LITE Unit 4

GE ELECT 3 – Living in the IT Era | 1st Sem, AY 2022-2023
College of Arts and Sciences | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
Unit 4. The World Wide

Web and the Internet
EJAY F. BARCINILLA, LPT

College Instructor
The Web and
Its Evolution
The World Wide Web
▪ In 1989, the World Wide Web (WWW or 3W), byname the Web, was
invented by Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee. He was trying to find a new
way for scientists to easily share the data from their experiments.
▪ Hypertext and the internet already existed at this point but no one had
thought of a way to use the internet to link one document directly to
another.
▪ Tim Berners-Lee (TimBL) suggested three
main technologies that all computers could
understand each other: HTML, URL, and
HTTP. He also made the world’s first web
browser and web server.
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HTML ► Hypertext Markup Language is the publishing format for the web. It includes
the ability to format documents and link to other documents and resources.
“
URL
HTTP
► Uniform Resource Locator is a kind of “address” that is unique to each
resource on the web. It could be the address of a webpage or an image file.
► Hypertext Transfer Protocol allows HTML documents to be requested and

transmitted between browsers and web servers via the internet.
Web Server ► A computer where files are stored which can be accessed via the internet
using HTTP.
Hypermedia, ► On the Internet, the multimedia capability is available in a form called

Hypertext Hypermedia. Hypermedia is accessed through the use of Hypertext Link,
which is a special software pointer that points to the location of the computer
Link on which the hypermedia is stored.
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The World Wide Web
▪ The Web is the leading information retrieval service of the internet (the
worldwide computer network).
▪ The Web is fast becoming the largest source of network traffic around
the world: it is a mechanism that links together information stored on
many computers.
▪ The Web works with a software program called browser: it gives the
computer system the ability to display hypertext documents, identify
hypertext links and retrieve linked files. Browsers may be text or graphic
based.
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The World Wide Web
▪ The web operates within the internet’s basic client-server format;
servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents to
other computers on the network when asked to, while clients are
programs that request documents from a server as the user asks for
them.
▪ Navigating effectively through millions of web pages requires skill in

searching. To deal with this abundance of information, internet users
take advantage of WWW software tools known as search engines. A
search engine is a powerful program for finding websites that contain
information about key words.
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Why is the Web so Important?
▪ The world wide web, an invention that connected the world, opened up
the internet to everyone, not just scientists. It connected the world in a
way that was not possible before and made it much easier for people to
get information, share and communicate.
▪ It allowed people to share their work and thoughts through social

networking sites, blogs, video sharing, etc.
▪ It has made information in any form available in a

quick easy manner, publicly accessible and
withing easy reach.
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Why is the Web so Important?
▪ The Web has revolutionized communications and social networking,
creating a zone which was so international that new law had to be
designed to govern it.
▪ The Web plays a get role in removing the borders on nations, and
assisting in the process of globalization.
▪ Through the web, users can sell online and boost

their business.
▪ Online resources are readily available. Users can

search and browse anytime, anywhere.
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Evolution of the World Wide Web
21st Century skills are 12 abilities that today’s students need to succeed in their careers during the Information
Age:
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► Web 1.0 | Read-only Static Web: Personal web pages were common,
consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free web
hosting services.
▪ It is an old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. First stage worldwide
linking web pages and hyperlink. Web is use as “information portal”. It uses table to
positions and align elements on page.
▪ In Web 1.0 advertisements on websites while surfing the internet are banned. Also, in
Web 1.0, Ofoto is an online digital photography website, on which users could store,
share, view, and print digital pictures.
▪ Web 1.0 is a content delivery network (CDN) that enables the showcase of the piece of
information on the websites. It can be used as a personal website. It costs the user as per
pages viewed. It has directories that enable users to retrieve a particular piece of
information.
▪ Examples: mp3.com, Home Page, Directories, Page Views, HTML/Portals
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► Web 1.0 | Read-only Static Web: Four design essentials include…

