Microbes in Human (d) Pteridium

welfare 7. Which of the following is pair of

biofertilizers?
1. Which one thing is not true about (a) Azolla and BGA
antibiotics? (b) Nostoc and legumes
(a) The term ―antibiotic‖ was coined by (c) Rhizobium and grasses
Selman Waksman in 1942 (d) Salmonella and E. coli
(b) First antibiotic was discovered by
Alexander Flemming
8. Two microbes found to be very useful
(c) Each antibiotic is effective only against
in genetic engineering are
one particular kind of germ
(a) Vibrio cholera and a tailed bacteriophage
(d) Some persons can be allergic to a
(b) Diplococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.
particular antibiotic
(c) Crow gall bacterium and Caenorhabditis
elegans
2. Which of the following is likely to be (d) Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium
achieved in the coming two decades?
(a) A complete understanding of the 9. Probiotics are
brainmindinteraction (a) cancer inducing microbes
(b) Control of cancer (b) new kind of food allergens
(c) Correction of genetic basis of diabetes (c) live microbial food supplement
(d) safe antibiotics
mellitus
(d) Production of biodegradable plastic
10. Which one of the following pairs is
rather than cellulose by higher plants wrongly matched?
(a) Yeast - ethanol
(b) Streptomycetes - antibiotic
3. Gobar gas contains mainly
(c) Coliforms - vinegar
(a) CH4 + CO2
(d) Methanogens - gobar gas.
(b) CH4 + O2
(c) CO2 + H2 11. Trichoderma harzianum has proved a
(d) CO2 + SO2 useful microorganism for
(a) bioremediation of contaminated soils
(b) reclamation of wastelands
4. Which one of the following is
(c) gene transfer in higher plants
nonsymbioticbiofertilizer? (d) biological control of soil-borne plant
(a) Azotobacter pathogens
(b) Anabaena
(c) Rhizobium 12. Human insulin is being commercially
(d) VAM. produced from a transgenic species of
(a) Escherichia
(b) Mycobacterium
5. Farmers have reported over 50% (c) Rhizobium
higher yields of rice by using the (d) Saccharomyces
biofertilizer
(a) Azollapinnata 13. Cryl endotoxins obtained from
(b) Cyanobacteria Bacillus thuringiensis are effective
(c) Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis against
(d) Mycorrhiza (a) mosquitoes
(b) flies
(c) nematodes
6. The aquatic fern, which is an (d) boll worms
excellent biofertiliseris
(a) Azolla 14. A common biocontrol agent for the
(b) Salvinia control of plant diseases is
(c) Marsilia (a) Baculovirus
(b) Bacillus thuringiensis
(c) Glomus (d) blood cholesterol lowering statins
(d) Trichoderma
22. A patient brought to a hospital with
15. The common nitrogen fixer in paddy myocardial infarction is normally
fields is immediately given:
(a) Rhizobium (a) Penicillin
(b) Azospirillum (b) Streptokinase
(c) Oscillatoria (c) Cyclosporin-A
(d) Frankia (d) Statins

16. Which one of the following is not 23. Which one of the following microbes
used in organic farming? forms symbiotic association with plants
(a) Glomus and helps them in their nutrition
(b) Earthworm (a) Azotobacter
(c) Oscillatoria (b) Aspergillus
(d) Snail (c) Glomus
(d) Trichoderma
17. An organism used as a biofertilizer
for raising soyabean crops is 24. Yeast is used in the production of
(a) Azotobacter (a) Citric acid and lactic acid
(b) Azospirillum (b) Lipase and pectinase
(c) Rhizobium (c) Bread and beer
(d) Nostoc (d) Cheese and butter

