Patterns- are regular, repeated forms or designs

- We see patterns everyday – from the layout of floor tiles, designs of skycrapers to
the way we tie our shoelaces.
- Studying patterns help students in identifying relationships and finding logical
connections to form generalization and make predictions.
- indicates a sense of structure and organization that it seems only humans are
capable of producing these intricate, creative, amazing formations
- It is from this perspective that some people see an “intelligent design” in the way
that nature forms.
Symmetry- you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are mirror
images of each other
Example; Butterfly is symmetrical about an axis and note that the left and right portions
are exactly the same

 Bilateral symmetry- Evident in most animals, including humans.

Example; Vitruvian Man by Leonardo Da Vinci

 Rotational symmetry
Example; Rotating Gerdenia Crape Jasmine by several degree, you can still achieve
the appearance as the original position
Angle of Rotation- The smallest angles that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the
original formation
Order of rotation- more common way of describing rotational symmetrical
Formula;
Angle of Rotation= 360 °/ n

Order of Rotation/ fold rotational

symmetry
Example of Nature Design
Honeycomb- Its structure and shape and observed that a hexagonal formation enables the bee
colony to maximize their storage of honey using the smallest amount of wax
Packing problems- It involve finding the optimum method of filling up a given space such
as a cubic or Spherical container
Optimize available space- the arrangement of sunflower seeds to occupy the flower head in a
way that maximizes their access of light and necessary nutrients
Patterns are also exhibited in the external appearances of animals
Example; Tiger’s Stripes and Hyena’s Spots and Patterns of blotches
- The tiger’s stripes looks distinctive reddish – orange fur and dark stripes while hyena’s are
covered in pattern of spots
- According to Alan Turing’s theory, the stripes and spots are made by chemical reactions and
diffusion processes in cells in determining the growth patterns in the animals.

Mathematics
Mathêma “that which is learnt” derived from “manthano” and
modern Greek “mathaino” which means “to learn”
 “The science of structure, order, and relations that has evolved from elemental practices
of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes and characteristics of objects”
-(Encyclopedia Britannica)

Characteristics of Mathematics

Classification- generates a series of mental relations through which objects are grouped
according to similarities and differences depending on specific criteria such as shape,
color, size, etc

Logical Sequence - ideas in mathematics need to flow in an order that makes sense. It
means that each step can be derived logically from the preceding steps
.
Structure- the structure on a particular mathematical set will allow mathematicians to study the set
further and find its relationship with other objects.

Precision and Accuracy – Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value. It is the
degree to which a given quantity is correct and free from error. Precision, is how close the
measured valued values are to each other

Abstractness- is the process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept by taking
away any dependence on real-world objects

Symbolism – This language is uniquely constructed in such a way that all mathematicians understand
symbolic notations and mathematical formulas

Applicability- The applicability of mathematics can lie anywhere on a spectrum from the completely
simple (trivial) to the utterly complex (mysterious).

Generalizations – The process of finding and singling out in a whole class of similar objects.
 Nature of Mathematics
 A science of measures- it is an activity that involves interaction with a concrete system with the
aim of representing aspects of that system in abstract terms of “concrete” implies “real”.
 Intellectual games- mathematics requires visual imagery. Games and mathematics both require
a strong dose of patience, restraint, and concentration
 The art of drawing conclusions- Being able to reason is essential to understanding mathematics.
Reasoning is a way to use mathematical knowledge and to generate and solidify new
mathematical ideas.
 A tool subject – mathematics undeniably a highly powerful instrument of investigation.
Mathematics is applied in the fields of engineering, life sciences, industry, and business.
 A system of logical procedure – Problem solving is a skill which can enhance our logical
reasoning.
 An intuitive method – mathematics also requires the use of intuition, the ability to see what is
reasonable or not and the ability to pu all these together.

