Transformer Protection

Transformer -Basics

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 Transformer - Components

Laminated
iron core

Insulated
copper wire

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 Transformer – Basic Analysis
Flux

I I Load
Source E 1
1 N1 N2 E
2

Primary Secondary

X1 '
R1 I 2
R2 X2
N1 N2
Io
I1 I2

load
V1 E1 E2 V2
Ro Xo

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 Transformer Fault Categories

1. Winding and terminal faults

2. Sustained or uncleared external faults
3. Abnormal operating conditions such as
overload, overvoltage and overfluxing
4. Core faults

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 Transformers Connections
- “Clock Face” numbers refer to position of low voltage
phase-neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase
neutral vector
- Line connections made to highest numbered winding
terminal available
- Line phase designation is same as winding
Example 1 : Dy 11 Transformer
High Low
Voltage Voltage
Windings Windings

A Phase
Windings
A2 A1 a1 a2
B Phase
Windings
B2 B1 b1 b2
C Phase
Windings
C2 C1 c1 c2

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 Transformer Vector Groups

Group 1 Yy0
Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6
Dd6
180 Phase displacement Dz6
Group 3 Yd1
Dy1
30 Lag phase displacement Yz1
Group 4 Yd11
Dy11
30 Lead phase displacement Yz11

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 Overcurrent & Earthfault Protection

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 11kV Distribution Transformers
Typical Fuse Ratings

Transformer rating Fuse

kVA Full load Rated Operating time at

current (A) current (A) 3 x rating(s)

100 5.25 16 3.0

200 10.5 25 3.0
300 15.8 36 10.0
500 26.2 50 20.0
1000 52.5 90 30.0

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 Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Requirements

X Fast operation for primary short circuits

X Discrimination with downstream protections
X Operation within transformer withstand
X Non-operation for short or long term overloads
X Non-operation for magnetising inrush

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 Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

HV
Source LV

50
51

50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level

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 Overcurrent Relay Setting > IF.L.

If as multiple
of IF.L.
1.0
0.9 Star Side
0.8
χ
IF 0.7
0.6
51 0.5
Overcurrent 0.4
Relay
Delta Side
0.3
0.2
0.1
χ p.u..
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Overcurrent Relay Setting > IF.L.

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 Star Winding REF

Protected
Zone

REF

Relay only operates for earthfaults within protected zone.

Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer

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 Restricted E/F Protection
Low Voltage Windings (1)

A B C N

LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10% rated

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 Restricted E/F Protection
Low Voltage Windings (2)

A B C N

LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10% rated

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 Delta Winding Restricted Earth Fault

Source

Protected zone
REF

X Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence

current to system
X Stability : Consider max LV fault level
X Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum
earth fault level

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 Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (1)

51N 51 51 51

- Provides back-up protection for system

- Time delay required for co-ordination

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 Differential Protection

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 Differential Protection

Overall differential protection may be justified for larger

transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to
maintain stability for heavy thro’ fault current
Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.
It is essential for transformers with tap changing facility.
Another important requirement of transformer differential
protection is immunity to magnetising in rush current.

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 Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Current

I 1 - I2 OPERATE
I1 BIAS BIAS I
2

I1 - I2
OPERATE RESTRAIN

I1 + I2 Mean Thro
2 Current

Bias = Differential (or Spill) Current

Mean Through Current

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 Differential Protection

PROTECTED ZONE
HV LV

Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio

and winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a “replica” of primary system.
Consider :
(1) Difference in current magnitude
(2) Phase shift
(3) Zero sequence currents

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 Earthfault on Transformer Winding

χ
χ2
Ι =
3

I For relay operation, Ι > ΙS

χ2
e.g. If ΙS = 20%, then > 20% for operation
3
i.e. χ > 59%
Differential Thus 59% of windi ng is not protected
Relay
Setting = IS

Differential Relay Setting % of Star Winding Protected

10% 58%
20% 41%
30% 28%
40% 17%
50% 7%
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 Differential Connections