18. Which one of the following help in
absorption of phosphorus from soil by
plants?
(a) Glomus
(b) Rhizobium
(c) Frankia
(d) Anabaena
19. Read the following statement having
two blanks (A and B): ―A drug used for ---
----- (A) -------- patients is obtained from a
species of the organism -------- (B) --------.‖
The one correct option for the two
blanks is Blank - A Blank - B
(a) Heart -- Penicillium
(b) Organ-transplant -- Trichoderma
(c) Swine flu -- Monascus
(d) AIDS -- Pseudomonas
25. A nitrogen-fixing microbe associated
with Azolla in rice fields is:
(a) Spirulina
(b) Anabaena
(c) Frankia
(d) Tolypothrix
26. Which one of the following is an
example of carrying out biological
control of pests/ diseases using
microbes?
(a) Trichoderma sp. against certain plant
pathogens
(b) Nucleopolyhedrovirus against white rust
in Brassica
(c) Bt - cotton to increase cotton yield
(d) Lady bird beetle against aphids in
mustard

20. Which one of the following is a 27. Maximum nutritional diversity is

wrong matching of a microbe and its found in the group.
industrial product, while the remaining (a) Fungi
three are correct? (b) Animalia
(a) Yeast - statins (c) Monera
(b) Acetobacteraceti - acid (d) Plantae
(c) Clostridium butylicum - lactic acid
(d) Aspergillus niger - citric acid 28. In gobar gas, the maximum amount
is that of
21. Monascuspurpureus is a yeast used (a) butane
commercially in the production of: (b) methane
(a) ethanol (c) propane
(b) streptokinase for removing clots from (d) carbon dioxide
the blood vessels.
(c) Citric acid 29. The domestic sewage in large cities
(a) has a high BOD as it contains both
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
(b) is processed by aerobic and then
anaerobic bacteria in the secondary
treatment in sewage Treatment Plants
(c) when treated in STPs does not really
require the aeration step as the sewage
contains adequate oxygen.
(d) has very high amounts of suspended
solids and dissolved salts.
30. During sewage treatment, biogases
are produced which include:
(a) methane, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide
(b) hydrogen sulphide, methane, sulphur
dioxide
(c) hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, methane
(d) methane, hydrogen sulphide, carbon
dioxide
37. The guts of cow and buffalo possess
(a) Fucus sp
(d) Chlorella sp
(c) Methanogens
(d) Cyanobacteria
38. The free-living fungus Trichoderma can
be used for
(a) killing insects
(b) producing antibiotics
(c) biological control of plant diseases
(d) controlling butterfly caterpillars
39. What gases are produced in anaerobic
sludge digesters?
(a) Methane and CO2 only
(b) Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and CO2
(c) Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and O2
(d) Hydrogen sulphide and CO2

