BCS2223 Chapter 1 Part 2 - Evolution of The Major

26-May-22
BCS2223 PROGRAMMING
PARADIGM
Rusdi Md Aminuddin
Associate Professor
T: +603 8689 7518 F: +603 8800 7111
E: : rusdi.aminuddin@unimy.edu.my
Toll Free: 1-300-88-5008 URL: http://www.unimy.edu.my
#FutureBeginsAtUNIMY
University Malaysia of Computer Science & Engineering
(UNIMY)
Blok 12, Star Central, Lingkaran Cyber Point Timur,
63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor.
Copyright 2022 Rusdi Md Aminuddin, Associate Professor, UNIMY BCS2223 PROGRAMMING PARADIGM Slide 1-‹#›
CHAPTER 2
Evolution of the Major
Programming
BCS2223 Languages
PROGRAMMING
PARADIGM
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Zuse’s Plankalkül – 1/3
Programming language that was never

implemented
Developed in 1945, its description was not
published until 1972
Its capabilities did not appear in other
languages until 15 years after its
development
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Zuse’s Plankalkül - 2/3
Historical Background
 Between 1936 and 1945, German scientist Konrad Zuse
built relays computers
 By early 1945, war had destroyed all but one of his latest
models, the Z4
 He moved to a remote Bavarian village and embarked
on an effort to develop a language for expressing
computations for the Z4
 Named this language plankalkül, which means program
calculus
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Zuse’s Plankalkül – 3/3
Language Overview
 Plankalkül was remarkably complete, with some of its most
advanced features in the area of data structures.
 Data type
 Single bit
 Integer and
 Floating-point type used twos-complement notation and
the “hidden bit” (scheme adopted this)
Arrays and records
 Iterative statement similar to the ada for with fin to exit
 Selection statement, but it did not allow an else clause
 mathematical expressions
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Pseudocodes – 1/2
pseudocode is used here in a different sense

than its contemporary meaning
Pseudocodes is referring to a programming
languages developed and used (the late
1940s and early 1950s)
Reason because the machine was so hard to
program using primitive instruction
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Pseudocodes - 2/2
Some of this Pseudocodes developed

Short Code - developed by John Mauchly in 1949 for
the BINAC computer,, later was later transferred to a
UNIVAC I computer (the first US commercial
computer)
Speedcoding - system developed by John
Backus(1954) for the IBM 701 and later for UNIVAC
1107 computers of 1962
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The IBM 704 and Fortran
One of the greatest single advances in computing

came with the introduction of the IBM 704 in 1954, in
large measure because its capabilities
Prompted the development of FORTRAN
IBM 704 system, with both indexing and floating-
point instructions in hardware
Allowed scientific computation
Fortran capabilities come from many peoples’
works
Version of FORTRAN IV, 77, 90, 95, 2003, and 2008
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FORTRAN IV - Example
Copyright 2022 Rusdi Md Aminuddin, Associate Professor, UNIMY BCS2223 PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
Slide 1-‹#›
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Fortran 95 - Example
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Functional Programming: Lisp – 1/3
The first functional programming language was

invented to provide language features for list
processing
the need for which grew out of the first
applications in the area of artificial intelligence
(AI).
Two Descendants of Lisp
Scheme - emerged from MIT in the mid-1970s
Common Lisp - Common Lisp (Graham,1996) was
created in an effort to rectify the problem of a large
number of different dialects
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Functional Programming: Lisp - 2/3
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Functional Programming: Lisp - 3/3
Related Languages
ML (MetaLanguage; Ullman, 1998) was originally
designed in the 1980s by Robin Milner at the University
of Edinburgh
Miranda was developed by David Turner (1986) at the
University of Kent in Canterbury, England, in the early
1980s
Haskell (Hudak and Fasel, 1992), Caml (Cousineau et
al., 1998), OCaml (Smith, 2006),
F# supports both functional programming and
procedural programming
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The First Step Toward Sophistication: ALGOL 60 – 1/3
 ALGOL 60 strongly influenced subsequent programming

languages and is therefore of central importance in any
historical study of languages
 Historical Background
 ALGOL 60 was the result of efforts to design a universal programming
language for scientific applications
 Fortran had been published and became a reality in 1957, but to
machine dependents
 Demand of machine-independent languages by several major
computer user groups in the United States, including
 SHARE (the IBM scientific user group) and
 USE (UNIVAC Scientific Exchange (the large-scale UNIVAC scientific user
group
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Historical Background - continue