▪ Static pages
▪ Content is served from the server’s file system
▪ Pages built using Server Side Includes or Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
▪ Frames and Tables are used to position and align the elements on a page
Disadvantages include…
▪ Read-only web
▪ Limited user interaction
▪ Lack of standards
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► Web 2.0 | Read-write Interactive Web: Web 2.0 refers to worldwide

websites which highlight user-generated content, usability, and interoperability for
end users.
▪ Web 2.0 is also called the “participative social web”. It does not refer to a modification
to any technical specification, but to modify the way web pages are designed and used.
The transition is beneficial but it does not seem that when the changes occur.
▪ Interaction and collaboration with each other are allowed by Web 2.0 in a social media
dialogue as the creator of user-generated content in a virtual community.
▪ Web 2.0 allows the user to interact with the page known as dynamic page; instead of just
reading a page, the user may be able to comment or create a user account.
▪ Dynamic page refers to the web pages that are affected by user input or preference.
▪ Examples: social networking (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Pinterest, Tumblr,
Instagram, etc.), blogs (WordPress, Blogger, etc.), wikis (Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, etc.),
video sharing (YouTube, Flickr, Photobucket, Vimeo, etc.)
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► Web 2.0 | Read-write Interactive Web: Key features include…

▪ Folksonomy – allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely
chosen keywords (e.g. tagging).
▪ Rich User Interface – content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input. An example
would be a website that shows local content.
▪ User Participation – the owner of website is not the only one who is able to put content.
Others are able to place a content on their own by means of comments, reviews, and
evaluation.
▪ Long Tail – services are offered on demand rather than on a one -time purchase. This is
synonymous to subscribing to a data plan that charges you for the amount of time you
spent on Internet or a data plan that charges you for the amount of bandwidth you used.
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► Web 3.0 | Read-write Intelligent Web: In this third generation of web,

all the application on web or mobile will be upgraded with more features to which
it applies same principles as Web 2.0 – two-way interaction.
▪ It refers to the evolution of web utilization and interaction which includes altering the Web
into a database. It enables the up-gradation of the back-end of the web, after a long time
of focus on the front-end.
▪ Web 3.0 is a term that is used to describe many evolutions of web usage and interaction
among several paths. In this, data isn’t owned but instead shared, where services show
different views for the same web/the same data.
▪ Web 3.0 will be more connected, open, and intelligent, with semantic web technologies,
distributed databases, natural language processing, machine learning, machine
reasoning and autonomous agents.
▪ Changing the web into a language that can be read and categorized by the system rather
than humans.
▪ Examples: business, entertainment, portfolio, media, brochure, nonprofit, educational,
infopreneur, personal, and community forum websites, web portal, etc.
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► Web 3.0 | Read-write Intelligent Web: Main features include…

▪ Semantic web. The semantic web improves web technologies in demand to create, share
and connect content through search and analysis based on the capability to comprehend
the meaning of words, rather than on keywords or numbers.
▪ Artificial Intelligence. Combining this capability with natural language processing, in
Web 3.0, computers can distinguish information like humans in order to provide faster and
more relevant results. They become more intelligent to fulfill the requirements of users.
▪ 3D Graphics. The three-dimensional design is being used widely in websites and
services in Web 3.0. Museum guides, computer games, e-commerce, geospatial contexts,
etc. are all examples that use 3D graphics.
▪ Connectivity. With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to semantic metadata.
As a result, the user experience evolves to another level of connectivity that leverages all
the available information.
▪ Ubiquity. Content is accessible by multiple applications, every device is connected to the
web, the services can be used everywhere.
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► Web 4.0 | Symbiotic Web: Web 4.0 connects all devices in the real and
virtual world in real-time.
▪ Web 4.0 removed several of the steps required when using web 3.0, this way its use is
more direct and “invisible”.
▪ Traditional search engines might not disappear but they will be integrated into virtual
assistants.
▪ Web 4.0 is the network itself, which will propose things – this, is already around us but it is
still quite new, we can witness this through the suggestions that reach our mobile phone –
in a contextual way.
▪ The “Big Data” is processed more effectively, linking all the information obtained through
multiple sources.
▪ Web 4.0 will be the read-write-execution-concurrency web. It achieves a critical mass of
participation in online networks that deliver global transparency, governance, distribution,
participation, collaboration into key communities such as industry, political, social and
other communities.
▪ Examples: virtual assistants (Siri, Cortana, Google Now), flexible monitoring software
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► Web 4.0 | Symbiotic Web: Salient characteristics include…

