EE-198L: Basic Electrical Technology

Lab Report
Submitted by:
Student Name: ________________________
Registration Number: 2022-CIV- _________
Group Number: _______________________
Dept.: Civil Engineering

Submitted to:
Mr Bilal Ahmed

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
 Experiment: 1
To measure the resistance of different resistors by COLOUR CODE and Compare with Ohm-Meter Reading.

Apparatus:
10 Different Resistors
Digital Multimeter or (Volt-Ohm-milli-ammeter VOAM)

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)
No of
Resistance by Colour Code (Ω) Resistance by DMM (Ω) % Difference
Obs.
1
2
3
4
5

Procedure:

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Theory

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Conclusion
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Experiment: 2
Verification of Ohm’s Law

Apparatus:
Ammeter
Different Resistors
Variable DC Power Supply

Theory:
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through
it, provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant.

Circuit Diagram:

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)
No of Obs. V (Volts) R (Ω) Ical (mA) Iobs (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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Graph:

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Experiment: 3
To Measure the Power Dissipation in a Resistive Load

Apparatus:
Different Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Variable DC Power Supply
Circuit Diagram:

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)
R = Constant
Power VI Power I2R Power V2/R
Obs. V (Volts) R (Ω) Ical (A) Iobs (A)
(watts) (watt) (watt)
1
2
3
4
5
6

V = Constant

Power VI Power I2R Power V2/R

Obs. V (Volts) R (Ω) Ical (A) Iobs (A)
(watts) (watt) (watt)
1
2
3
4
5
6

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 V = 10

Power VI Power I2R Power V2/R

Obs. V (Volts) R (Ω) Ical (A) Iobs (A)
(watts) (watt) (watt)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Graph:

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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Experiment: 4
To Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
“The algebraic sum of all the voltages in a closed loop (in a circuit) is equal to zero.”

Apparatus:
Three Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Variable DC Power Supply

Circuit Diagram:

Where R1 = _______ , R2 = _______, R3 = _______

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)

Observed Data Calculated Data

Obs. V (Volts) V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
V = V1 + V2 + V3 V = V1 + V2 + V3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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Experiment: 5
To Verify Voltage Division Rule

Apparatus:
Three Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Variable DC Power Supply

Circuit Diagram:

Where R1 = _______ , R2 = _______, R3 = _______

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)

Observed Data Calculated Data

Obs. Vs (V) Is (A) VTobs VTcalc %Error
VO1 VO2 VO3 VC1 VC2 VC3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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Experiment: 6
To Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law
“The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero”

Apparatus:
Three Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Variable DC Power Supply

Circuit Diagram:

Where R1 = _______ , R2 = _______, R3 = _______

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)

Observed Data Calculated Data

Obs. V I I1 I2 I3 I1 I2 I3
IT = I 1 + I 2 + I3 IT = I1 + I 2 + I3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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Experiment: 7
To Verify the Current Division Rule

Apparatus:
Three Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Variable DC Power Supply

Circuit Diagram:

Where R1 = _______ , R2 = _______, R3 = _______

Observation and Calculation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)
𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝑹𝟏𝟑 𝑹𝟏𝟐
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑹 ∗ 𝑰𝒔 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑹 ∗ 𝑰𝒔 𝑰𝟑 = 𝑹 ∗ 𝑰𝒔
𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏𝟑 𝟑 + 𝑹𝟏𝟐

Observed Data Calculated Data

Obs. V I I1 I2 I3 I1 I2 I3
IT = I 1 + I 2 + I3 IT = I1 + I 2 + I3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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Experiment: 8
Measurement of the magnitude of Voltage, Time-Period and Frequency by Using an Oscilloscope

Apparatus:
Oscilloscope
Signal Generator
Resistor

Circuit Diagram:

Observation and Calculation:

Practical 1
Select any known frequency from the signal generator and find its time-period and frequency from the oscilloscope.

Frequency obs. from a signal Time-period from Frequency from Oscilloscope

Obs. % Error
generator (Hz) Oscilloscope (ms) (Hz)
1

Practical 2
Select the following frequency from the signal generator and verify them from CRO.
• 100Hz
• 150Hz
• 300Hz

Frequency obs. from a signal Time-period from Frequency from Oscilloscope

Obs. % Error
generator (Hz) Oscilloscope (ms) (Hz)
1
2
3

Procedure:
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Theory
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Conclusion
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EXPERIMENT 09: DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To plot forward and reverse characteristics of a given PN junction diode.

