Teorema binomial

A. Garcı́a

Universidad de Zaragoza

March 11, 2021

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 1/8

Teorema binomial.

√
Sea x fijo, (x =
7, −4, −1/2, 7, . . .)
Sucesión fn = xn
f0 = x0 = 1, fn = xn = x(x−1)...(x−n+1)



n(n−1)...1

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 2/8

Teorema binomial.

√
Sea x fijo, (x =
7, −4, −1/2, 7, . . .)
Sucesión fn = xn
f0 = x0 = 1, fn = xn = x(x−1)...(x−n+1)



n(n−1)...1
Queremos calcular
F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . . = ∞ x


zn
P
n=0 n

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 2/8

Teorema binomial.

√
Sea x fijo, (x =
7, −4, −1/2, 7, . . .)
Sucesión fn = xn
f0 = x0 = 1, fn = xn = x(x−1)...(x−n+1)



n(n−1)...1
Queremos calcular
F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . . = ∞ x


zn
P
n=0 n
x−n+1
Recurrencia, f0 = 1, fn = fn−1 n

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 2/8

Teorema binomial.

√
Sea x fijo, (x =
7, −4, −1/2, 7, . . .)
Sucesión fn = xn
f0 = x0 = 1, fn = xn = x(x−1)...(x−n+1)



n(n−1)...1
Queremos calcular
F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . . = ∞ x


zn
P
n=0 n
x−n+1
Recurrencia, f0 = 1, fn = fn−1 n
nfn = xfn−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 , ∀n ≥ 1

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 2/8

 x


Teorema binomial.fn = n

F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . .
nfn = xfn−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 , ∀n ≥ 1

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 3/8

 x


Teorema binomial.fn = n

F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . .
nfn = xfn−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 , ∀n ≥ 1
nfn z n−1 = xfn−1 z n−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 z n−1 , ∀n ≥ 1

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 3/8

 x


Teorema binomial.fn = n

F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . .
nfn = xfn−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 , ∀n ≥ 1
nfn z n−1 = xfn−1 z n−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 z n−1 , ∀n ≥ 1
P∞ P∞ P∞
n=1 nfn z n−1 = x n=1 fn−1 z
n−1
− n=1 (n − 1)fn−1 z n−1

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 3/8

 x


Teorema binomial.fn = n

F (z) = f0 + f1 z + f2 z 2 + . . . + fn z n + . . .
nfn = xfn−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 , ∀n ≥ 1
nfn z n−1 = xfn−1 z n−1 − (n − 1)fn−1 z n−1 , ∀n ≥ 1
P∞ P∞ P∞
n=1 nfn z n−1 = x n=1 fn−1 z
n−1
− n=1 (n − 1)fn−1 z n−1

F 0 (z) = xF (z) − zF 0 (z)

F 0 (z) x
=
F (z) 1+z

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 3/8

 x


Teorema binomial,fn = n

F 0 (z) x
=
F (z) 1+z

(ln F (z))0 = (ln(1 + z)x )0

ln F (z) = ln(1 + z)x + c ⇔ ln F (z) = ln((1 + z)x e c )

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 4/8

 x


Teorema binomial,fn = n

F 0 (z) x
=
F (z) 1+z

(ln F (z))0 = (ln(1 + z)x )0

ln F (z) = ln(1 + z)x + c ⇔ ln F (z) = ln((1 + z)x e c )
F (z) = (1 + z)x e c
y como F (0) = 1 = e c

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 4/8

 x


Teorema binomial,fn = n

F 0 (z) x
=
F (z) 1+z

(ln F (z))0 = (ln(1 + z)x )0

ln F (z) = ln(1 + z)x + c ⇔ ln F (z) = ln((1 + z)x e c )
F (z) = (1 + z)x e c
y como F (0) = 1 = e c
∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n=0
n

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 4/8

Teorema binomial.

∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 5/8

Teorema binomial.

∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n
n=0
x = m, m entero > 0
∞   m  
X m n X m n
z = z = (1 + z)m
n n
n=0 n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 5/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n
n=0
x = −m
∞  
X −m n
z = (1 + z)−m
n
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 6/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n
n=0
x = −m
∞  
X −m n
z = (1 + z)−m
n
n=0
   
−m n n+m−1
= (−1)
n n

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 6/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n
n=0
x = −m
∞  
X −m n
z = (1 + z)−m
n
n=0
   
−m n n+m−1
= (−1)
n n
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
(−1)n z =
m−1 (1 + z)m
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 6/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X x n
z = (1 + z)x
n
n=0
x = −m
∞  
X −m n
z = (1 + z)−m
n
n=0
   
−m n n+m−1
= (−1)
n n
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
(−1)n z =
m−1 (1 + z)m
n=0
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
z =
m−1 (1 − z)m
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 6/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
z =
m−1 (1 − z)m
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 7/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
z =
m−1 (1 − z)m
n=0
∞
X 1
zn =
(1 − z)
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 7/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
z =
m−1 (1 − z)m
n=0
∞
X 1
zn =
(1 − z)
n=0

∞  
X n+m−1 n n 1
γ z =
m−1 (1 − γz)m
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 7/8

Teorema binomial, x = −m
∞  
X n+m−1 n 1
z =
m−1 (1 − z)m
n=0
∞
X 1
zn =
(1 − z)
n=0

∞  
X n+m−1 n n 1
γ z =
m−1 (1 − γz)m
n=0

n+2
γn


Función generatriz de fn = 2

1
F (z) =
(1 − γz)3

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 7/8

Teorema binomial, x = 1/2

∞  
X 1/2 n
z = (1 + z)1/2
n
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 8/8

Teorema binomial, x = 1/2

∞  
X 1/2 n
z = (1 + z)1/2
n
n=0
∞  
p 1/2
X 1/2
2/3 = (1 − 1/3) = (−1/3)n
n
n=0

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 8/8

Teorema binomial, x = 1/2

∞  
X 1/2 n
z = (1 + z)1/2
n
n=0
∞  
p 1/2
X 1/2
2/3 = (1 − 1/3) = (−1/3)n
n
n=0

1 + (1/2)(−1/3) + ((1/2)(−1/2)/2)(−1/3)2 +
((1/2)(−1/2)(−3/2)/((3)(2)))(−1/3)3 + . . .

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 8/8

Teorema binomial, x = 1/2

∞  
X 1/2 n
z = (1 + z)1/2
n
n=0
∞  
p 1/2
X 1/2
2/3 = (1 − 1/3) = (−1/3)n
n
n=0

1 + (1/2)(−1/3) + ((1/2)(−1/2)/2)(−1/3)2 +
((1/2)(−1/2)(−3/2)/((3)(2)))(−1/3)3 + . . .

1, 0.833, 0.8194, . . . → 0.8164

A. Garcı́a (Universidad de Zaragoza) Teorema binomial March 11, 2021 8/8