31. A good producer of citric acid is: 40. Which fungus is useful to prepare
(a) Pseudomonas bread ? 
(b) Clostridium (a) Rhizopus nigricans 
(c) Saccharomyces (b) Saecharhomyces Cerrevisiae 
(d) Aspergillus (c) Clostridium Butirycum 
(d) Asper Gillus Niger
32. Microbe used for biocontrol of pest
butterfly caterpillars is 41. Consider the following four statements (A
(a) Trichoderma sp. D) and select the option which includes all
(b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae the correct ones only.
(c) Bacillus thuringiensis (A) Single cell Spirulina can produce large
(d) Streptococcus sp. quantities of food rich in protein, minerals,
vitamins, etc.
33. Which metabolic process is performed by (B) Body weightwise the microorganism
bectaria in bio gas plant ?  Methylophilus methylotrophus may be able
(a) Aerobic Respiration  to produce several times more proteins than
(b) Cellular Respiration  the cows per day.
(c) Anerobic Respiration  (C) Common button mushrooms are a very
(d) Internal Respiration rich source of vitamin C.
(D) A rice variety has been developed which
34. Which of the following in sewage is very rich in calcium.
treatment removes suspended solids? (a) Statement (B), (C) and (D)
(a) Tertiary treatment (b) Statements (C) and (D)
(b) Secondary treatment (c) Statements (A), (C) and (D)
(c) Primary treatment (d) Statement (A) and (B)
(d) Sludge treatment
42. Which one of the following is an example
35. infarction is normally immediately given: of carrying out biological control of
(a) Cyclosporin-A pests/diseases using microbes?
(b) Statins (a) Trichoderma sp. against certain plant
(c) Penicillin pathogens.
(d) Streptokinase (b) Nucleopolyhedrovirus against white rust
in Brassica.
36.Bio fertilizer means......  (c) Btcotton to increase cotton yield.
(a) Crop which shows rapid growth  (d) Lady bird beetle against aphids in
(b) Cow dung and agricultural west mustard.
(c) prepared by Anabaena and Nostoc 
(d) None of them 43.Which bacteria is useful for purification
in sewage treatment ? 
(a) Hetrotrops  (c) The centre of flocs will become anoxic,
(b) Symbiont  which would cause death of bacteria and
(c) Free living  eventually breakage of flocs.
(d) Parasist (d) Flocs would increase in size as anaerobic
bacteria would grow around flocs.
44. A nitrogenfixing microbe associated with
Azolla in rice fields is 50. Which one of the following statements is
(a) Frankia correct?
(b) Tolypothrix (a) Legumes fix nitrogen only through
(c) Spirulina specialized bacteria that live in their leaves.
(d) Anabaena (b) Legumes fix nitrogen only through the
specialized bacteria that live in their roots.
45. Which of the following microorganisms is (c) Legumes fix nitrogen independently of the
used for production of citric acid in specialized bacteria that live in their roots.
industries? (d) Legumes are incapable of fixing nitrogen
(a) Lactobacillus bulgaris
(b) Aspergillus niger 51. Which of the following is mainly
(c) Rhizopus nigricans produced by the activity of anaerobic
(d) Penicillium citrinum bacteria on sewage?
(a) Mustard gas
46. By which process floating debris and grit (b) Marsh gas
are removed in STPs respectively ?  (c) Laughing gas
(a) Filteration and Sedimentation  (d) Propane
(b) Filteration and Distilation 
(c) Sedimentation and Filteration  52. Continuous addition of sugars in ‘fed
(d) Only Filteration batch’ fermentation is done to
(a) purify enzymes
47. Read the following four statements (AD). (b) degrade sewage
(A) Colostrum is recommended for the new (c) produce methane
born because it is rich in antigens. (d) obtain antibiotics
(B) Chikungunya is caused by a Gram
negative bacterium. 53. Select the mismatch :
(C) Tissue culture has proved useful in (a) Rhodospirillum - Mycorrhiza
