moral or immoral
1. Authoritarian Ethics
2. Makes judgement upon human behavior base
2. Theological Ethics
on the standards and norms
3. Legalism of legalistic morality
3. The principal cause of actions is usually
4. Ethical Egoism
attributed to the doer
5. Situational Ethics
NON-PHYSICAL OBJECTS OF ETHICS 6.

1. action done by a moral agent FORMS OF ETHICS

- telling the truth
1. Practical Ethics
- fulfilling promise
2. Theoretical Ethics
- forgiving
3. Personal Ethics
2 GENERAL FORM OF ACT 4. Social Ethics

1. acts of man
a. involuntary natural acts (blinking)
b. voluntary natural acts(sleeping)
2. human acts
- actions that are conscious, deliberate,
intentional, voluntary and are within the
preview of human value judgement.
UNDERSTANDING THE DIVERSITY OF MORAL BELIEFS Different cultures have different moral codes.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM o Therefore, there are no objective truth

in morality. Right and wrong are only
- “Different cultures have different moral codes”
matters of opinion, and opinions vary
from culture to culture.
- there is not as universal truth in ethics
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ACCEPTING CULTURAL
CONFLICTING APPROACHES
RELATIVISM
 Moral Realism (aka Moral Objectivism):
1. We could no longer say that custom of other
- Try to examine the situation and context to societies is morally inferior to others.
discover the moral “facts.” 2. stop condemning other societies because they
- There are objective moral facts. Therefore, are different
ethics is somewhat like science: Its task is to 3. We could decide whether actions are right or
discover (not decide) what these moral facts wrong just by consulting the standards of our
are. society.
4. The idea of moral progress is called into doubt.
 Ethical Absolutists:
CLAIMS OF CULTURAL RELATIVISTS
- There is a single moral truth in terms of which
all cultures and individuals are to be judged. 1. D
-
PROBLEMS WITH CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- There is a single standard ethical standard; that
standard is usually their own.

 Ethical (cultural or moral) Relativists: RESULT OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM

- Each culture is right unto itself, so such Many reject the cultural relativism arguments—
practices would be morally permissible in some
1. It makes sense to condemn some practices
countries and morally wrong in the US.
wherever they occur.
-
- Each culture as an island unto itself, right in its 2. It makes sense to acknowledge that our society
own world, and they deny any overarching while imperfect has made moral progress.
standard with which conflicting cultures (not
individuals) can be judged. 3. Because Cultural Relativism implies these
judgments make no sense, the argument goes,
 Ethical Pluralists: it cannot be right.
- Try to find some middle ground (in some
situations this practice may make sense, less
judgmental)
-
- Cultures can legitimately pass judgments on one
another, but encourages us to listen to what
other cultures say about us as well

THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCENCES ARGUMENT

- Theory about the nature of morality

- At the heart of the Cultural Relativism is the
form of their argument.

- Premises:
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

Operations

- Part of business org. responsible for producing

goods/services

Goods

- Physical item
- Raw materials & final product
-