APPARATUS:
• DC. Supply (0 ‐ 15 V)
• Current Limiting Resistor 1KΩ
• Diode (Si / Ge)
• Digital Multimeter
• Milli Ammeter (0-10mA)
• Micro Ammeter (0 -100 µA)

THEORY:
Semiconductors, like Silicon or Germanium, are elements having a resistivity that is intermediate between a
conductor and an insulator. They inherently have four electrons in the valence band which helps them to form
covalent bonds with four neighbouring silicon atoms. Hence, at absolute zero, the material behaves like an insulator.
At room temperature, few of these electrons absorb enough energy to break away from the nucleus and serve as
conduction electrons. The conduction properties can also be easily changed by changing the doping (adding different
elements too) of the semiconductor. The addition of a pentavalent impurity such as Phosphorus, an N-type dopant,
gives an additional electron after the four silicon bonds are satisfied. Similarly, a trivalent impurity such as Boron, a
P‐type dopant, creates an absence of an electron, a hole. The entire semiconductor material is a single crystal, with
one-region dopes to be P‐type, with excess holes, and the adjacent region to be N-type, with excess electrons. This
creates a metallurgical junction between the p and n regions. The contact with the p region is called the anode and
that of the n region is called the cathode.

Equilibrium P – N junction:
A large density gradient in both hole and electron concentrations occurs at this junction. Initially, then, there is a
diffusion of holes from the p region to the n region and a diffusion of electrons from n region to the p region. The
flow of holes from the p region uncovers negatively charged acceptor ions, and the flow of electrons uncovers
positively charged donor ions. This action creates a charge separation, which sets up an electric field oriented in the
direction of the positive to the negative charge. This sets up an electric field in such a direction as to oppose the
movement of electrons and holes eventually. The region surrounding the junction, which contains immobile charges,
is called the “space charge” or “depletion” region. The electric field creates a potential difference across the region,
which is called the built‐in potential barrier. This is about 0.7 V for an a Si diode at room temperature.

Forward Biased P‐N junction:

Application of a positive voltage to the p region and negative voltage
to the n region creates an additional electric field in the space charge region. But this time the field opposes the
space–charge E‐field. This disturbs the balance between diffusion and E‐field force. Hence the majority of carriers
from the p region diffuse over to the n side and electrons from the n side move over to the p side of the junction.
This process continues as long as the voltage is applied. Thus, in the forward bias mode, the diode carries a large
current.

Reverse Biased P‐N Junction:

A voltage source with its positive terminal connected to the n region and negative terminal connected to the p region
reverse biases the P‐N junction. This increased electric field holds back the holes in the p region and electrons in the
n region and hence, there is no current flow. The electric field and the width of the space‐charge region increase.
There is also a decrease in junction capacitance associated due to an increase in the width. Thus, the reverse bias
region is characterized by negligible current (due to minority carriers) even on the application of a very high voltage
across the terminals, the limit being decided by the reverse breakdown voltage of the diode.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Forward Bias

Reverse Bias

PROCEDURE:
• Connect the diode in the forward bias mode.
• Connect a current limiting resistor in series with the diode.
• Slowly increase the voltage applied, and measure the current (I) through the diode and the voltage across
the diode (VD). Take more than 10 readings.
• Plot the graph of VD v/s ID.
• Extrapolate the log ID Vs VD graph to find the intercept on the ID axis. Find the reverse saturation current IS
from this intercept.

Obtaining Results and interpreting them:

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Observation: (Use proper suffixes e.g. kΩ, mA, µA, mV etc. and values up to two decimal places)

Sr. Supply Voltage (V) VD (V) VR (V) ID (mA)

1 0.1
2 0.3
3 0.5
4 0.7
5 1
6 2
7 3
8 5
9 8
10 12
Forward Biased P‐N junction

Sr. Supply Voltage (V) VD (V) VR (V) ID (mA)

1 1
2 2
3 4
4 6
5 8
6 10
7 15
Reversed Biased P‐N junction

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GRAPH: Make a single graph of both tables' values

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment 10: HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT WITHOUT FILTER
Overview:
The process of converting an alternating current into direct current is known as
rectification. The unidirectional conduction property of semiconductor diodes (junction
diodes) is used for rectification. Rectifiers are of two types: (a) Half wave rectifier and (b)
Full wave rectifier. In a half-wave rectifier circuit (Fig. 1), during the positive half-cycle of
the input, the diode is forward biased and conducts. Current flows through the load and a
voltage is developed across it. During the negative half-cycle, it is reverse bias and does not
conduct. Therefore, in the negative half cycle of the supply, no current flows in the load
resistor as no voltage appears across it. Thus the dc voltage across the load is sinusoidal for
the first half cycle only and a pure a.c. input signal is converted into a unidirectional pulsating
output signal.