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

A B C

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 ICT’s

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 Use of Interposing CT

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S1 S2

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

Interposing CT provides :
X Vector correction
X Ratio correction
X Zero sequence compensation
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 Combined Differential and Restricted Earthfault
Protection

A2 A1 a1 a2 P1 P2
S1 S2

P1 S1 P2
REF
S2 P1
P2
S1

S2
To differential relay

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 Vector Group Correction

Dy1 (-30 )

KBCH

Yy0 Yd11
0 87 +30

HV VectorCor
Yy0, Yd1, Yd5, Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0
LV1 VectorCor
LV2 VectorCor 0 , -30 , -150 , 180 , +150 , +30 , 0

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 In Zone Earthing Transformer
a1 a2
P1 P2
A1 A2 P2 P1

S2 S1

S2 S1 T2 T1 P1 P2

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 CT Ratio Mismatch Correction - Modern Approach

33kV : 11kV
200/1 IL = 175A 10 MVA I L = 525A 400/1

0.875A KBCH 1.31 Amps

1A 1A
1.14 0.76
87

HV Ratio Cor
LV1 Ratio Cor 0.05 to 2 in steps of 0.01
LV2 Ratio Cor

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 Integral Vectorial and Ratio Compensation

Power transformer

Ratio
correction
KBCH Relay

Vectorial
correction
Differential
Virtual interposing CT element Virtual interposing CT

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 Transformer Magnetising Characteristic

Twice
Normal
Flux

Normal
Flux

Normal
No Load
Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux

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 Typical Magnetising Inrush Waveforms

A
B
C

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 Typical Magnetising Inrush Waveforms

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 Transformer Differential Protection

Effect of magnetising current

X Appears on one side of transformer only

X Seen as fault by differential relay

X Normal steady state magnetising current is less than

relay setting

X Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to

operate

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 Transformer Differential Protection (2)

Solution 1 : 2nd (and 5th) harmonic restraint

X Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush

X Slow operation may result for genuine transformer

faults if CT saturation occurs

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 Transformer Differential Protection (3)

Effect of magnetising inrush

Solution 2 : Gap measurement technique

X Inhibits relay operation during magnetising inrush

X Operate speed for genuine transformer faults

unaffected by significant CT saturation

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 Protection of Auto-Transformer by High
Impedance Differential Relays (1)

(a) Earth Fault Scheme

87 High impedance
relay

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 Protection of Auto-Transformer by High
Impedance Differential Relays (2)

(b) Phase and Earth Fault Scheme

A
B
C
a
b
c

87 87 87

n
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 Additional Protection

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 Transformer REF Protection

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 Application:
HV & LV REF

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 Earthfault on Transformer Winding

Differential
Relay
Setting = IS

Differential Relay Setting % of Star Winding Protected

10% 58%
20% 41%
30% 28%
40% 17%
50% 7%
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 High Impedance Principle

Based on Merz-Price circulating current principle

X Requires matched current transformers of low

reactance design, typically class X or equivalent
X Equal CT ratios
X Typically current operated relay with an external
stabilising resistor
X Non-linear resistor may be required to limit
voltage across relay circuit during internal faults
X Suitable for zones up to 200 - 300 metres
(typically)

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 Star Winding REF

Protected
Zone

REF

Relay only operates for earthfaults within protected zone.

Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer

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 HIGH IMPEDANCE PRINCIPLE RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

X High impedance schemes are used where one CT is completely

saturated and the other CTs are healthy.

