A : .

Ctu ) = # m
say = 2×157
10-14 5×10-7
Ht OH
Y o
-
-

I t
H2o = =

xty y -2¥
-
' b
①
K=i5xl=fHcD
③ ty ) y lo -

x =

6.7=7 03
lug @ ty )
-

dog 10-7 log 2=-1042×10-7

-

= - -

pH 7th # Loya)
-

sBtw ¥no@ kaT

Stronger pH #
Hw > It x H2
> Hy )

on : .

O
EE 's"
'
* tattoo
 KAM =o -001M

pH=7tI( phatlogao]
✓ 8=7 ttzfpka pka 5
]
-

-
z

ka=
②: -

wB logo D
tzfpkst
-

3.3=7
If pllbteogao]
-

PH 7-
-

(7-3.3)×2
-

flogkyteogoz)
-

dog Fy= lot

) (4-0.3)×2
0.8×10-8=8×10-9
log -)= =3 ( Ioglo
" -

dog D
↳
21091¥ )
=
-
=

②÷
sBt⑦
kn=k⑤ea )
L-fth-LI.se -_J¥T=Js4
ttzf←=8③
Go

pH=7tI[ 5 -

lolcat log to-4--7

Q: -

3=0-48
A B C D log
Salthydrolysisi
① Complete salt : -

-e¥= NaCl , CHZCOO Na ,

N Hull , 2242
Naz coz etc

② Incomplete Salt : .

In

NaHC03gNaHzP0y.NazHP0yZn@HI4etc.I
tydrolysisofcompalt.no
Saltofmonoproticttcidomdmonohydroxybaseao
SaltsgSAandSB
Nata
-

Ha t NaOH -2 t H2O

⑧ ④ Xx
x -

"
Neutral Sol pH
-

-
7

hydrolysis X
⑧ :

HCl t BOH I BET t H2O

⑧ ④ ✓ £
BU t H2O # BOH t CHU
Ao
Bt t
4- t H2O -2 BOH t Htt 4-
 Bt t H2O # BOH t Ht
a-

Ceo
¥=¥ Kb ) ven
Cnet Ionic
)
Epn

Ao Cl -
L ) Aod Aod

'

Sj Elo ✓ 4- a) =/

cttI=J
4177¥ -

log # t] =
-

{ flog khtlogao)

ptt-7-tzlpkbtlogaogzosaltgwn-ands.rs#
HA t NaOH → Nath t Heo

who ⑧ ✓ ←
X -

NAA t Hao -
T
NaOH t HA
Aom

Matt A
-

t HLO # Naftali THA

A H2O # HA
-

t t OH
-

a.
"=¥aTEa④ven ,

do @ 2) aod add

@
'

It Elo v C- e) II
 @H7=j
@ HT =Jt¥ao

plt-7tzfpkatloqa.TW
④ saltofwn-andWB.ie
B' A
' '

HA t BOH - t H2O

⑤ ④ ✓←
✓ r

Bt A Bolt
-

t H2O # t HA
Ao

EMIL
Net ionic
Kh
Bt A F- Bolt HA
-

t t H2o t

Ao Ao
God
Aof -

2) Clod -
L) God

#
kn=9s¥EnIfI¥i:
kn
ftp.gtt#xafttnyy.n.jCHt3coHT
-

kn=E÷
 @oaf
¥22
Kh
#
IT JEH
=
= =

yz

L=t÷ -

-
cont

9J C -
L ) at

L=J
Ka
HA #
-

Ht t A

ka
CdI¥=CHtIxao
-
-

Aod

(Ht ) ka
# Kath
= x
=

① Ka > Kb ka Fos CHA )

Note If
Kb for (Bolt )
pH & 7

Acidic
 9J teachers
pH 77

Basic

9J Ka =
Kb
pH =3 neutral

EI ka @ Hz COOH ) =
Kb (N Hu OH ) = 1.8×10-5
( Hz COON
Hy
Neutral pH =7

#
itoH7Pk

: :f÷÷f: ÷÷÷t:÷i: :÷
SA t SB
-
Itt] -
-
157M 7 -

in :
wat WB-

f- TY
fttlpka
-

Pkb)
F÷↳
⑧
, ,
Bubi too ht
,
O -
UM Sol "
of CHZCOOH is
Sol "
mixed
ka for
with 100 ml , 0.4M NaOH .