Fig.1: Half-wave rectifier circuit

Since the diode conducts only in one half-cycle (0-π), it can be verified that the d.c.
component in the output is Vmax/π, where Vmax is the peak value of the voltage. Thus,
V
Vdc = max = 0.318Vmax
π
V
The current flowing through the resistor, I dc = dc and power consumed by the load,
2 R
P = I dc R .
Ripple factor:
As the voltage across the load resistor is only present during the positive half of the
cycle, the resultant voltage is "ON" and "OFF" during every cycle resulting in a low average
dc value. This variation on the rectified waveform is called "Ripple" and is an undesirable
feature. The ripple factor is a measure of purity of the d.c. output of a rectifier and is defined
as 2 2
Vac (output ) V rms − Vdc2 2
Vrms  0.5 
r= = 2
= 2
−1 =   − 1 = 1.21
Vdc (output ) Vdc Vdc  0.318 

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In case of a half-wave rectifier Vrms = Vmax/2 = 0.5Vmax. (How?)
Rectification Efficiency:

Rectification efficiency, η, is a measure of the percentage of total a.c. power input

converted to useful d.c. power output.
η = d .c . power delivered to load a .c . power at input
Vdc
2
RL (0.318Vmax )2 0.405
= = =
   
(0.5Vmax )2  1 +
2
V s ( rd + R L ) rd r
  1 + d 
 RL   RL 
Here rd is the forward resistance of diode. Under the assumption of no diode loss
(rd<<), the rectification efficiency in case of a half-wave rectifier is approximately 40.5%.
Filters: (Optional Study)
The output of a rectifier gives a pulsating d.c. signal (Fig.1) because of presence of
some a.c. components whose frequency is equal to that of the a.c. supply frequency. Very
often when rectifying an alternating voltage we wish to produce a "steady" direct voltage free
from any voltage variations or ripple. Filter circuits are used to smoothen the output. Various
filter circuits are available such as shunt capacitor, series inductor, choke input LC filter and
π-filter etc. Here we will use a simple shunt capacitor filter circuit (Fig. 2). Since a capacitor
is open to d.c. and offers low impedance path to a.c. current, putting a capacitor across the
output will make the d.c. component to pass through the load resulting in small ripple
voltage.

Smoothing
Capacitor

C Charges C Disharges

(With capacitor)

Fig.2: Half-wave rectifier circuit with capacitor filter

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 The working of the capacitor can be understood in the following manner. When the
rectifier output voltage is increasing, the capacitor charges to the peak voltage Vm. Just past
the positive peak the rectifier output voltage tries to fall. As the source voltage decreases
below Vm , the capacitor will try to send the current back to diode making it reverse biased.
Thus the diode separates/disconnects the source from the load and hence the capacitor will
discharge through the load until the source voltage becomes more than the capacitor voltage.
The diode again starts conducting and the capacitor is again charged to the peak value Vm and
the process continues. Although in the output waveform the discharging of capacitor is shown
as a straight line for simplicity, the decay is actually the normal exponential decay of any
capacitor discharging through a load resistor. The extent to which the capacitor voltage drops
depends on the capacitance and the amount of current drawn by the load; these two factors
effectively form the RC time constant for voltage decay. A proper combination of large
capacitance and small load resistance can give out a steady output.
Circuit components:
(ii) A step-down transformer, (ii) A junction diode, (iii) 3 Load resistors, (iv) Capacitor,
(v) Oscilloscope, (vi) Multimeter, (vii) Connecting wires, (viii) Breadboard.
Circuit Diagram: (As shown in Fig. 1 and 2)
Procedure:
i) Configure the half-wave rectifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Note down
all the values of the components being used.
ii) Connect the primary side of the transformer to the a.c. Mains and secondary to the
input of the circuit.
iii) Feed the input and output to the two channels of oscilloscope (we will use
oscilloscope here only to trace the output waveform) and save the data for each
measurement.
iv) Measure the input a.c. voltage and the output a.c. and d.c. voltages using multimeter
for at least 3 values of load resistor (Be careful to choose proper settings of
multimeter for ac and dc measurement).
v) Multiply the Vac at the input by √2? to get the peak value and calculate Vdc Using the
formula Vdc = Vmax/ π. Compare this value with the measured Vdc at the output.
vi) Calculate the ripple factor and efficiency.
vii) Connect the capacitor across the output for each load resistor and measure the output
a.c. and d.c. voltages once again and calculate the ripple factor. (If time permits you
could also use different values of capacitors and study the output)
Observations:
iv) Code number of diode = ________
v) Input Voltage: Vac = _________ Volt