▪ The purpose of the symbiotic web is the symbiotic interaction between man and machine.
The boundary between man and machine will blur.
▪ This web environment must therefore be an “always on” connected world. Users can meet
on the web.
▪ The new web is a Web OS - the whole web is a single operating system with information
flowing from every point to another system.
▪ In the background, self-learning systems are learning to understand you using artificial
intelligence.
▪ It communicates with users in the same way that people communicate with each other.
▪ Web 4.0 is an open, linked and intelligent web.
▪ The speed and reliability of Web 4 are greater than ever.
▪ The requirements for Web 4.0 are ubiquity, identity and connection. There is no real
definition for the new web yet.
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► Web 5.0 | Telepathic Web: Web 5.0 is the introduction of a new

dimension in the web equation: everything having to do with time and web
services which all revolve around time and bringing time-based services to the
user via whatever new methods happen to be available.
▪ In Web 5.0, the “wise web”, everything from human behavior, emotions, decision-making,
network science, brain cognition, and automated learning is being funded.
▪ Web 5.0 will scoop all this new knowledge and the intelligence offered by Webs 2.0, 3.0,
4.0, and deliver it in an ethical, self-aware and sentient framework, embedding all
biological and artificial life within a global cooperative intelligence.
▪ Web 5.0 achieves a high degree of convergence between cyberspace (virtual space) and
physical space (real space). In the past information society, people would access a cloud
service (databases) in cyberspace via the Internet and search for, retrieve, and analyze
information or data.
▪ In Web 5.0, a huge amount of information from sensors in physical space is accumulated
in cyberspace. In cyberspace, this big data is analyzed by artificial intelligence (AI), and
the analysis results are fed back to humans in physical space in various forms.
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► Web 5.0 | Telepathic Web: Some developments include…

▪ Web 5.0 uses neurotechnology, which allows interpreting selected biometric indicators
and reading the emotions of users, so that web applications can, for example, change the
facial expression of avatars in real time.
▪ Web 5.0 presentation seems to be limited only through the prism of technological
development. It presents the web as a human-controlled tool, which uses algorithms to
attempt to personalize, search, improve experiences, and act for or on behalf of a person.
▪ Integrating many devices in one network and programming them so that they “take”
actions in the event of predefined conditions will not necessarily have a positive impact
on human development, in particular perceived through the prism of people’s physicality.
▪ Web 5.0 seems to be still anchored in the human-device-software relationship, connected
by cables, sensors or in a wireless network.
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► Web 6.0 | IIS 6.0 Web: Web 6.0 will be an independent being, capable of
independent existence, with the hallmarks of autonomous, independent
intelligence.
▪ One can be tempted to set two directions of development for Web 6.0 – towards cyber-
biology, or an independent entity. While in the case of Web 4.0 and Web 5.0 there are the
concepts of artificial intelligence and virtual agent, in the case of Web 6.0 they aspire to be
independent, to the extent that it cannot be described as “artificial”.
▪ Web 6.0 can take the form of a “different intelligence” or a separate entity that would
function in the Internet ecosystem, depending on the presence of electro impulses,
without the necessity of “anchoring” on a durable data carrier.
▪ Web 6.0 delivers web hosting services through an adjustable architecture that you can
use to manage server resources with improved stability, efficiency, and performance.
▪ Web 6.0 separates applications into isolated pools and automatically detects memory
leaks, defective processes, and over-utilized resources. When problems occur, Web 6.0
manages them by shutting down and redeploying faulty resources and connecting faulty
processes to analytical tools.
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► Web 6.0 | IIS 6.0 Web: Key features and upgrades include…
▪ Robust performance – Isolation prevents web applications and web sites from affecting
each other or the WWW service. Reboots of the operating system and restarting of the
WWW service are avoided.
▪ Self-healing – Automated management provides auto-restart of failed worker processes
and periodic restart of deteriorating worker processes.
▪ Scalability – Web gardens allow more than one worker process to serve the same
application pool.
▪ Process affinity - Enables the connection of worker processes to specific processors on
multi-CPU servers.
▪ Automated debugging – The debugging feature enables the automatic assignment of
failing worker processes to debugging tools.
▪ CPU limiting – This monitoring feature enables controlling the amount of CPU resources
that an application pool consumes in a configured amount of time.
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Types of Website
► Static: A static website is one that has webpages stored on the server in the
format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML).
► Dynamic: A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself

frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.
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The Internet
The Internet
▸ The internet or “net” (network of network) is the largest computer
network in the world that connects billions of computer user. The word
internet comes from combination between “interconnection” and
“network”.
▸ Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via

communication channels and transmission media allow to share
resources (hardware, software, data, information). Generally, nobody
owns the internet.
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The Internet
▸ The internet stands for “internetwork systems”.
▸ The internet is a global network connecting millions of computers.
▸ More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data and
information.
▸ The internet links are computer networks all over the world so that users
can share resources and communicate with each other.
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The Internet
▸ The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world
like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and
computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities.
▸ What makes the internet successful is the concept of packet switching.

With packet switching, each communications stream is split up into a
number of packets, each with a header that contains the address where it
is heading and a payload of information it is carrying there.
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The Internet
▸ Internet is defined as an information superhighway, to access information
over the web. However, it can be defined in many ways, internet is a
world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
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The Internet vs. the Web
INTERNET WORLD WIDE WEB
The internet is a large network of
computers that contain information and
The world wide web is a huge
technology tools that anybody with an
collection of documents (web pages)
Internet connection can access. The
with links to one another.
internet is the “big tent” under which all
the individual technologies reside.
The world wide web is a virtual

The internet is the physical network of
network of websites connected by
computers all over the world.
hyperlinks.
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Uses of Internet
▸ Finding/Sharing Information Online

▸ Intelligent Personal Assistants
▸ Communication (including social networking, chat, VOIP/voice
over internet protocol, video conferencing/video calling,
blogging, vlogging)
▸ Entertainment (gaming, streaming, etc.)
▸ Uploading/Downloading Files
▸ Business/Shopping
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Brief History of the Internet
▪ The internet has become a vital part of

the modern world, inseparable from
daily life and routines. It wasn’t always
this way though; the history of the
internet started somewhere. From
simple computer networks to global
interconnectivity and instantaneous
wireless communications, the rapid
and dramatic evolution of the internet
can help with understanding the
changing nature of technology and
communications.
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1962 ▸ The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be
enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R.
Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his “Galactic Network” concept.
He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which
everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
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1965 ▸ Leonard Kleinrock convince Lawrence Roberts of the theoretical feasibility

of communications using packets rather circuits, which was a major step
along the path towards computer networking.
1969 ▸ Internet got its start when the US government funded an experiment
known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
for research in electronic communication.
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1970s ▸ ARPA developed a set of rules called protocols that facilitated the
electronic communication.
1970s ▸ Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf collaborate to develop a protocol for linking
multiple networks together. This later becomes the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), a technology that links multiple
networks together such that, if one network is brought down, the others do
not collapse.
▸ While working at Xerox, Robert Metcalfe develops a system using cables
that allows for transfer of more data over a network. He names this
system Alto Aloha, but it later becomes known as Ethernet.
▸ Over the next few years, Ted Nelson proposes using hypertext to organize
network information, and Unix becomes popular for TCP/IP networks. Tom
Truscott and Steve Bellovin develop a Unix-based system for transferring
data over phone lines via a dial-up connection. This system becomes
USENET.
1980s ▸ The ARPANET joined the MILNET (military network) and some other
networks, and internet was born. Thus, internet is a “network of networks”.
During this time, there is no commercial enterprise supporting the internet
effort. It is completely maintained by individual and organizational
volunteers. No one pays for it; instead, everyone pays for their part.
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1981 ▸ Metcalfe’s company 3Com announces Ethernet products for both

computer workstations and personal computers; this allows for the
establishment of local area networks (LANs). Paul Mockapetris, Jon
Postel and Craig Partridge create the Domain Name system, which uses
domain names to manage the increasing number of users on the internet.
1982 ▸ The PhoneNet system is established and is connected to ARPANET and

the first commercial network, Telenet. This broadens access to the
internet and allows for email communication between multiple nations of
the world.
1985 ▸ The first domain is registered: symbolics.com, a domain belonging to a

computer manufacturer.
1990 ▸ The ARPANET is decommissioned. Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues

at CERN develop hypertext markup language (HTML) and the uniform
resource locator (URL), giving birth to the first incarnation of the World
Wide Web.
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1995 ▸ A watershed year for the internet comes in 1995: Microsoft launches
Windows 95; Amazon, Yahoo and eBay all launch; Internet Explorer
launches; and Java is created, allowing for animation on websites and
creating a new flurry of internet activity.
1996 ▸ The Congress passes the Communications Decency Act in an effort

to combat the growing amount of objectionable material on the internet.
John Perry Barlow responds with an essay, “A Declaration of the
Independence of Cyberspace”.
1998 ▸ Google is founded.
1999 ▸ The music and video piracy controversy intensifies with the launch of
Napster. The first internet virus capable of copying and sending itself to a
user’s address book is discovered in 1999.
2000s ▸ 2000 sees the rise and burst of the dotcom bubble. While myriad internet-
based businesses become present in everyday life, the Dow Jones
industrial average also sees its biggest one-day drop in history up to that
point.
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2000s ▸ In 2001, most publicly traded dotcom companies are gone. It’s not all bad
news, though; the 2000s see Google’s meteoric rise to domination of the
search engine market. This decade also sees the rise and proliferation of
Wi-Fi — wireless internet communication — as well as mobile internet
devices like smartphones.
▸ In 2005, the first-ever internet cat video. 40
The Internet
The Internet
Intranets
The Web
E-mail
A cloud is a password-protected
area of the web in which registered
Secure Search Web Instant Messaging users can safely store and retrieve
files, run applications, and look up
information that may not be
available to the public.
Clouds E-commerce Video Conferencing
A intranet is an information storage
and retrieval system that works on
the same technologies as the
internet does, but is private inside a
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certain company.
Different Types of Internet Connections
Digital Subscriber ▸ This service is delivered through the phone landline, but the
Line (DSL) phone is available to the user to make calls even when
he/she is connected to the internet. DSL is a form of
broadband communication, which may use phone lines or
fiber-optic cables for transmission.
Cable ▸ This is another type of broadband service and it is relatively

fast: the users may go through local cable company to get
internet service via the cable that brings TV programming
rather than the phone line.
Satellite ▸ Satellite internet providers require users to install a satellite

disk. Dish and comcast are two providers of satellite
connections. 42
Wireless Hotspots ▸ If the user is in range of a hotspot to which he/she can

piggyback on a connection somebody else has made, a
wireless-enabled device (e.g. laptop, smartphone, tablet,
etc.) usually finds the connection automatically, making
internet service available for free or for a fee.
Cellphone Networks ▸ If the users use a smartphone to connect to the internet,

he/she can access the internet through the phone provider’s
3G or 4G network. Some tablets also can connect this way,
and the users can buy add-on devices that allow other
computers to use a cell phone network too. And if the user
needs Wi-Fi access for other devices where there is no
wireless hotspot, he/she may be able to create a temporary
wireless hotspot using the smartphone. 43
Dialup ▸ This is the slowest connection method. With a dialup

connection, the users use a dialup modem to connect to an
internet service provider using home phone line. With this
type of connection, user cannot use a phone line for phone
calls while he/she is connected to the internet.
Broadband ▸ Broadband services typically offer different plans that provide

different access speeds. Depending on the type of
connection, users will need different hardware: 1) a broadband
connection such as cable or DSL requires a broadband modem designed for that
type of service and a cable TV or telephone line, or 2) if the user needs to use
dialup service, he/she needs a dialup modem and a telephone line – some
computers have a built-in dialup modem (sometimes called a telephony modem);
users can also buy them separately.
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3G vs. Wi-Fi
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Choosing an Internet Provider
▸ Speed
▸ Price
▸ Ease of installation
▸ Service record
▸ Technical support
▸ Contract Terms
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Types of Computer Network
▸ A computer network is a cluster of computers over a shared

communication path that work for the purpose of sharing
resources from one computer to another, provided by or located
on the network nodes.
Some of the uses of computer networks are the following:

1. Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, etc.
2. Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
3. Sharing files
4. Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems
5. Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information 47
Personal Area Network (PAN)

▸ PAN is the most basic type of computer network: this network is restrained to a
single person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centered
only to an individual’s work space.
▸ PAN offers a network range of 10 meters from a person to the device providing
communication.
Examples: USB, computer,

phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
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Local Area Network (LAN)

