2019 JAN no.

18
Cyclotron

The time between accelerating region is shorter.

Adjacent drift tubes have opposite potentials ( polarity ).
There is electric field in the gaps So, it is possible to reach high speed with a shorter linac.
This exerts a force on the protons and causes acceleration.
While the protons are travelling through a particular drift tube,
the polarity reverses.
So that once they reach the next gap they are again accelerated down the linac.
2018 OCT no.13

At the start of the drift tubes the electron is accelerated by synchronised alternating Total momentum before collision is zero.
potentials from one tube to next.
Momentum is conserved. So, the total momentum for colliding particles after collision is zero.
At the other end, the speed of electron is near the speed of light.
This allows all the energy is used to create new particles.
Additional energy increases the mass of electron.
For this case total KE before collision is greater and particles of greater mass can be created.
Speed is constant and time taken to pass through each drift is constant.

So, length must be constant.

2018 JUNE no.15

The total momentum is zero for before head on collision.

Momentum is conserved.
So, total momentum after collision is zero and the particles may not move after collision.
All KE goes to the creation of particles.
By the equation E = mc2, greater mass can be created.

By the equation t = pm / BQ, time is independent of radius.

So, alternating potential difference of constant frequency is applied to the dees.

When proton is travelling in opposite direction, the direction of electric field

must reverse to increase the speed.

So, alternating potential difference must be used.

4.

2021 JAN

Charged particles are accelerated in the electric field in the gap between dees.

Magnetic field is perpendicular to velocity of particles.

Magnetic force on particles perpendicular to velocity.

Particles experience centripetal force so they undergo circular motion.

Within the dees, the charged particle travel along a semicircular path.

Alternating potential difference between dees changes direction while particle in dees.

Charge particle is accelerated by electric field between dees.

Due to electric field in correct direction the electric force on particle causes the increasing speed.