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Exercise 4. In each of the following pairs, the first term is a reconstructed Indo-
European root and the second is a related English word. The English word may be
based on a form with affixes added to the root or may involve a change in vowel, but
the Indo-European consonants you are asked to examine correspond regularly with
those in the root of the English vowel. No exceptions and no examples of Verner’s Law
(step 3 of the Shift) are involved. Supply the missing letters.
Exercise 5. In the following examples, the Indo-European stress was on some syllable
other than the first; consequently Verner’s Law (step 3 of the Consonant Shift) applies.
Supply the missing letters.
Exercise 6. Examine the following pairs; then list the Indo-European consontants that
underwent no change in Germanic.