▸ A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance.
▸ A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected over a server. The two
important technologies involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi.
Examples: networking in a home,

school, library, laboratory,
college, office, etc.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)

▸ WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large
geographical distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained to
a single location but extends over many locations.
▸ WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks that communicate with
each other.
Example: the internet
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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

▸ WLAN is a type of computer network that acts as a local area network but makes
use of wireless network technology like Wi-Fi.
▸ This network doesn’t allow devices communicating over physical cables like in
LAN, but allows devices to communicate wirelessly.
Example: Wi-Fi/Wireless Fidelity
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Campus Area Network (CAN)

▸ CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. This is a type of computer
network which is usually used in places like a school or college.
▸ This network covers a limited geographical area that is, it spreads across several
buildings within the campus.
Examples: networks that cover

schools, colleges, buildings, etc.
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

▸ A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer
network that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared
communication path over a city, town or metropolitan area.
Examples: networking in towns,

cities, a single large city, large
area within multiple buildings, etc.
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Storage Area Network (SAN)

▸ This is a type of computer network that is high speed and connects groups of
storage devices to several servers. This network does not depend on LAN or
WAN, instead, a SAN moves the storage resources from the network to its own
high-powered network.
▸ A SAN provides access to block-level data storage.
Example: a network of disks

accessed by a network of servers
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System Area Network (SYAN)

▸ A SYAN is a type of computer network that connects a cluster of high performance
computers. It is a connection-oriented and high bandwidth network.
▸ A SYAN is a type of LAN that handles high amounts of information in large
requests. This network is useful for processing applications that require high
network performance.
Example: Microsoft SQL Server

2005 uses SAN through virtual
interface adapter.
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Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

▸ This is a type of computer network which is an alternative to a LAN. POLAN uses
optical splitters to split an optical signal from a single strand of single mode optical
fiber to multiple signals to distribute users and devices.
▸ POLAN is a point to multipoint LAN architecture.
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Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

▸ EPN is a type of computer network mostly used by businesses that want a secure
connection over various locations to share computer resources.
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)

▸ A VPN is a type of computer network that extends a private network across the
internet and lets the user send and receive data as if they were connected to a
private network even though they are not. Through a virtual point to point
connection users can access a private network remotely.
▸ VPN protects users from malicious sources by operating as a medium that gives
them protected network connection.
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Internet Applications
▸ An internet application is an interactive, compiled application that can

be accessed through a corporate or through the Internet. These can
perform complex business processes on either the client or the server.
▸ The application uses the internet protocol (IP) to receive requests from a
client, typically a web browser, process associated code, and return data
to the browser.
1. World Wide Web (WWW)
2. Electronic Mail (Email)
3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
4. Search Engine
5. Video Conferencing
6. E-commerce 59
The Internet of
Things (IoT)
Internet of Things (IoT)
▪ The Internet of Things (IoT) is a
system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical
and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are
provided with unique identifiers
(UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-
human or human-to-computer
interaction.
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▸ A thing in the IoT can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in
sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural
or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and is able to
transfer data over a network.
▸ IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people,
systems and other applications to collect and share data.
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▸ The IoT is a giant network of connected "things“, which also includes
people. The relationship will be between people-people, people-things,
and things-things.
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Why IoT?
▸ Organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more efficiently,
better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve
decision-making and increase the value of the business.
▸ Just about anything with network connectivity belongs to the IoT, from security
cameras and speakers to smart watches and denim jackets. In the smart home,
these internet-enabled gadgets liberate us from our chores, give us back some of
our time, and add a dash of novelty to ordinary experiences.
▸ The real promise of the internet of things is making our physical surroundings
accessible to our digital computers, putting sensors on everything in the world and
translating it into a digital format.
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Why IoT?
▸ Internet-connected objects could be the key to
unlocking predictions about everything from
consumer behavior to climate events.
▸ Depending on who you ask, the growing internet of
things either represents the promise of technology —
the thing that will reinvent modern life as we know it
— or that which will be our technological undoing.
66
How does IoT work?
▸ An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded
systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect,
send and act on data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share
the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge
device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
▸ Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on
the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work
without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices – for
instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
▸ The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these
web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.
67
How does IoT work?
▸ IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to
aid in making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.
▸ Depending on who you ask, the growing internet
of things either represents the promise of
technology — the thing that will reinvent modern
life as we know it — or that which will be our
technological undoing.
68
Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends
Artificial Intelligence The Shift from Intelligent Edge to Trusted Hardware and
Intelligent Mesh Operating System
Social, Legal and IoT Governance Novel IoT User New Wireless Networking
Ethical IoT Experiences Technologies for IoT
Infonomics and Sensor Innovation Silicon Chip

