Manga 

(Japanese: 漫画 [maŋga])[a] are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th
century,[1] and the form has a long prehistory in earlier Japanese art.[2] The term manga is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Outside of Japan,
the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in the country.[3]

In Japan, people of all ages and walks of life read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres: action, adventure, business and
commerce, comedy, detective, drama, historical, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction and fantasy, erotica (hentai and ecchi), sports and games, and
suspense, among others.[4][5] Many manga are translated into other languages.[6]

Since the 1950s, manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry.[7] By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at ¥586.4
billion ($6–7 billion),[8] with annual sales of 1.9 billion manga books and manga magazines in Japan (equivalent to 15 issues per person).[9] In 2020 Japan's manga
market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to the fast growth of digital manga sales as well as increase of print sales.[10][11] Manga have also gained a
significant worldwide audience.[12][13][14] Beginning with the late 2010s manga started massively outselling American comics.[15] In 2020 the North American manga
market was valued at almost $250 million.[16] According to NPD BookScan manga made up 76% of overall comics and graphic novel sales in the US in 2021.[17] The
fast growth of the North American manga market has been attributed to manga's wide availability on digital reading apps, book retailer chains such as Barnes &
Noble and online retailers such as Amazon as well as the increased streaming of anime.[18][19] According to Jean-Marie Bouissou, manga represented 38% of the
French comics market in 2005.[20] This is equivalent to approximately 3 times that of the United States and was valued at about €460 million ($640 million).[21] In
Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $250 million in 2012.[22]

Manga stories are typically printed in black-and-white—due to time constraints, artistic reasons (as coloring could lessen the impact of the artwork)[23] and to keep
printing costs low[24]—although some full-color manga exist (e.g., Colorful). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing
many stories, each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. Collected chapters are usually republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but
not exclusively paperback books.[25] A manga artist (mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative
editor from a commercial publishing company.[26] If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or during its run.[27] Sometimes, manga are based on
previous live-action or animated films.[28]

Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese ("manhua"), Korean ("manhwa"),
English ("OEL manga"), and French ("manfra"), as well as in the nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga").[29][30]

Contents

 1Etymology

 2History and characteristics

 3Publications and exhibition

o 3.1Magazines

o 3.2Collected volumes

 3.2.1History
o 3.3Dōjinshi

 4Digital manga
o 4.1Web manga

o 4.2Webtoons

 5International markets
o 5.1Asia

o 5.2Europe

o 5.3United States

 6Localized manga

 7Awards

 8University education

 9See also

 10Notes

 11References
o 11.1Inline citations

o 11.2Works cited

 12Further reading

 13External links

Etymology
The kanji for "manga" from the preface to Shiji no yukikai (1798)

The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word 漫画[31] (katakana: マンガ; hiragana: まんが), composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning "whimsical or
impromptu" and 画 (ga) meaning "pictures".[32][33] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, "manhwa", and the Chinese word "manhua".[34]

The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century[35] with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798),[36][32] and
in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834)[37] containing assorted
drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai.[38] Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense.[39]

In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, "manga" has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics",
in parallel to the usage of "anime" in and outside Japan. The term "ani-manga" is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.[40]