Y
Utz COOH is 2×10-5 ,
then calculate

⑨ Neutralization cont for the Mxn

② i .

CHU] -
- x m

Ht OH
-

t
H2O
&tY)×LY ) =
1514 -
①

67 7-03
⇐ ty )
=

log
=

log 157-1042
-

2×157
-

Icty =
> 2×10-7
0.5×157 2=1.5×15 M
= -

dog
Y -_ ,
-

H2O

Na0HtH@
HXHxH2H€
¥ THZ
→
Hw > HX > HY

Q : .

NuHEajka-kn-CEDsa9t@ahoJsio.s
w@ 0
,
Ltt 'T
--J xoµ
It 'II=j -2×155 m
② Salts involving polyprotic Acid or
polyhydroxy Base : .

HSA tt 3 NaOH → Nasa + 3h20

r
weak *
triprotic
Acid Aom

-3 kbiorkh , -
Z

A H2O # HA
-

t t OH

Cafta ) Z
kyzoskh ,
I -

Y) Cxtytz )
HLA
#
-

H2O
-

HA t t OH
-

(x -

Y) Kbzoskh, Cf -2) tytz)

Itza t H2O # HSA t OH
-
-

Cf -
Z ) Z ⇐ tytz )

given Kh 27kHz
,
>) Khs
x >> y >> Z
Kh , =L -
①
Clo x

}
* tytz
-

= x

x y x
khz Y ④
- = -

Y -

z e
y
Kh ,
XJ ④
= -

given Kai ,
Kaz ,
ka
,
for HSA

khz=④÷) @ HT -_ a

Elo't
Kha
CEE ) -
-
84¥)
Kh ,
=
@H7=Jo
Hydrolysisojtncompletesaltn.IE#HzAtNaoH
②

Nta HA
'

7€ t H2O

KI
×

,
& Kaz are given aom
Kaz
-2
-

# HA # Ht t A
Cao x
Y) ③ -2) X

Kh=CEaI
- -

H2O t OH
-

HLA
-

HA t ⇐

Cao -
x -

y) y Cy -
z )

Ht H2O
-

GH
t ⇐
X -
Z
Y -
Z

::÷÷÷:÷
GC -2 ) x
Kaz =
-
①
TE,

From .

egn ① ,
,

[Ht]#ka
pH=pkagpt
EI Matt
cuz pH = pkaitpkaz
2

Naz Hpoy pH = pkaztpka ,

EI -

ee Maltz Poy pH =
pkactpka
2

ee Naltzpoz pH =
7
tf ( pkatlogao]
±
Complete Salt

Brod :
10024,0 -

l M Solh
of HLCOS is added

with ① NaOH 4
separately loom , o -
l M

④ 200 ht
,
O -
I NaOH

calculate pH of Sol ? [ ha ,
= 4×10-7 )
-

$00
Kaz = 5×10

Solh Halos t NaOH d- Naltcoz t H2o

10mmol 10 mm oh
- lo bimah
-

pH =

pkaitzpkaz =7-Iog4-lo-lo
2
EE
7.85
④
-

Hzcoz t NaOH =
Halt coz t H2O

10 20
-

lo mmoh to mmoh

Halt cos t NaOH # Narcos 1- H2o

X ✓
LO lo mmoh

-
-
lo mmoh

ao=z÷= Tom
 430M
=\ OH
-

# ( 05 H2O HCOJ
-

t t

Jo -

x
kn=f¥a ) ,
x x

kn =

}oj÷o =

Y Yik
-3
lo

I 153
151 =
§×l53 ←

5×130
EH J
-
-

Jtf =

IS
POH =

I [ St logis) pH =lo

Buftersohitioni
① Mixed
-
Butter : .