obtaining virusfree plants. (b) Anabaena - Nitrogen fixer
(D) Beer is manufactured by distillation of (c) Rhizobium - Alfalfa
fermented grape juice (d) Frankia – Alnus
How many of the above statements are
wrong? 54. Which of the following in sewage
(a) Four treatment removes suspended solids ?
(b) Two (a) Secondary treatment
(c) One (b) Primary treatment
(d) Three (c) Sludge treatment
(d) Tertiary treatment
48. Formation of flocks means....  55. Which of the following is correctly
(a) Assoicated of virus with the bacteria matched for the product produced by them ?
remains in water  (a) Methanobacterium : Lactic acid
(b) Bactaria which associated with the (b) Penicillium notatum : Acetic acid
mychoriza of the fungus of water  (c) Sacchromyces cerevisiae : Ethanol
(c) Bactaria which associated with the (d) Acetobacter aceti : Antibiotics
mychorriza of the fungus of soil
(d) Bactaria which associated with the solid 56. Conversion of milk to curd improves its
waste of the water nutritional value by increasing the amount
of
49. What would happen if oxygen availability (a) Vitamin D
to activated sludge flocs is reduced? (b) Vitamin A
(a) It will slow down the rate of degradation (c) Vitamin E
of organic matter. (d) Vitamin B12
(b) Protozoa would grow in large numbers.
57. Which of the following is a commercial (d) Aspergillus niger (iv) Blood
blood cholesterol lowering agent? cholesterol lowering agent
(a) Cyclosporin A (a) (b) (c) (d)
(b) Statin (1) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(c) Streptokinase (2) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(d) Lipases (3) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(4) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
58. Select the correct group of biocontrol
agents. 63. DNA strands on a gel stained with
(a) Bacillus thuringiensis, Tobacco mosaic ethidium bromide when viewed under UV
virus, Aphids radiation, appear as
(b) Trichoderma, Baculovirus, Bacillus (1) Bright blue bands
thuringiensis (2) Yellow bands
(c) Oscillatoria, Rhizobium, Trichoderma (3) Bright orange bands
(d) Nostoc, Azospirillium, (4) Dark red bands
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
64. Mutations in plant cells can be induced
59.Match the following organisms with the by:
products they produce (a) Zeatin
(a) Lactobacillus (i) Cheese (b) Kinetin
(b) Saccharomyces (ii) Curd (c) Infrared rays
cerevisiae (d) Gamma rays
(c) Aspergillus niger (iii)Citric
Acid 65. Which of the following is not an objective
(d) Acetobacter aceti (iv) Bread of Biofortification in crops?
(v) Acetic Acid (a) Improve micronutrient and mineral
Select the correct option. content
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) Improve protein content
(1) (ii) (iv) (v) (iii) (c) Improve resistance to diseases
(2) (ii) (iv) (iii) (v) (d) Improve vitamin content
(3) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
(4) (ii) (i) (iii) (v) 66. Match List-I with List-II
List I List II
60. Which of the following can be used as a (a) Aspergillus niger (i) Acetic Acid
biocontrol agent in the treatment of plant (b) Acetobacter aceti (ii) Lactic Acid
disease? (c) Clostridium butylicum
(a) Trichoderma (iii) Citric Acid
(b) Chlorella (d) Lactobacillus (iv) Butyric Acid
(c) Anabaena
(d) Lactobacillus Choose the correct answer from the options
given below
61. Which of the following is put into (a) (b) (c) (d)
Anaerobic sludge digester for further sewage (1) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)
treatment? (2) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(a) Effluents of primary treatment (3) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(b) Activated sludge (4) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(c) Primary sludge
(d) Floating debris