Computing Machinery (ACM) on May 10, 1957, form a
committee to study and recommend action to create a
machine-independent scientific programming language
FORTRAN can be a candidate, but it solely owned by IBM
GAMM (a German acronym for Society for Applied
Mathematics and Mechanics) had also formed a
committee to design one universal, machine-independent
algorithmic language
Joint committee formed US and European
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 Early Design Process

 GAMM and ACM each sent four members to the first design
meeting.
 Held in Zurich from May 27 to June 1, 1958,
 Began with the following goals for the new language:
• The syntax of the language should be as close as possible to
standard mathematical notation, and
• Programs written in it should be readable with little further
explanation.
• It should be possible to use the language for the description of
algorithms in printed publications.
• Programs in the new language must be mechanically
translatable into machine language.
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ALGOL 60 program - Example
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Computerizing Business Records: COBOL
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The Beginnings of Timesharing: Basic
Basic (Mather and Waite, 1971) is another

programming language that has enjoyed
widespread use but has gotten little respect.
Like COBOL, it has largely been ignored by computer
scientists.
Also, like COBOL, in its earliest versions it was
inelegant and included only a meager set of control
statements.
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Early Basic – Example 1
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Basic – Example 2
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History’s Largest Design Effort: Ada
The Ada language is the result of the most extensive

and expensive language design effort ever
undertaken
The Ada language was developed for the
Department of Defense (DoD)
So, the state of their computing environment was
instrumental in determining its form.
By 1974, over half of the applications of computers in
DoD were embedded systems
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History’s Largest Design Effort: Ada
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Everything for Everybody: PL/I
PL/I represents the first large-scale attempt to design

a language that could be used for a broad spectrum
of application areas.
All previous and most subsequent languages have
focused on one particular application area, such as
science,
artificial intelligence, or
business.
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Two Early Dynamic Languages: APL and SNOBOL
 In appearance and in purpose, APL and SNOBOL are quite

different from other languages
 They share two fundamental characteristics,
 Dynamic typing
 Variables in both languages are essentially untyped
 A variable acquires a type when it is assigned a value
 Dynamic storage allocation.
 Storage is allocated to a variable only when it is assigned a value
 There is no way to know the amount of storage that will be needed
 Was intended to be a vehicle for describing computer

architecture
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Programming Based on Logic: Prolog
logic programming is the use of a formal logic

notation to communicate computational processes
to a computer.
Predicate calculus is the notation used in current
logic programming languages.
Used in Artificial Intelligent
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Other Languages
 Object-Oriented Programming: Smalltalk
 Combining Imperative and Object-Oriented Features: C++
 An Imperative-Based Object-Oriented Language: Java
 Scripting Languages
 Perl
 JavaScript
 PHP
 Python
 Ruby
 Lua
 The Flagship .NET Language: C#
 Markup-Programming Hybrid Languages: XSLT, JSP,
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Genealogy of common high-level programming languages
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26-May-22

Programming language that was never

pseudocode is used here in a different sense

Some of this Pseudocodes developed

One of the greatest single advances in computing

The first functional programming language was

 ALGOL 60 strongly influenced subsequent programming

Historical Background - continue

 Early Design Process

Basic (Mather and Waite, 1971) is another

The Ada language is the result of the most extensive

PL/I represents the first large-scale attempt to design

 In appearance and in purpose, APL and SNOBOL are quite

 Was intended to be a vehicle for describing computer

logic programming is the use of a formal logic

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