Healthy CT Saturated CT
Protected
circuit

Zm1 R Zm2
R IF CT2 A-G
CT1

R R
L L
VS R ST
R R
L R L

X Voltage across relay circuit VS = IF (RCT + 2RL )

Where, If : Maximum secondary external fault current
X Stabilising resistor RST limits spill current to IS (relay setting)
Š RST = (VS / Ir )- RR (RR = very low relay burden)
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 Stabilising Resistor

Use of stabilising resistor:

X Where relay impedance alone is too low to

ensure stability then the relay circuit
impedance can be increased through the
addition of an external resistor connected in
series with the relay
X Required circuit impedance > Vs/Is
X RSTAB > (Vs/Is) - Rrelay

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 Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)
During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit constitutes an
excessive burden to the CT’s.
A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and the CT’s which
can damage the insulation of CT’s, secondary wiring and relay.
Magnitude of peak voltage VP is given by an approximate formula (based
on experimental results)

VP = 2 √2(VK (VF - VK))

Where VF = If (RCT + 2RL + RSTAB + Rrelay)
Metrosil required if VP > 3kV

Vk = (VA x ALF) / In + (RCT . ALF. In)

where,

Vk = Required knee point voltage

VA = Rated burden in volts-amps,
In = Rated secondary current CT.
ALF = Accuracy limit Factor = 15
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 High Impedance Circuit Arrangement
I

RST
VM VS

RR

Metrosil Characteristic
V = CIβ
Suitable values of C & β chosen based on :
(1) Max secondary current under fault conditions
(2) Relay setting voltage
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 Inter-Turn Fault

CT
E
Load
Shorted
turn

Nominal turns ratio - 11,000 / 240

Fault turns ratio - 11,000 / 1
Current ratio - 1 / 11,000

Requires Buchholz relay

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 Buchholz Relay Installation

3 x internal pipe
Conservator
diameter (minimum)
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)

Oil conservator
3 minimum

Transformer

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 Overfluxing

- Generator transformers
- Grid transformers

Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be caused
by loss of load / load shedding etc.

Flux O ∝ V
f

Effects of overfluxing :
- Increase in mag. Current
- increase in winding temperature
- increase in noise and vibration
- overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by stray flux)

Protective relay responds to V/f ratio

Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.
Stage 2 - Trip field
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 Overfluxing Protection

Tripping Characteristic

t
100
V/f>>

10
V/f>>>
... ...
1

1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 V/f

Vnom/fnom

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 Effect of Overload on Transformer Insulation Life

100
With ambient of 20 C.
Hot spot rise of 78 is
design normal.
A further rise of 6 C
Relative 10 doubles rate of
rate using life.
of using
life
1.0

98
0.1
80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Hot spot temp C
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 Typical Schemes

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 Up to 1MVA

3.3kV

51 50 P121
200/5 51 50 N N

1MVA
1500/5
3.3/0.44kV

51
P120 N

64 1500/5
MCAG14

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 1 - 5MVA

11kV

51 50 P121

64 MCAG14

5MVA
1000/5
11/3.3kV

51
P120 N

64 1000/5
MCAG14
3.3kV
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 Above 5MVA

33KV

51 50 P141
200/5

P120
10MVA
51
33/11KV N
87
600/5
P631

64 MCAG14

600/5
5/5A

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 Worked Examples

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 REF Calculations

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 Restricted Earth Fault Protection

1600/1
1MVA RCT = 4.9Ω
(5%)
11000V 415V Vk =330V
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MVA
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Peak voltage
1600/1 RS developed by CT’s
RCT = 4.8Ω MCAG14
IS = 0.1 Amp for internal fault

2 Core 7/0.67mm (7.41Ω/km)

100m Long

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 Solution :

Earth fault calculation :-

Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
1 P.U. Total impedance = 14 p.u.
1 4
I1
∴ I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
4 Base current = 80 x 106
I2 √3 x 415
= 111296 Amps
4
∴ IF = 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
I0
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Sequence Diagram
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 Solution :
(1) Setting voltage
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming “earth” CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms
2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
∴ Setting voltage = 1.49 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)
RS = VS - 1
IS IS2 Where IS = relay current setting
∴ RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms
0.1 0.22
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 Solution :

3) Peak voltage = 2√2 √VK (VF - VK)

VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For ‘Earth’ CT, VK = 330V
∴ VPEAK = 2√2 √330 (13946 - 330)
= 6kV
Thus, metrosil voltage limiter will be required.

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