62. Match the following columns and select

the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Clostridium (i) Cyclosporin-A
butylicum
(b) Trichoderma (ii) Butyric Acid
polysporum
(c) Monascus (iii)Citric Acid
purpureus

Solutions :
1.
Solution: (c)
'Each antibiotic is effective only against
one particular kind of germ' is not correct.
2.
Solution: (b)
Control of cancer is likely to be achieved in
the coming two decades.
3.
Solution: (a)
Gobar gas contains mainly CH4 + CO2.
4.
Solution: (a)
Azotobacter is a free living nitrogen fixing
bacterium, Rhizobium is symbiotic and
found in the root nodules of leguminous
plants, Anabaena occurs in assoction with
Azolla. VAM is vesicular arbuscular
mycorrhiza.
5.
Solution: (a)
Farmers have reported over 50% higher
yields of rice by using the biofertilizer
Azollapinnata.
6.
Solution: (a)
Azolla is a freshwater fern harbouring a
bluegreen alga - Anabaena in its leaf
cavities. The alga fixes atmospheric
nitrogen and releases nitrogenous
compounds in leaf cavities. This symbiotic
system is the main source of algal
biofertilizer in rice fields.
7.
Solution: (a)
Azolla and blue green algae- Anabaena
form biofertilizer in rice fields.
8.
Solution: (d)
Escherichia coli is a bacterium found in
human colon. On this bacterium scientists
have made extensive genetic experiments to
make some vital chemicals like insulin.
Another bacterium is Agrobacterium
tumefaciens which causes crown gall in
plants is extensively used for genetic
experiments.
9.
Solution: (c)
Probiotics are defined as live
microorganisms, including Lactobacillus
species, Bifidobacterium species and
yeasts, that may beneficially affect the host
upon ingestion by improving the balance of
the intestinal microflora. The dietary use of
live microorganisms has a long history.
10.
Solution: (c)
Coliforms are a broad class of bacteria
found in our environment, including the
feces of man and other warm-blooded
animals. The presence of coliform bacteria
in drinking water may indicate a possible
presence of harmful, diseasecausing
organisms.
11.
Solution: (d)
Trichoderma harzianum has proved a
useful microorganism for biological control
of soil borne plant pathogens. Trichoderma
harzianum is a fungus that is also used as
a fungicide. It is used for foliar application,
seed treatment and soil treatment for
suppression of various disease causing
fungal pathogens. Commercial
biotechnological products such as 3 Tac
have been useful for treatment of Botrytis,
Fusarium, Penicillium sp. It is also used for
manufacturing enzymes.
12.
Solution: (a)
Human insulin is being commercially
produced from a transgenic species of
Escherichia coli. E. coli is a bacterium that
is commonly found in the lower intestine of
warm blooded animals. The bacteria can
also be grown easily and its genetics are
comparatively simple and easily
manipulated, making it one of the best
studied prokaryotic model organisms, and
an important species in biotechnology.
13.
Solution: (d)
Cry I endotoxine obtained from Bacillus
thuringiensis are effective against
bollworms. A bollworm is a common term
for any larva of a moth that attacks the
fruiting bodies of certain crops, especially
cotton.
14.
Solution: (d)
A common biocontrol agent for control of
plant diseases is Trichoderma. Trichoderma
is a tree living fungus that exert biocontrol
over several plant pathogens for the control
of plant diseases. It is the natural method
of pest and pathogen control.
15.
Solution: (b)
The common nitrogen fixer in paddy field
is Azospirillum. It is an anaerobic bacteria
that forms loose association with roots of
paddy crops.
16.
Solution: (d)
Organic farming involves use of organic
wastes and other biological material along
with beneficial microbes to release
nutrients to crop to increase the soil
fertility in an ecofriendly, and pollution tree
environment. Glomus, earthworm and
Oscillatoria can be used in organic farming
while snail cannot.
17.
Solution: (c)
Rhizobium is a nitrogen fixing bacteria,
which acts as a biofertilizer in soil to
produce soyabean crops.
18.
Solution: (a)
Glomus aggregatum is a mycorrhizal
fungus used as a soil inoculant in
agriculture and horticulture. Its purpose is
to increase the surface area of roots for
nutrient absorption like phosphorus.
19.
Solution: (b)
Trichoderma is a species of filamentous
fungi. Cyclosporin A is immunosuppressive
drug obtained from Trichoderma and used
in organ transplantation.
20.
Solution: (c)
Clostridium butylicum industrially
produces butyric acid.
21.
Solution: (d)
Monascuspurpureus is a yeast used in
the production of statins which are used in
lowering blood cholestrol.
22.
Solution: (b)
Streptokinase is immediately given to
dissolve the thrombus carring myocardial
infarction
23.
Solution: (c)
Glomus is endomycorrhiza that helps in
absorption of nutrition specially
phosphorus from soil.
24.
Solution: (c)
Saccharomyces cervisiae is a yeast used in
making bread (Baker‘s yeast) and
commercial production of ethanol.
25.
Solution: (b)
Anabaena azollae resides in the leaf
cavities of the fern Anabaena. It fixes
nitrogen. A part of the fixed nitrogen is
excreted in the cavities and becomes
available to the fern. The decaying fern
plants release the same for utilization of
the rice plants.
26.
Solution: (a)
27.
Solution: (c)
28.
Solution: (b)
In gobar gas the maximum amount of
