Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Synopsis:
Classification of matter:
Matter

Mixture Pure Substance

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Compound Elements
mixture mixture

Physical Quantities and their Units:

Base Physical Quantity SI Unit
Length Meter
Mass Kilogram
Time second
Electric current ampere
Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin
Amount of substance Mole
Luminous intensity Candela
Volume m3 (cubic meter)
Density kg/m3

The temperature on two scales are related to each other by the relationship,
9 0
0
F= ( C) + 32
5
The Kelvin scale is related to Celsius scale as follows.
K = 0C + 273.15

Various chemical reactions take place according to the certain laws, known as the Laws of chemical
combination.

(1) Law of conservation of mass: According to this law, Matter is neither created nor destroyed in the course
of chemical reaction though it may change from one form to other. The total mass of materials after a
chemical reaction is same as the total mass before reaction.

(2) Law of constant or definite proportion: According to this law, A pure chemical compound always
contains the same elements combined together in the fixed ratio of their weights whatever its methods of
preparation may be.

(3) Law of multiple proportion : According to this law, when two elements A and B combine to form more
than one chemical compounds then different weights of A, which combine with a fixed weight of B, are in
proportion of simple whole numbers.
(4) Avogadro’s hypothesis : “Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules.

(5) Gay-Lussac’s law : According to this law, When gases combine, they do so in volumes, which bear
a simple ratio to each other and also to the product formed provided all gases are measured under
similar conditions.

Dalton's Atomic Theory:

In 1808, Dalton published ‘A New System of Chemical Philosophy’ in which he proposed the following:
1. All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass and other properties.
3. Atoms of different elements are different in all respects.
4. Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical combinations.
5. Atoms combine with each other in simple whole number ratios to form compound atoms called molecules.
6. Atoms cannot be created, divided or destroyed during any chemical or physical change.

The mole concept

One mole of any substance contains a fixed number (6.022  10 23 ) of any type of particles (atoms or
molecules or ions) and has a mass equal to the atomic or molecular weight, in grams
Gram atomic mass (GAM) : Atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called Gram atomic mass
Gram molecular mass (GMM) and Gram molar volume : Molecular mass of an element or compound when
expressed in gm. is called its gram molecular mass.

Volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP is called Gram molar volume. The value of gram molar
volume is 22.7 litres. Volumeof 1 mole of any gas at STP = 22.7 litres
(Mol mass = Mass of 22.7 L of gas or vapour at S.T.P.)
1 mol of atoms = Gram atomic mass( or 1 g atom)= 6.022 X 10 23 atoms
1 mol of Molecules = Gram molecular mass(or 1 g molecules)
= 6.022 X 1023 molecules
= 22.7 L at 1 bar and 00 C

The formula used to convert amount of substance into moles are:

amount of subs tan cein gram
Number of moles =
molecular wt.in gram
number of particles at STP
=
Avogrado 's number
volume of gas at STP (in litre)
=
22.4
The above written formulae can be elaborated as:
weight in gms
1. Number of moles of molecules =
molecular weight
weight in gms
2. Number of moles of atoms =
atomic weight
volume at NTP
3. Number of moles of gases =
s tan dard molar volume
(Standard molar volume = volume occupied by 1 mole of any gas at NTP i.e., 22.4 L).
4. Number of moles of atoms/ molecules/ ions/ electrons
no.of atoms / molecules / ions / electrons
=
Avagadro 's number (N A )

Percentage composition & Molecular formula

(1) Percentage composition of a compound
Mass of element X
Percentage of element =  100 =  100
Molecular mass M

Empirical formula : Write all constituent atoms with their respective no. of atoms derived in simplest ratio.
This gives empirical formula of compound.

Molecular formula : Molecular formula = n x empirical formula where ‘n’ is the whole no. obtained by
molecular weight of compound
n=
empirical formula weight of compound

Limiting reagent or reactant

In many situations, an excess of one or more substance is available for chemical reaction. Some of these
excess substances will therefore be left over when the reaction is complete; the reaction stops immediately
as soon as one of the reactant is totally consumed.
The substance that is totally consumed in a reaction is called limiting reagent because it determines or
limits the amount of product. The other reactant present in excess are called as excess reagents.

Formula used in solving numerical problems on volumetric analysis

1) Strength of solution = Amount of substance in g litre-1
Wt. in gm
2) Number of moles = = M  V (L)
Mol. wt.
no.of moles of solute mass of solute 1000
3) Molality = = 
mass of solvent in kg molar mass of solute mass of solvent in g
Moles of solute mass of solute 1000
4) Molarity, M = = 
Volumeof solutionin L molar mass of solute vol. of solution in m L

5) For dilution following equations are used,

M 1V 1 = M 2V 2
(Before dilution) (After dilution)
 :PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:
1. An aqueous solution of alcohol contains 18g of water and 414g of ethyl alcohol. The mole fraction of
water is (KCET 2022)
A) 0.7 B) 0.9
C) 0.1 D) 0.4

2. A pure compound contains 2.4 g of C, 1.2 x 1023 atoms of H, 0.2 moles of oxygen atoms. Its empirical
formula is (KCET 2021)
(A) C2HO (B) C2H2O2
(C) CH2O (D) CHO

3. 0.4 g of dihydrogen is made to react with 7.1 g of dichlorine to form hydrogen chloride. The volume of
hydrogen chloride formed at 273 K and 1 bar pressure is (KCET 2020)
(A) 4.54 L (B) 90.8 L
(C) 45.4 L (D) 9.08 L

4. The mass of AgCl precipitated when a solution containing 11.70 g of NaCl is added to a solution
containing 3.4g of AgNO3 is [Atomic mass of Ag = 108, Atomic mass of Na = 23](KCET 2019)
(A) 5.74 g (B) 1.17 g
(C) 2.87 g (D) 6.8 g
5. 1.0 g of Mg is burnt with 0.28 g of O2 in a closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess and how much?
(KCET 2018)
A) Mg, 5.8 g B) Mg, 0.58 g
C) O2, 0.24 g D) O2, 2.4 g

6. If 3.01 x 1020 molecules are removed from 98 mg of H2SO4, then the number of moles of H2SO4 left are
(KCET 2017)
A) 0.1 x 10-3 mol B) 0.5 x 10-3 mol
C) 1.66 x 10-3 mol D) 9.95 x 10-2 mol

7. An organic compound contains C = 40%, H = 13.33% and N = 46.67%. Its empirical formula is
A) C2H2N B) C3H7N
C) CH4N D) CHN (KCET 2016)

8. What amount of dioxygen (in gram) contains 1.8 x 1022 molecules? (KCET 2015)
A) 0.0960 B) 0.960
C) 9.60 D) 96.0
9. 25 cm3 of oxalic acid completely neutralised 0.064 g of sodium hydroxide. Molarity of the oxalic acid
solution is : (KCET 2014)
A) 0.045 B) 0.032
C) 0.064 D) 0.015