The IMPORTANCE of Mathematics

Mathematics in…
 Nature
 Medical Field
 Forensic
 Fluid Dynamics
 Information Technology
 Archeology
 Social Sciences
 Political Sciences
 Music & Arts

Some Famous Mathematicians of Modern Time

 Pythagoras
 Albert Einstein
 Rene Descartes
 Marie Curie
 Johannes Kepler
 Euclid
 Leonardo Pisano

“Those laws of nature are within the grasp of the human mind; God wanted us to recognize them by
creating us after his own image so that we could share his own thoughts”
-Johannes Kepler

Pattern
 - “A pattern is a visible regularity in the world or in a man-made design”.
- G. H. Hardy - A British Mathematician who characterized mathematics as the study of patterns

Logic Patterns
- Logic patterns deals with the characteristics of various objects, order, or sequence while other
possess similar attributes.

Geometric Patterns
- Geometric patterns deals with a motif or design that depicts abstract shapes, like lines, polygons,
and circles, and typically repeats like a wallpaper.

Word Patterns
- Word patterns deals with the metrical patterns of poems and the syntactic patterns of how we
make nouns plural or verbs past tense are both word patterns, and each supports mathematical
as well as natural language understanding.
Number Patterns
- Word patterns deals with the prediction of the next term in a sequence. Working with number
patterns leads directly to the concept of functions in mathematics: a formal description of the
relationships among different quantities.

The Language of Mathematics and Functions

Mathematical Language – is the system used to communicate mathematical ideas

Context - this is the context in which we are working, or the particular topics being studied.
Convention - where mathematicians and scientists have decided that particular symbols will have
particular meaning.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

1. Precision means able to make very find distinction.
2. Concise means able to say things briefly.
3. Powerful means able to express complex thoughts with relative ease.

Expression versus Sentences

An expression or mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-defined
according to rules that depend on the context.

An expression is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols used to represent the object of

interest, it does not contain a complete thought and it cannot determined if it is true or false.

SIMPLIFY- The most common type involving an expression

- To simplify an expression means to get a different name for the expression, that in some way
is simpler.

The notion of simpler can have different meanings:

 •Simpler means using fewer symbols.
•For example, 3 + 1 + 5 and 9 are both names for the same number, but 9 uses fewer symbol.
•Simpler means using fewer operations.
•For example, 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 and 5 × 3 are both names for the same number, but 5 × 3 uses fewer
operation.
•Simpler means using better suited for the current use. •For example, 1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 / 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 is a great
name for the number “1”
•Simpler means in a preferred style or format.
•For example, 2 4 and 1 2 are both names for the same number, but people usually prefer 1 2 is said to
be in reduced or simplest form.

Mathematical sentence
- makes a statement about two expressions, either using numbers, variables, or a combination of both.
A mathematical sentence can also use symbols or words like equals, greater than, or less than.
- is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete thought and can be
determined whether it’s true, false, sometimes true/sometimes false.

Closed and Open Sentences in Mathematics

• Closed sentence – a sentence with a truth value of true (or false).
• Open sentence – a sentence when it is not known if it is true or false.

Examples:
Closed sentence
1. 8 is an even number
2. 9 is an even number
Open sentence
1. N is an even number

Verbal Phrase Variable Expression

The sum of a number and 19 n+19
The difference of a number and 11 n-11

The product of 5 and a number 5xn

The quotient of 49 and a number 49/n

One third of a number 1/3n
The sum of a number and 19 is 25 n+19=25

The difference of a number and 11 is 5 n-11=5

The product of 5 and a number equals 35 5xn=35

The quotient of 49 and a number is equal to 7. 49/n=7

One third of a number is 81 1/3n=81

Mathematical Convention- is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally agreed upon by
mathematicians.
For example,
GEMDAS Groupings, Exponent, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition

= equal sign equality
≠ not equal sign inequality
≈ approximately equal approximation
> strict inequality greater than
< strict inequality less than
≥ inequality greater than or equal to, at least, no less than
≤ inequality less than or equal to, at most, no more than
∞ Infinity sign/Lemniscate Goes on foreve
() parentheses calculate expression inside first
[] brackets calculate expression inside first
+ Plus sign addition
− Minus sign subtraction
± plus – minus both plus and minus operations
𝜑 Phi/ golden ratio 1.618034...
* asterisk multiplication
÷ division sign/obelus division

.
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