methane which is produced by
methanogenic bacteria. Gobar gas is a gas
mixture which is generated when organic
compounds are fermented in the absence of
air (anaerobic fermentation). Biogas
contains 50 – 70% methane, 30 – 40%
carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen,
hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. Methane
is a combustible gas, which means it can
be burned. It can be used as a fuel for
cooking and lighting.
29.
Solution: (b)
Sewage treatment is the process of
removing contaminants from wastewater
and household sewage, both runoff
(effluents) and domestic. It includes
physical, chemical, and biological processes
to remove physical, chemical and biological
contaminants. Sewage treatment generally
involves three stages, called primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment. It is
processed by aerobic and then anaerobic
bacteria in the secondary treatment in
Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs).
30.
Solution: (d)
The major component of biogas is methane
(about 50-68%) which is highly
inflammable. The other gases are carbon
dioxide (25 - 35%), hydrogen (1 - 5%),
nitrogen (2 - 7%), Oxygen (0 - 0.1%) and
rarely hydrogen sulfide. Biogas is a
―mixture of gases‖ produced from
degradable organic matter by the activity of
various anaerobic bacteria that offers a low
cost alternative for energy requirements.
31.
Solution: (d)
A good source of citric acid is Aspergillus
niger (a fungus). Apart from citric acid,
oxalic acid, gallic acid, gluconic acid are
extracted from fungus.
32.
Solution: (c)
Microbial biocontrol agent that can be
introduced in order to control butterfly
caterpillars is the bacteria Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt). They sprayed onto
vulnerable plants, where they eaten by the
insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, the
toxin is released and the larvae get killed.
The bacterial disease will kill the
caterpillars, but leave other insects
unharmed
33.
(c) Anaerobic digestion, or the decomposition
of organic matter by bacteria in the absence
of oxygen, occurs naturally in liquid manure
systems. Anaerobic bacteria transform
manure and other organic material
into biogas and a liquefied effluent during
the three stages of biogas production
34.
(c) In sewage treatment, suspended solids
are removed during primary treatment. It is
also known as physical treatment. It consists
of shredding, churning, screening and
sedimentation. Sequential filtration removes
floating and large suspended solids.
35.
(d) Streptokinase  is a thrombolytic
medication and enzyme. As a medication it is
used to break down clots in some cases of
myocardial infarction (heart attack),
pulmonary embolism, and arterial
thromboembolism. The type of heart attack it
is used in is an ST elevation myocardial
infarction.
36.
(c) prepared by Anabaena and Nostoc  niger or Candida sp. from different sources
37.
(c) Methanogens like Methanobacterium are
found in the rumen (a part of the stomach) of
cattle. A lot of cellulosic material is also
available in the rumen. In rumen, these
bacteria help in the breakdown of cellulose
and play an important role in nutrition of
cattle.
38.
(d) Trichoderma as biological control agents
have been widely used against many plant
pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi,
nematodes, and higher parasitic plants
39.
(b) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2 are
gases that are produced in anaerobic sludge
digesters. These gases are produced during
bio-gas production by the activity of bacteria
called methanogens.
40.
(b)Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also know as
baker's yeast, is an important ingredient
in bread, a food that has been considered a
staple of human life for thousands of years.
41.
(d) Both A and B
42.
(d) A biological control being developed for
use in the treatment of plant disease is the
fungus Trichoderma. Trichoderma species are
free living fungi that are very common in the
root ecosystems. They are effective biocontrol
agents of several plant pathogens.
43.
(a) Hetrotrops 
44.
(d) Azolla plays a very important role in rice
production. Azolla and its nitrogen-fixing
partner, Anabaena, have been used as green
manure to fertilize rice paddies and increase
production. With the help of Azolla, rice can
be grown year after year, several crops a
year, with little or no decline in productivity;
hence no rotation of crops is necessary.
45.
(b) Citric acid is the most important
organic acid produced in tonnage and is
extensively used in food and pharmaceutical
industries. It is  produced  mainly  by
submerged fermentation using Aspergillus
of carbohydrates, such as molasses and
starch based media.
46.
(a) Filteration and Sedimentation 
47.
(d)Colostrum is the first breast milk of
mother which contains antibodies
Chikungunya is a viral disease  transmitted
to humans by infected mosquitoes. It
is caused by the  chikungunya virus Beer is
manufactured by fermentation of barley malt
by yeast species.
48.
(b) Bactaria which associated with the
mychoriza of the fungus of water 
49.
(c) The center of flocs will become anoxic,
which would cause death of bacteria and
eventually breakage of flocs.
50.
(b) Legumes fix nitrogen only through the
specialized bacteria that live in their roots.

