Exercise 2.

Below are lists of words from then Indo-European languages and a list of
their reconstructed Indo-European sources. Use the blank tables that follow to sort the
words into cognate lists.

Old English: brōþor, dohtor, ēast, eax, fæder, full, hund, mōdor, morđor ‘murder’,
nama, sunu, sweostor, Tīw, tōþ, widuwe

German: Achse, Bruder, Hund, Mord, Mutter, Name, Osten, Schwester, Sohn, Tochter,
Vater, voll, Wittwe, Zahn, (OHG) Zio

Old Norse: austr, bróđir, dóttir, fađir, fullr, hundr, morđr, móđir, nafn, öxull, sunr,
systir, tönn, Tyr

Gothic: broþar, dauhtar, fadar, fulls, hunds, maurþr, namo, sunus, swistar, tunþus,
widuwo

Latin: aurōra ‘dawn’, axis, canis, dens, frāter, Iūppiter, māter, mors, nōmen, pater,
plēnus, soror, vidua

Greek: axōn, ēōs ‘dawn’, huios, kuōn, mētēr, mortos, odontos, onoma, patēr, phratēr,
pleres, thygater, Zeus

Russian: brat, doč’, imja, mat’, mjortvyĭ, os’, polnyĭ, sestra, suka ‘bitch’, syn, vdova

Lithuanian: ašis, aušra ‘dawn’, broils, dantis, diēvas ‘god’, dukte, (OPruss.) emmens,
mirtìs, mote ‘woman’, pilnas, sesuo, sunus, šuns, (OPruss.) widdewu

Irish: (Br.) ahel, ainm, athir, brathir, cū, det, dia ‘god’, fedb, lan, marb, mathir, siur

Sanskrit: aksa-, bhrātar-, çvan-, dant-, duhitar-, dyaus-pitar, martas, mātar-, naman-,
pitar-, purna-, sunu-, svasar-, usas ‘dawn’, vidhava-

Indo-European: *aks-, *aus(t)-, *bhrāter-, *deiwos/dyeu, *dent-/(o)dont-, *dhughətēr,

*kw(o)n(-to)-/kan-i-, *māter-, *m(e)rt(r)-, *(o)nomen-, *pətēr-, *pləno-, *sunu-,
*sweosor-, *widhēwo-
 father mother brother sister son
Old English fæder mōdor brōþor sweostor sunu
German Vater Mutter Bruder Schwester Sohn
Old Norse fađir móđir bróđir systir sunr
Gothic fadar ---- broþar swistar sunus
Latin pater māter frāter soror “filius”
Greek patēr mētēr phratēr ---- huios
Russian ---- mat’ brat ---- “sestra” syn
Lithuanian ---- mote broils sesuo sunus
Irish athir mathir brathir siur ----
Sanskrit pitar mātar bhrātar svasar sunu
Indo- *pətēr- *māter- *bhrāter- *sweosor- *sunu-
European
daughter widow name east full
OE dohtor widuwe nama ēast full
Ger. Zahn Wittwe Name Osten voll
ON dóttir ---- nafn austr fullr
Goth. dauhtar widuwo namo ---- fulls
Lat. ---- vidua nōmen aurōra plēnus
Gk. thygater ---- onoma ēōs pleres
Russ. doč’ vdova imja ---- polnyĭ
Lith. dukte widdewu emmens aušra pilnas
Ir. ---- fedb ainm ---- lan
Skt. duhitar vidhava naman usas purna
IE *dhughətē *widhēwo- *(o)nomen- *aus(t)- *pləno-
r
hound tooth axle Sky-father, mortal,
god death
OE hund tōþ eax Tīw morđor
Ger. Hund Tochter Achse Zio Mord
ON hundr tönn öxull Tyr morđr
Goth. hunds tunþus ---- ---- maurþr
Lat. canis dens axis Iūppiter mors
Gk. kuōn odontos axōn Zeus mortos
Russ. suka ---- os’ ---- mjortvyĭ
Lith. šuns dantis ašis diēvas mirtìs
Ir. det cū ahel dia marb
Skt. çvan dant aksa dyaus-pitar martas
IE *kw(o)n(- *dent-/ *aks- *deiwos/dyeu *m(e)rt(r)-
to)-/kan-i- (o)dont-