Data Broking Innovation
69
Advantages of IoT
IoT offers a number of benefits to individuals/organizations:
1. Improve engagement and experience – Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to
achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
2. Technology optimization – The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a
world of critical functional and field data.
3. Reduced waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial
insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management of resources.
4. Enhanced data collection – Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for
passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to
analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
70
Disadvantages of IoT
IoT is confronted with some challenges such as:
1. Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks.
The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds
of attackers.
2. Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the
user's active participation.
3. Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance
given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
4. Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations.
Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard
software compliance a battle.
71
Securing IoT Devices
Authentication – IoT devices Network Enforced Policy –

connecting to the network create a controls all elements that route
trust relationship, based on and transport endpoint traffic
validated identity through securely over the network through
mechanisms such as: passwords, established security protocols.
tokens, biometrics, RFID, X.509
digital certificate, shared secret, or
endpoint MAC address.
Authorization – a trust Secure Analytics/Visibility and

relationship is established based Control – provides reconnaissance,
on authentication and threat detection, and threat
authorization of a device that mitigation for all elements that
determines what information can aggregate and correlate information.
be accessed and shared.
Some Web and
Internet Terminologies
▸ Bandwidth: is the amount of data that can travel through a
Terminologies ▸
communications circuit in one second.
Browse: the process of moving through a web site or surfing the net, using
a web browser and clicking on a variety of hyperlinks.
▸ Circuit Switching: centrally controlled, single-connection method where

all data travel along a single path between sender and receiver.
▸ Content: the textual and graphical information contained in a website; it

also refers to the structure and design in which the information is
presented.
▸ Domain Name: the address or URL of a particular website; it is the text

name corresponding to the numeric IP address of a computer on the
internet.
▸ Download: to download is when user receives data over the internet.
▸ Email: electronic mail; is a way to send and receive messages across the
internet.
▸ Encryption: is the mathematical scrambling of data so that it is hidden
Terminologies from eavesdroppers; it uses complex math formulas to turn private data
into meaningless gobbledygook that only trusted readers can unscramble.
▸ FAQ: short for Frequently Asked Question, is an online document that

poses a series of common questions and answers on a specific topic.
▸ Graphical User Interface: is a way of presenting program output using

pictures, icons, and other graphical elements instead of just displaying text.
▸ Hyperlink: a contraction of hypertext link which points to another location

in the same or another HTML document.
▸ Hypertext Markup Language: is a language that includes a set of codes

or tags attached to text; these codes describe the relationships among text
elements.
▸ Hypertext Transfer Protocol: the data communication standard for web

pages.
▸ Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure: commonly known as HTTPS; this
Terminologies indicates that the web page has a special layer of encryption added to hide
the user’s personal information and passwords from others.
▸ Home Page: the first page or front page of a website; it serves as the
starting point for navigation.
▸ Internet: is a large collection of computers all over the world that are
connected to one another in various ways.
▸ Navigation Bar: the set of directional tools presented on a website, or the

hyperlinked options that when clicked on take the user to other sections of
the site.
▸ Network Interface Card: is used to connect a computer to a network of

other computers.
▸ Network Operating Software: the software that runs on the server.
▸ Menu: a list of items a user an select; the term is loosely refers to any type
of drop-down menu, dialog box, check box, or list of options button that
appear on a website.
▸ Offline: this means disconnected, usually from the internet.
Terminologies ▸ Online: this means connected to the internet.
▸ Packet Switching: files and messages are broken down into packets that
are labeled electronically with codes for their origin and destination;
packets travel from computer to computer along the network until they
reach their destination.
▸ Plugin: a software program that extends the capabilities of the browser in

