1. What are the natural characteristics of literature? Explain your answer!

 Entertaining
 Always up to date
 Universal
 Evolving
 Grasping the whole aspect of life
2. Mention some functions of literature!
 Social and political functions
 Provide a sense of national greatness
 Create feeling among the classes
 Replacement for religion
 The cultivating culture
 Called ‘cultural capital’
 Learning about literature gives strake in culture that may pay off in various ways
 Helping fit in with people of higher social status
 Ideological functions of literature
 Seducing readers into accepting the hierarchial arrangements of society
3. What is meant by Kuenzli as the norm-fulfilling and norm-breaking function of literature?
Literature supports, restates and reinforces the dominant cultural system and its values can be readers
remain passive. Literature violates and breaks the familiar social norms and codes  great works the
aesthetic. Quality of work consist in the defamiliarization and the automatization of familiar tradition
norms and codes
4. Explain in brief the extrinsic approaches to Literature according to Wellek and Austin!
 Biography
 Psychology
 Society
 ideas
5. What are the four elements in all literary theories according to M.H. Abrams?

6. Explain the four orientations of literary theories according to M.H. Abrams!