51.
(b) Marsh gas
52.
(a) Continuous addition of sugars in ‘fed
batch’ fermentation is done to purify
enzymes.
53 (a)
Rhodospirillum is a facultative anaerobe and
a free living nitrogen fixer. Mycorrhiza are
symbiotic association of fungi and higher
plant roots.
Anabaena is a genus of
filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as
plankton. They are known for nitrogen-
fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic
relationships with certain plants.
an effective way of improving nitrogen
fixation in alfalfa is to select for a favourable
combination of specific Rhizobium strains
and alfalfa cultivars.
Alnus is the most widely distributed
actinorrhizal plant genus that associates
with the Frankia alni species complex.
54. (b)
There are three main stages of the
wastewater treatment process, aptly known
as primary, secondary and tertiary water
treatment.
Secondary treatment is a treatment process
for wastewater to achieve a certain degree of
effluent quality by using a sewage treatment
plant with physical phase separation to
remove settleable solids and a biological
process to remove dissolved and suspended
organic compounds.  destroys the lining in their gut, and they
Primary treatment removes about 60 percent
of total suspended solids and about 35
percent of BOD.
The hydrolyzed sludge is passed through a
flash tank, where a sudden drop in pressure
causes cells to burst, and then to anaerobic
digestion, where bacteria convert dissolved
organic matter to biogas (which can be used
to fuel the treatment process).
Tertiary treatment is the final cleaning
process that improves wastewater quality
before it is reused, recycled or discharged to
the environment. The treatment removes
remaining inorganic compounds, and
substances, such as the nitrogen and
phosphorus.
55. (c)
S. cerevisiae is the most employed yeast for
ethanol production at industrial level though
ethanol is produced by an array of other
yeasts, bacteria, and fungi.
56 (d)
Lactobacillus species is reason to conversion
of milk into curd. This bacteria helps in
increasing nutrition value of B12
57 (b)
Statins are a class of drugs often prescribed
by doctors to help lower cholesterol levels in
the blood. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA
reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-
lowering medications that reduce illness and
mortality in those who are at high risk of
cardiovascular disease.
58 (b)
Biocontrol refers to the use of biological
methods for controlling plant diseases and
pests. Chemicals, insecticides and pesticides
are extremely harmful to human beings and
also these pollute our environment.
Fungs Trichoderma, Baculoviruses (NPV)
and Bacillus thuringiensis are used as
biocontrol agents.
Trichoderma  are the most widely used
fungal biocontrol agents against fungal
diseases of pulses, grapes, cotton, onion,
carrot, peas, plums, maize, apple, etc.
Baculoviruses are insect pathogenic viruses
that are used for pest insect control and as
tools to produce recombinant proteins.
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is a natural
spore-forming bacterium that occurs in soils
everywhere. When larvae ingest B.t., it
stop feeding and die within days.
59(1)
Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria .
The Lactobacillus bacteria grow on lactose
and produce lactic acid as a byproduct of
fermentation.
Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that
includes many species of yeasts. bakers use
a specific type of yeast, known
as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or “sugar-
eating fungus”. Although small, this species
of yeast is very strong and capable of
fermentation, which is the process that
causes bread dough to rise.
60(a)
Trichoderma spp. are the most widely used
fungal biocontrol agents against fungal
diseases of pulses, grapes, cotton, onion,
carrot, peas, plums, maize, apple, etc.
61(b)
The activated sludge process is a type
of wastewater treatment process for
treating sewage or industrial
wastewaters using aeration and a
biological floc composed of bacteria
and protozoa.

62 (4)
(a) Clostridium butylicum — Butyric acid
(b) Trichoderma polysporum — Cyclosporin-
A
(c) Monascus purpureus — Blood cholesterol
lowering agent
(d) Aspergillus niger — Citric acid

63(c)
After the bands are stained, they are viewed
in UV light. The bands appear bright orange
in colour. Ethidium bromide is the
intercalating agent that stacks in between
the nitrogenous bases.

64 (d) Gamma rays

65 (c) Biofortification improves vitamin

content, protein content and micronutrient
and mineral content. It does not create
resistance in plants against
diseases.

66 (2) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)