CHAPTER - 1

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
What is Science…??

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What Is Chemistry?

The branch of science that studies the preparation,

properties, structure and reactions of material
substances is called chemistry

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IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

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States of Matter

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PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
Physical and chemical properties

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The International System of Units (SI)

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Mass and Weight

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Volume

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Density

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Temperature

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UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT

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Scientific Notation

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Significant Figures
• All non-zero digits are significant
• Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant.
Such zero indicates the position of decimal point
• Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant.
• Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant,
provided they are on the right side of the decimal point.
• Counting the numbers of object

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Precision and accuracy

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LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

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Law of Definite Proportions
It states that a given compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by weight.

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Law of Multiple Proportions
If two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that combine with a
fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small
whole numbers.

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Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction
they do so in a simple ratio by volume, provided all gases
are at the same temperature and pressure.

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 Avogadro’s Law
Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and
pressure should contain equal number of molecules.

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DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element have identical properties,
including identical mass. Atoms of different elements
differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different
elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of atoms.
These are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.

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ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES
Atomic Mass

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Average Atomic Mass

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Molecular Mass

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Formula Mass

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MOLE CONCEPT AND MOLAR MASSES
One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as
many particles or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g
(or 0.012 kg) of the 12C isotope.

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PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

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Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula

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• An organic compound contains 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen.
What is its empirical formula and molecular formula ?
(molecular mass = 16)

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• An organic compound having following percentage
compositions. Carbon = 12.36%, hydrogen = 2.13%, Br = 85%.
Vapour density = 94. find the molecular formula ?

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STOICHIOMETRY AND STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS

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Limiting Reagent

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Reactions in Solutions

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Mass per cent

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Mole Fraction

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Molarity

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Molality

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Which of the following contains the maximum number of
molecules?
a) 1 g N2
b) 1 gCO2
c) 1 gH2
d) 1 gNH3

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Calculate the mass of SO3 ( g) produced, if 500 gSO2 ( g) reacts
with 200 gO2 ( g) according to the equation:
2SO2 ( g) + O2 ( g) ⟶ 2SO3 ( S). Identify the limiting reagent.
(3) [July 2019]

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A reaction mixture for the production of NH3 gas contains 250 g of
N2 gas and 50 g of H2 gas under suitable conditions. Identify the
limiting reactant if any and calculate the mass of NH3 gas
produced. [3][March 2019]

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Which among the following measurements contains the highest
number of significant figures?
a) 1.123 × 10−3 kg
b) 1.2 × 10−3 kg
c) 0.123 × 103 kg
d) 2 × 105 kg

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State and illustrate the law of multiple proportions. (2)

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Calculate the amount of CO2 ( g) produced by the reaction of 32 g
of CH4 ( g) and 32 g of O2 ( g). [3][August 2018]

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The number of oxygen atoms present in 5 moles of glucose
C6 H12 O6 is [1]

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Find the molecular formula of the compound with molar mass
78 g mol−1 and empirical formula CH. [2]

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a) NO and NO2 are two oxides of nitrogen.
i) Which law of chemical combination is illustrated by these
compounds?
ii) State the law. (1)
b) What is molality? (1) [July 2017]

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Empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of
various atoms present in a compound.
a) Give the relation between empirical formula and molecular
formula. (1)
b) An organic compound has the following percentage composition
C = 12.36%, H = 2.13%, Br = 85%. Its vapour density is 94. Find
its molecular formula. (2)
c) What is mole fraction? (1) [September 2016]

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12 g of 12 C contains Avogadro’s number of carbon atoms.
a) Give the Avogadro’s number. (1)
b) The mass of 2 moles of ammonia gas is …
(i) 2 g (ii) 1.2 × 1022 g (iii) 17 g (iv) 34 g
c) Calculate the volume of ammonia gas produced at STP when
140 g of nitrogen gas reacts with 30 g of hydrogen gas. (Atomic
mass: N = 14u, H = 1 u) (2) [October 2015]

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‘A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of
elements by weight.’
a) (i) Name the above law. (1)
(ii) Write the name of the Scientist who proposed this law. (1)
b) Calculate the number of molecules in each of the following:
i) 1 g N2 ii) 1 gCO2 (Given that NA is 6.022 × 1023 , molecular mass
of N2 = 28 and CO2 = 44)
[March 2015]

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Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two different compounds,
namely water H2 O and hydrogen peroxide H2 O2
(a) Which law is obeyed by this combination? (1)
(b) State the law. (2)
(c) How many significant figures are present in the following?
i) 0.0025 ii) 285 (1) [August 2014]

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The mole concept helps in handling a large number of atoms arid
molecules in stoichiometric calculations.
a) Define 1 mol. (1)
b) What is the number of hydrogen atoms in 1 mole of methane
CH4 ?
c) Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide formed by the complete
combustion of 80 g of methane as per the reaction:
CH4 ( g) + 2O2 ( g) ⟶ CO2 ( g) + 2H2 O(g)
(Atomic mass of C = 12.01u, H = 1.008u, O = 16u)
(2) [March 2013]

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The combination of elements to form compounds is governed by
the laws of chemical combination.
a) Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form compounds, namely
water and hydrogen peroxide. State and illustrate the related
law of chemical combination.
b) What is mean by limiting reagent in a chemical reaction? (1)
c) 28 g of nitrogen is mixed with 12 g of hydrogen to form
ammonia as per the reaction, N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 . Which is the
limiting reagent in this reaction? (1) [March 2012]

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The laws of chemical combination are the basis of the atomic
theory.
a) Name the law of chemical combination illustrated by the pair of
compounds, CO and CO2 .
b) State and explain the law of conservation of mass. (𝟏 𝟏Τ𝟐)
c) Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 8 g of NaOH in
500 mL of water. (1 𝟏Τ𝟐) [March 2011 ]

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