⑨ Acidictfultersoution .

to mole
EI HA to ¥⑧ ratio
-

t A

↳A C. B

EI :

CHGCOOH t Cltgcoo
'

It 203 t HC 05 ✓

HCN kN
-

t ✓

a X
-

Ha t
pttcakulationi -

Ka
# HA Ht t A
-

Ka =
CHICHI
CHAT
a

att ] =

kaxq.HN#y=spH--pkatlogL7I.
# Handers on Egm

B.nl/eraction:-
ee HA A
-

[
HA

OH
-

A
-
c- Ht
p¥pkateoyf
② Addition of Base : -

HA A
-

to H
-

→ t H2O
C, Co Cz

⇐ -
co
)
-

@ tco )

pHz= pka
t
dog )
③ EEE : -

HA TT A Ht
-

C Cz Co
,
 @ it Co ) (Cz -
Co )
-

pH,= pka t
dog .
)
prob :

⇐
Identify the
buffer solution from the
following .

⑧ 0.5 mole CHZCOOH t I mall

413001¥
③ I S hole
-

CHGCOOH t 0.5 male NaOH

( Hg COOH t NaOH → Clb COO Na t HLO

1. 5 mole 0-5 mole
#

o-sm@
④ 1.5 mole Ha t O s -
mole NaOH

✓⑥ is mole CHZCOONA t I mole HCl

( Hz COO Na t HU - Cltgcoo H t Nag
I 5 mole I mob

1m@
-

⑧ 2.5 mole Hzcoz t O -

5 mole NaOH
NAH coz t H2O
Hzcoz t NaOH →

2. 5 mole O S hole

O-5m@ff2.S
-

mole Hzcoz t 3 mole NaOH

Hzcoz t NaOH - NAH COS t H2o

2. Smote 3. o mob
-
o -

Smale 2.5 mole

b Natt coz
2. S
t NaOH
0.5
→ Narcos t H2O

o-5m③
②

BasicBuftersolution.CI
BOH t Bt in range To
to 10

e9② NHUOH t N Hua ✓

⑤ Colts GHSNHEU
-

MHz t ✓

② CSHSNHTU ✓
-

↳ HSN t

⑨ NaOH t Nau X

pH Calculation : -

Kb
Bt
-
I
BOH OH
-

↳ = (B Colt -3
-

(Bolt)

÷t=k%
@ It ] = kbx @o

Bitterness .

[ t]←oH
"

Ht
-

Bt
 → CGHSNIBG
# Colts NHL title
25mmol
5mmol -

25mmol
2. 5

14-8 = Pks + Loyd )

it
pleb = 6

0.01M
# ↳ HSN 1136 =

log 10-7
pH -- 7 -

Iff t

=
5

!
#

✓
-

HA 1- OH
A t H2O
-

I 2

fin
:÷÷÷
=z⑤M
.
20T

✓ pH=5 + dog )
 ok:*
#
'

group
④⑧
,

I # - t NHNOH

pH = 9.26 t dog =9¥

⑧ ②
+1044¥)

\
9=10 -

toys

logs + log to =
104¥ )
I v=2m=

NaOH → Cltgcoohla
③ CHZCOOH t

2oEiIo@

/
2¥
"h
✓ ka
CHIT -

=L.8 m
 :÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
I
'

I log
#
✓
2

=
=

100 hit
log @ )

|
→ " " ""
%!
" "" + """ "

tuco
2.Aao as
① 3
=3
✓
②E Zag
p¥ , =p
ka t
log Abq
p H2 =p
ka do
t
4 2¥
Ao b

oplt-2.to#pHI=pkatlogKnM)-
✓
pit = Phat dog Lynd
do log @ 98 )
op
It -0.6 =

4¥ ) =

A
-

t Ht
HA
"

*
Hii
pit
pit
:: .

-
=p

u =
ha

log
t
.

log

Lux
I. )
u
 Note :

TO for Acidic Butter [ HALA Jin -

III. x

pH #×
(pKa i ) (pka-

D ti

pH range from (pKa 1) -

to (pKa ti ) is

called working pH range of Butter .