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Table(I): Half wave rectifier
Sl. No Load Output Voltage Ripple Efficiency
RL (kΩ) Vac (Volt) Vdc Vmax/ π Factor η (%)
(Volt) (Volt) r
1
2
3

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Experiment 11: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT WITHOUT FILTER
Overview:
half-wave rectifier circuit is unsuitable to applications
As you have seen already a half
which need a "steady and smooth" dc supply vo ltage. One method to improve on this is to use
voltage.
every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle. The circuit which
allows us to do this is called a Full-wave Rectifier. Here, unidirectional current flows in the
output for both the cycles of input signal and rectifies it. The rectification can be done either
by a center tap full wave rectifier (using two diodes) or a full wave bridge rectifier (using
four diodes). In this experiment we will study a full wave bridge rectifier.

The Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

Another type of circuit that produces the same
wave rectifier is that of the
output as a full-wave
Bridge Rectifier (Fig. 1).. This type of single
phase rectifier uses 4 individual rectifying
diodess connected in a "bridged" configuration
to produce the desired output but does not
Fig. 1: Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing
its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge
ork and the load to the other side as shown in figure. The 4 diodes labeled D1 to D4 are
network
arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below (Fig. 2).
During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes
D1 and D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is
the same direction as before.
As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage developed across the
load is also unidirectional during both the half cycles. Thus, the average dc output voltage
across the load resistor is double that of a half-wave rectifier circuit, assuming no losses.
2V
Vdc = max = 0.637Vmax
Ripple factor: π
As mentioned in the previous lab the ripple factor is a measure of purity of the d.c.
output of a rectifier and is defined as
2 2
Vac (output ) V rms − Vdc2 2
V rms  0.707 
r= = 2
= 2
−1 =   − 1 = 0.48
V (output ) V V  0.637 

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 Fig. 2: Working of Full-wave bridge rectifier

In case of a full-wave rectifier Vrms = Vmax/√2 = 0.707Vmax. The ripple frequency is now twice
the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply).

Rectification Efficiency:
Rectification efficiency, η, is given by
η = d .c . power delivered to load a .c . power at input
= Vdc I dc Vac I ac
Vdc
2
RL (0.637Vmax )2 0.811
= = =
   
(0.707Vmax )2  1 +
2
V s ( rd + R L ) rd r
  1 + d 
 RL   RL 
where rd is the forward resistance of diode. Under the assumption of no diode loss
(rd<<), the rectification efficiency in case of a full-wave rectifier is approximately 81.1%,
which is twice the value for a half-wave rectifier.

Filter: (Optional)

Smoothing
Capacitor

C Charges C Disharges

(Output waveform
without capacitor)

(With capacitor)

Fig.3: Full-wave rectifier circuit with capacitor filter

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 The full-wave rectifier circuit with capacitor filter is shown in Fig. 3. The smoothing
capacitor converts the full-wave rippled output of the rectifier into a smooth dc output
voltage. The detailed description of its filtering action is already explained in half-wave
rectifier handout. Two important parameters to consider when choosing a suitable a capacitor
are its working voltage, which must be higher than the no-load output value of the rectifier
and its capacitance value, which determines the amount of ripple that will appear
superimposed on top of the dc voltage.

Apart from rectification efficiency, the main advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier
is that it has a smaller ac ripple value for a given load and a smaller smoothing capacitor than
an equivalent half-wave rectifier. The amount of ripple voltage that is superimposed on top of
the dc supply voltage by the diodes can be virtually eliminated by adding other improved
filters such as a pi-filter.
Circuit components/Equipments:
(i) A step-down transformer, (ii) 4 junction diodes, (iii) 3 Load resistors, (iv) Capacitor,
(v) Oscilloscope, (vi) Multimeters, (vii) Connecting wires, (viii) Breadboard.