a specific way, giving the user, for example, the ability to play audio
samples or view movies on the computer screen.
▸ Search Engine: a specialized software, such as Yahoo and Google, that

lets web browser users search for information on the web by using
keywords or phrases.
▸ Server: is any computer that accepts requests from other computers that
are connected to it and shares some or all of its resources such as
printers, files, or programs, with those computers.
▸ Social Media: websites and apps that allow people to share comments,
Terminologies ▸
photos, and videos.
Uniform Resource Locator: the global of documents and other resources

on the web.
▸ Upload: to upload is to send data (a video, picture, text message, etc.)

from computer device to the rest of the internet.
▸ User: a term that defines the online audience; it also refers to anyone who
uses a computer.
▸ Web Bot: a term that applies to programs/applets (macros and intelligent

agents) used on the internet; such bots perform a repetitive function such
as posting messages to multiple newgroups or doing searches for
information.
▸ Web Browser: is a software that lets user read HTML documents and
move one HTML document to another.
▸ Webpage: a single HTML file that contains text and images, is part of a
Terminologies ▸
website, and has an individual file name assigned to it.
Website: a place on the internet or world wide web; it refers to a body of

information as a whole for a particular domain name.
▸ World Wide Web: a system of internet servers that supports specially

formatted documents.

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GE ELECT 3 – Living in the IT Era | 1st Sem, AY 2022-2023

College of Arts and Sciences | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Unit 4. The World Wide

EJAY F. BARCINILLA, LPT

► Hypertext Transfer Protocol allows HTML documents to be requested and

Hypermedia, ► On the Internet, the multimedia capability is available in a form called

▪ Navigating effectively through millions of web pages requires skill in

▪ It allowed people to share their work and thoughts through social

▪ It has made information in any form available in a

▪ Through the web, users can sell online and boost

▪ Online resources are readily available. Users can

► Web 1.0 | Read-only Static Web: Four design essentials include…

► Web 2.0 | Read-write Interactive Web: Web 2.0 refers to worldwide

► Web 2.0 | Read-write Interactive Web: Key features include…

► Web 3.0 | Read-write Intelligent Web: In this third generation of web,

► Web 3.0 | Read-write Intelligent Web: Main features include…

► Web 4.0 | Symbiotic Web: Salient characteristics include…

► Web 5.0 | Telepathic Web: Web 5.0 is the introduction of a new

► Web 5.0 | Telepathic Web: Some developments include…

► Dynamic: A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself

▸ Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via

▸ The internet is a global network connecting millions of computers.

▸ What makes the internet successful is the concept of packet switching.

The world wide web is a virtual

▸ Finding/Sharing Information Online

▪ The internet has become a vital part of

1965 ▸ Leonard Kleinrock convince Lawrence Roberts of the theoretical feasibility

1981 ▸ Metcalfe’s company 3Com announces Ethernet products for both

1982 ▸ The PhoneNet system is established and is connected to ARPANET and

1985 ▸ The first domain is registered: symbolics.com, a domain belonging to a

1990 ▸ The ARPANET is decommissioned. Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues

1996 ▸ The Congress passes the Communications Decency Act in an effort

1998 ▸ Google is founded.

Cable ▸ This is another type of broadband service and it is relatively

Satellite ▸ Satellite internet providers require users to install a satellite

Wireless Hotspots ▸ If the user is in range of a hotspot to which he/she can

Cellphone Networks ▸ If the users use a smartphone to connect to the internet,

Dialup ▸ This is the slowest connection method. With a dialup

Broadband ▸ Broadband services typically offer different plans that provide

▸ A computer network is a cluster of computers over a shared

Some of the uses of computer networks are the following:

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Examples: USB, computer,

Local Area Network (LAN)

Examples: networking in a home,

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Example: the internet

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Example: Wi-Fi/Wireless Fidelity

Campus Area Network (CAN)

Examples: networks that cover

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Examples: networking in towns,

Storage Area Network (SAN)

Example: a network of disks

System Area Network (SYAN)

Example: Microsoft SQL Server

Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

▸ An internet application is an interactive, compiled application that can

Infonomics and Sensor Innovation Silicon Chip

Authentication – IoT devices Network Enforced Policy –