② Buftercapacitgi
Butter index (4)
(dtqpy)
⇐

where b = No
of moles
of Acid / Base added

to 1 litre butter som

d @ H) =
Change in pH of sons

pka
*
Y ¥n#g= I pH =

4=4 max
Amex - -
- - - -

' IF i

(pKa
)p÷pfa (pka )
-
I ti
# CAT s
lot
=

pH = pka t
CHAT -

- a

⇐ AT t CA J a
-

pH =
pka t
dog S T =

pkatz.JP In
= Cont

d(PHI
d s
⇐
⇐ (I x + when

dis = b

=dd¥,
2303×557-5%1
4
=

o
2.303g ( X 243
]
-
= =

S 2$ ) Csi
Ig
= = at

=aJ
[ AT =
CHAT
@ It = plea )

EHectgdilutioni.ec#
HA # Ht t A
-

t O N , Nz

⇐I
e
⇐I "
8¥ ; suspension
pka
pH log ⇐)
= t
,

,
 volm Solh Vz lit
9g of
=

cn a
Vz VL

qq.to?Yka--4tDxCII
pits = pka t lot

CEI )
=
'

)
ni -
x

x is very small
ka 2×10-5

Iii
given =

N ,
=
Nz = O 5 -
mole

: ::: .

Indicators

Him as Indicator

KIN =
Ionization cont
of Indicator

It In Ht In
-

Unionized form Ionized form

colour ① colour ⑧
# Acid HTT I HINT & In ⑦

Basey OH
T ¥ Hint 4
Iif ⑨
-

#
,
 Hj?÷j
] KIN
letting
×

Ken = Ct 'T =

pH =p Ken t

10947¥71
-
⑧ ⑨
⇐¥# =

pit .✓
In t
) @ KINH Y
-

t
colour transition Range

f- Colour ⑦ = CHIN ) × too

C¥tII
\
✓

÷
-
fi ( HD
U x I
-

o
=

3
=
KIN ×

10-2 *
CITI
.

CHINI
(In-7
.

f- To CHIN t
-

=
¥8 too

=
28 G t
- .
 ¥
" '

¥
F.
o

.
.

=p hen
+ lot I
✓ pH , '

th og
pHz = PUI n
}
21043
@ H)
=
o

df ,
⇐
Ctt ) peg
Itt] = 9×10-5
o
Ctt ) =8
I
 Titration : -

Egnivalenupti

e¥AcidµgBq Hzc 03
Hz Poy

Utz Cooma
Zn @ A) a
/
2

Endpoint

titration
involving mono photic Acids and monohydroxy
Bases : .

① Titnationgst.h-cidwithst.BA#
O
IM NaOH

!
-

p AT
Pt
f Eg

lmf
X
-

Pt 7
't
TO

o -

IM
,
HU Loony
NaOH t HU -
s Nau
X X
t H2O Vdm
Tjaott
10mmol to hrmoh

-
-
10 handle

pH =
7
②
Titnalionojw.Acidwithst.B.am#

:t¥
"" "

i÷
( Its COOH
m

50

ka = I - 8×10-5 both
of
NaOH
→

pKa -4-74
o.am ,
50③
Cltgcoo H t NaOH →
811300 Na t H2O

10mm Ole 10mmol

-
-
10mmol
a" =

Tsm
pH = 7 +
£14.74 -

dog is ]

pH =
8.78

⑦ Titration
W Base with St Acid :
- of .

