Sentence Completion

Q1: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Hydroelectric plants harness energy by passing flowing water through a turbine. The water
turbine rotation is delivered to a generator, which generates electricity. The quantity of
electricity that can be produced at a hydroelectric plant relies upon two variables. These
variables are (1) the vertical distance that the water falls, called the “head”, and (2) the flow
rate, calculated as volume over time. The amount of electricity that is produced is thus
proportional to the head product and the flow rate. Until only recently people believed almost
universally that hydroelectric power was an environmentally safe and clean means of
generating electricity. Hydroelectric stations do not release any of the usual atmospheric
pollutants emitted by power plants fuelled by fossil fuels so they do not add to global
warming or acid rain. Nevertheless, recent studies of the larger reservoirs formed behind
dams have implied that decomposing, flooded vegetation could give off greenhouse gases
equal to those from other electricity sources.

Questions:

Hydroelectric plants produce energy by passing 1.…flowing water…………………….. through a

turbine.  Electricity is produced by delivering  water 2..…turbine rotation………………. to a
generator. The amount of electricity that can be produced at a hydroelectric plant relies upon
3……………head product…. and 4……flow rate………… Hydroelectric power plants do not
release any pollutants into the atmosphere, so they do not cause 5……global
warming…………….

Q2:
MEXICO CITY – Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and automobiles,
North America once belonged to mammoths, camels, ground sloths as large as cows, bear-
sized beavers, and other formidable beasts. Some 11,000 years ago, however, these large-
bodied mammals and others – about 70 species in all – disappeared. Their demise coincided
roughly with humans’ arrival in the New World and dramatic climatic change – factors that
have inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific
investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of
these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove this megafaunal menagerie to
extinction. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s when it was put forth by Paul S. Martin
of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no evidence exists to
support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these
extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico
City last October, paleoecologist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara
argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only plausible, but it was also
unavoidable. Using a computer simulation, he has determined that even a very modest
amount of hunting would have wiped these animals out.

Choose No More Than Two Words from the passage to complete the sentences. 
1. North America was once a home to ___Mammoths_________,camels, ground sloths, bear-
sized beavers, and beasts. 
2. About 11,000 years ago, large-bodied mammals and around 70 species_________ 
disappeared. 
3. Even after decades of __scientific investigation___________, the cause for the demise of
these species still remains unknown. 
4. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s and was put forth byPaul S.Martin_______ of the
University of Arizona. 
5. Paleoecologist John Alroy determined using a ___computer simulation______ that hunting
could have destroyed these animals. 

Q3:
Some people believe that traditional usages of language are always more superior and refined
than modern variations even when the reasons behind the rule were dubious in the first place.
For example, it was once seriously frowned upon to split an infinitive in a sentence, and even
today it is considered grammatically incorrect to do so. To demonstrate, let’s consider the
following sentence: ‘The examiner asked me to quietly leave the room’; this was considered
incorrect as the word ‘quietly’ splits the infinitive of the verb ‘to leave.’ The origins of this
rule hail back to the 17th century when scholars believed that the English language should be
adapted to follow Latin rules; then considered the perfect language. Since splitting infinitives
in Latin is impossible, it was decided that splitting infinitives in English, even though
possible, was not acceptable, Given those initial motivations behind the rule were
questionable. The clarity of the meaning of the sentence is not compromised in the ‘incorrect’
form, it could be argued that this grammar rule is a prime example of an unnecessary sanction
that is likely to be abandoned in the future.

Choose No More Than Two Words from the passage to complete the sentences. 
1.Traditional use of languages are said to be more ___superior_____ and _____refined____. 
2. Scholars affirmed that the English language should be adapted to follow the rules of
_____Latin______. 
3. Even though splitting infinitives in English was possible, it was not
____acceptable________. 
4. Rules like splitting infinitives are considered as ____grammatically incorrect_________. 
5. Split infinitives are likely to be ____abandoned________ in future. 
Q4:
Roller coasters have a long, fascinating history. The direct ancestors of roller coasters were
monumental ice slides – long, steep wooden slides covered in ice, some as high as 70 feet –
popular in Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Riders shot down the slope in sleds made
out of wood or blocks of ice, crash-landing in a sand pile. Coaster historians diverge on the
exact evolution of these ice slides into actual rolling carts. The most widespread account is
that a few entrepreneurial Frenchmen imported the ice slide idea to France. The warmer
climate of France tended to melt the ice, so the French started building waxed slides instead,
eventually adding wheels to the sleds. In 1817, the Russes a Belleville (Russian Mountains of
Belleville) became the first roller coaster where the train was attached to the track (in this
case, the train axle fit into a carved groove). The French continued to expand on this idea,
coming up with more complex track layouts, with multiple cars and all sorts of twists and
turns.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1.Roller coasters originated from _____Russia_______. 
2. The french men modified the melted ice into _waxed slides______. 
3. The predecessor to the roller coaster was the ______russes a belleville________. 
4. The snow riders used  ______sleds____ or block of ice and slid down the ice-covered hills,
crash-landing into a sand-pile. 
5. It was the ____french____ who expanded the idea of roller coasters with more complex
track layouts. 

Q5:
In Australia, the platypus is officially classified as ‘Common but Vulnerable.’ As a species, it
is not currently considered to be endangered. However, platypus populations are believed to
have declined or disappeared in many catchments 1, particularly in urban and agricultural
landscapes. In most cases, the specific underlying reasons for the reduction in numbers
remain unknown. Platypus surveys have only been carried out in a few catchments in eastern
Australia. It is, therefore, impossible to provide an accurate estimate of the total number of
platypus remaining in the wild. Based on recent studies, the average platypus population
density along relatively good quality streams in the foothills of Victoria’s Great Dividing
Range is only around one to two animals per kilometer of the channel. Because platypus is
predators near the top of the food chain and requires large amounts of food to survive (up to
about 30% of a given animal’s body weight each day), it is believed that their numbers are
most often limited by the availability of food, mainly in the form of bottom-dwelling aquatic
invertebrates such as shrimps, worms, yabbies, pea-shell mussels, and immature and adult
aquatic insects. Small frogs and fish eggs are also eaten occasionally, along with some
terrestrial insects that fall into the water from overhanging vegetation. Catchments are an area
of land drained by a creek or river system or a place set aside for collecting water that runs
off the land’s surface.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1.Although Platypus is not endangered, it is considered as ____vulnerable______. 
2. The Platypus population in __the urban____ and ____agricultural____ environment has
disappeared in most of the catchments. 
3. According to the recent survey, the number of platypi that can be found in the foothills of
Victoria’s great dividing range is just ___one_ or two _____.. 
4. Platypus mostly eats food in the form of bottom-dwelling _____aquatic
invertebrates__________. 
5. The platypus needs to eat about 30% of the animal’s body weight each day to
__survive_________.