Circuit Diagram: (As shown in Fig. 1 and 3)

Procedure:
i) Configure the full-wave rectifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Note down
all the values of the components being used.
ii) Connect the primary side of the transformer to the a.c. Mains and secondary to the
input of the circuit.
iii) Measure the input a.c. voltage (Vac) and current (Iac) and the output a.c. (Vac) and d.c.
(Vdc) voltages using multimeter for at least 3 values of load resistor (Be careful to
choose proper settings of multimeter for ac and dc measurement).
iv) Feed the input and output to the oscilloscope (we will use oscilloscope here only to
trace the output waveform) and save the data for each measurement. BE CAREFUL
NOT TO MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
v) Multiply the Vac at the input by √2 to get the peak value and calculate Vdc Using the
formula Vdc = 2Vmax/ π. Compare this value with the measured Vdc at the output.
vi) Calculate the ripple factor and efficiency.
vii) Connect the capacitor across the output for each load resistor. Measure the output a.c.
and d.c. voltages once again and calculate the ripple factor. Trace the input and output
waveforms in oscilloscope and notice the change. (If time permits you could also use
different values of capacitors and study the output)

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 Observations:
vi) Code number of diode = ________
vii) Input Voltage: Vac = _________ Volt
Table(I): Full-wave rectifier w/o filter

Sl. No Load Input Output Voltage Ripple Efficiency η

RL (kΩ) Current Vac Vdc 2Vmax/ π Factor (Vdc2/RL)/VacIac
Iac (mA) (Volt) (Volt) (Volt) r (%)
1
2
3

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 Open-Ended Lab
To Draw Vector Diagrams of R-L, R-C, and R-L-C series with AC source and study the effect of variation in frequency
on RLC Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits

Apparatus:
• Variable Resistor
• Digital Multimeter (V, A)
• Signal Generator as Variable Frequency Oscillator (AC source)
• Choke as Inductor = 300 mH
• Condenser as Capacitor = 0.05 µF

Equations:
1 1
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

𝑉 𝑋𝐿 𝑉 𝑋𝐶 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
θ = tan−1 𝑉𝐿 = tan−1 𝑅
θ = tan−1 𝑉𝐶 = tan−1 𝑅
θ = tan−1 𝑉𝑅
= tan−1 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅

RL Series Circuit Diagram:

Observation and Calculation:

Obs. Vs (V) Is (A) VR VL VS From Vector Diagram %Error

1
2
3

Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Vector Diagrams:

RC Series Circuit Diagram:

Observation and Calculation:

Obs. Vs (V) Is (A) VR VC VS1 From Vector Vs - Vs1 %Error Θc Angle

Diagram

1
2
3

Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Vector Diagrams:

RLC Series Circuit Diagram:

Observation and Calculation:

Obs. Vs (V) Is (A) VR VL VC VS1 From Vector Diagram %Error

1
2
3

Procedure:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Vector Diagrams:

Circuit Diagram:

Theory and Conclusion of all Experiments:

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 36
Observation and Calculation:
Obs. Frequency (F) Current IRMS VRMS XL (Ω) XC (Ω) XL – XC (Ω)
1 50 Hz (mA)
2 100 Hz
3 200 Hz
4 400 Hz
5 600 Hz
6 800 Hz
7 1000 Hz
8 1200 Hz
9 1400 Hz
10 1600 Hz
11 1800 Hz
12 2000 Hz
13 2200 Hz
14 2400 Hz
15 2600 Hz
16 2800 Hz
17 3000 Hz
18 3500 Hz
19 4000 Hz
20 4500 Hz
21 5000 Hz
22 6000 Hz
23 8000 Hz
24 10000 Hz

1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐹𝑟 = =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
Graphs:

Page 37
 EE-198L Basic Electical Technology Lab Project
Introduction
The semester project for EE-198L is required to be completed before the final term examination. The project is a
compulsory part to pass the lab. Students can choose any project from the reference projects available at the end of
this document as well as any group can bring their idea and discuss it with me to get permission. Two or more groups
cannot do the same project.

Important Instructions
One project report per group is required to be written that should cover all the details of the project, its simulation,
and implementation. The template for the project report can be the same as it was for lab reports with some
additional headings about the project parts, working, or something else that you consider necessary for inclusion in
the report. The project report should be plagiarism-free. All the groups involved in plagiarism of reports or projects
will get a ZERO score.
The deadline for the project submission and evaluation is 17th December 2021. The list of reference projects is as:
1. 12v Dc Power Supply From 230v AC Supply
2. Light Operated Relay
3. Heat Detector Using Thermistor
4. Multi-Level Proximity Sensor
5. Clap Switch
6. Mosquito Repellent + Rectifier
7. Anti Theft Alarm System
8. Water Level Indicator
9. Automatic Street Light System
10. Hearing Aid Support
11. Your Idea

Group Constraints:
• Each group can be up to four members
• No more than two students from Group A can make a group
• No more than two students from Group B can make a group
• The project will be allotted on a first come first serve basis.

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