02M Hg

Pitt
B

1¥ O -

5M
!
250 M

Vdm
-

HU
NHUOH 02M
, 250pm of
Ub = 1.8×10-5 Nlty OH THU → Nitya t Hao

pleb = 4.74
-
50
-
So mmoh
-
50 mmol

[given log 7=0.845 )

 No = So -

In
pH = 7 -

I (4.74-1047) =
5.052g

④ Titration
# of
weak Acid
by base W -

0.2M NHUOH
f-
Gpt
att
City COOH
Jo M
" o .
Cltg Cool't t N Ith OH -
Cltgcoo N Hn t H2O

to mmoh to mmoh
- -

Knole

pH = 7 t
EEP ka -

pkb ]
pH =
7

Note :
-

÷
 Titrationinvolvingpolyprotich-u.cl/PolyhydroxyBas
0.2M NaOH
PH

gsss.mu/: :sJi=s+e.nHzC03
Vdm of NaOH

given
-

① O 3.7

leon
log 2=0-3 ② to me 5.8
.

- ou .

③ Gone to -48

{ tea 01004411.48€
Pt

45×6%-1
Ind Eg
'
,

-3
① 4203 By Kai Elo ✓

O -
l M Ao

[HTT = J-ka.at#xo.
= 2×10-4 m

pH = U -

log 2 = 3.7

② Hzcoz t NaOH → Naltcoz t H2o

10mmol
2mm①
2mmol
⑤
=

pH pka =
,
+
dog = 7 -

logy log 4 -

= 7 -
4×03=5.8

③ Hzcoz t NaOH → Natt coz t H2O

10mmol 5mmol

5mm⑦
pH =
pKa ,
pH = 7 -

logy =
6.4

Salt
*

④ Hzcoz t NaOH → t H2O

 10mmol
1omm@
oh

pka tpkaz
,

pH
7-10441-11-10452
= =

2-
-

0.65

18-1-0420
=
=
9-
Left] =
8.35
-

⑤ HI Og t NaOH → Natt coz + H2O

10mmol 16mmol
To
6mmol 10mmol

Natt coz t NaOH -3 Naz ( 03 t H2O

10mmol 6mmol

⑤
-

6mm@
kart log f- 11 logs +1043 dogs
pH
-

=p
=
-

= 11 -

I to -48=10.48
-

x ✓
⑥ Hzcoz t2Na0H →
Nazcoz t 2h20
10mmol 20mmol

-
-

lomm①
¥
Ao =

1¥
-
-

Tom
Kh ,= Kaz
(05 It cos
-

H2O t OH
-

t
-

Clo -

Tom x x
Clo -
x

K÷=YiY=u ten .
-

⇐÷ )
22+2×10-42 - 10-5--0
2=-2×10-4 tJ¥U×o
-

2
ht
-

= -

Lo
 = -
154+3.16×10-3
= 30.6×10-4

2 =
@ HT = 30.6×10-4
log 30.6=4
POH = U - -
I -485

pH -11.485g
-

# Double indicator titration

#
titration of Nazcoz

"I i'
The
'

aw.

mtg # titration

with It 4
of Narcos
Using
to
"

me loom Indicator
methyl orange
ojNaoI
-

Voth
-­
Solubility
① Soluble Substance (s ) > o -
IM

② Partially Soluble o.im > Cs ) > o ol m

-

Soluble Cs )
Sparingly
*
3h or 0.01M >

Insoluble Substance

SolubilityBroduct(ksp
Ax Bye , tag Aoc By @ y,
⇐ KATI ,,
t
y B-Ig,
CS )
-

Cs )

SG XI ) YI )
-
L )

sp=CAt]xB] at
Epuib

Ksp = a
"
@ a)
"

× y
't
@ it

tsp.sc?yYs2YT#YYF-Solubility water
in

Pure

% Let Ksp
=
x ? yycsgxty
et Aga Ksp = CST
Android " Ksp = Ucsf
Az Bs @ ,
Ksp = 108 ( SF

IonicRroduct&sp
As yes , ⇐ KATE ,
t Y B ,

Dsp = [ AVI! [ B-
"
It at
any
instant
 Ppt will form
Y Dsp >
Ksp other saturated Soth

② sp =
Ksp at Equi b Saturated son
or

Ppt formation will just

start .

Rxn
Rsp ( Ksp a Unsaturated Sdn

Ksp
¥ : -

Ax By es ,
tag # X
AIK t
y B- %
in
'E¥E= Itt til
-

solubilityihbesenugcommonion.iq
,
Ax By
Ax By

-
(5)
$,
t at ⇐ KAI! ty B-
xd '
) bot
bo
"
a

YES
,

= bo
bom
Ksp =
g)
"
x bot
""

;÷fkq
'
s

bop !
'

Presence of Common ion will decrease

solubility .
Simultaneoussolubilityii
BX m Ksp,

statistics
n '

.
KSR
BX ⇐ Bta
-

t X
@, ay
,

Sz
-
Sz ⑤ + Sa)

S, x
⑤ tsz ) =
Ksp ,
-

Sz x
dit S2 ) =

kspz
-

① t ④

⑤ its) J Ksp tkspz

-

;¥:¥ I'÷
s.
:S .
-

.. .

selectiveprecipitationi-y.t
" "S
Ksp AGU ) =
hi
,
Ksp (Ag Br) -
Kr , Ksp IFK,

⑦
[Agt ] [ a J Ksp K,
-

=
-

CAIT
k¥ -0
=

for At Br (AEL
kg
=
,
-

④
,

a- Boi I
-

for CAT'T
AGI
k¥3
, ,

④
=
s -

given Ksp LAGI ) C Ksp # gt3 ) ( Ksp # 9)

 9g CUT =
Em J -
-

-
LIT
(Agt ] , C (Agt ]e ( ( Agt ] ,

Agg order Ppt

# Agt > Agm > of

What conch
-

# is of I when precipitation of
?
Aybar just start

✓[
Agt ) KL for Ppt Agm
of
=
,

MT

( Agt ]zx( If Ks
-

I =

ETF
k¥453
=

omplexionformationi-g.AM Aguas ,
Ig
# Agta ,
Cs )
t
Cray
CS )

⑦
=
y

Agta ,
t
2MHz ay Ag # HDE ay

CS ) bo
I
=0=y Cbo 2GB ⑤
( NHS]=
-

bom

Y x CS ) =
Ksp ¥4 ) -

Kf
⑤Y×[NHzy2
= -④

Ein ① x④ I = kfx Ksp # g )

[1411332
CS ) =④H5dxJK¥spLAg4)
 It G)
pure
( ⑤ NHS

SolubilitygAgCNinwak
Agents #
Agt
-

t CN
,

I s sci -
a )

CN
-

H2O HCN t OH
-

SG -

L )
Kh
) sa sa

S x
Sf -
L ) =
Ksp (Agen ) -
①
2
⇐ g) Kh
⇐
=
=

Kfz -

solubilityojh-gcnisacidic.SI#(HtJ=xmAgCNs
)
S ×
Y =

Ksp -
①

# Agt
-

+ on,

t×¥-
, '

± = ka -

④
&' Y
CN Itt HCN where Ka
-

is
t
very
s a
Small
oxy & -
s
) Cs )

for solubility Base not

# Similarly of Agen in
 3.3×33×22 @ g3t3tz

/
Ksp =

&
= 2916 (5)
-

"
insist :O;
⇐

if
:

/ Ksp
Ucsf =4× =

293=2×154 61=10-4
m

Mt
'
2x
-

M Xz F- t

I
g ,

I s 261

✓ use
-
-
use
} ,
II :*'
'

"
4/433=41×10
-

10x
fo

@3Y3xlo-4m1acsi-eEEis IxiIEE.N
x
Ksp =

CS ) =

= 8.6 mate

✓ yuse.su ✓
;; Ism
=

Yu}s= 12¥
Veit,
 "

/
:*
⇐ n t
"
; ,

✓ 6×10-12=4433×2
Ksp =

X 2
"
@ HI 2$ ) = ① 2) 3×154 m

II 0412 # 36
o
4
-

pott
-

PH =
to Is [0.481-0-6]
+
-

|
10-36 =

⑤ 2=4×10
5=4×10
-

⑤ ) = 2×32.158×10-2
= 6.32×10-3 M
mmoh
120] 63×380
⑤ x [500 - =

=
6.32×153×0.380×84 gu

= O -

2017 A
#