The Effect of Addition of Organic Waste to Composting Coffee Skins Using

Pumakkal Fermenter on the Quality of Compost Fertilizer

Eva Yenani 1
Postgraduate Program at Muhammadiyah Metro University, Lampung, Indonesia
Email: evayenanihidayatullah@gmail.com

Handoko Santoso 2
Postgraduate Program at Muhammadiyah Metro University, Lampung, Indonesia
Email: handoko.umm@gmail.com

Agus Sutanto 3
Postgraduate Program at Muhammadiyah Metro University, Lampung, Indonesia
Email: sutanto11@gmail.com

Muhfahroyin 4
Postgraduate Program at Muhammadiyah Metro University, Lampung, Indonesia
Email: muhfahroyin@yahoo.com

Abstract
The amount of coffee production has the potential to produce waste, and coffee waste contains
nutrients that can be used for plant needs. Previous research found 15 bacterial isolates from
pineapple waste, which were able to degrade organic matter into organic fertilizer which was good
for agriculture. This study applied these isolates to degrade coffee skins and organic waste, and this
bioremediation is called Pumakkal. Research with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 4 PO
treatments: 1000 grams of coffee skin, P1: 500 grams of coffee husks + 125 grams of livestock
manure + 125 grams of husks + 250 grams of leaves, P2: 500 grams + 125 grams of manure + 250
grams of husks + 125 grams of leaves, P3: 500 grams of coffee husks + 250 grams of manure + 125
grams of husks + 125 grams of leaves and five replications, measured Nitrogen (N), C / N ratio,
levels of phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). A total of 20 samples weighing 300 grams each after
being fermented for 30 days were analyzed at the Chemistry Laboratory, University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. The results showed that the four treatments were significantly different.
Pumakkal bioremediation is able to degrade coffee husk compost and organic waste from the
parameters of activated carbon, C / N ratio, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The results obtained
from 4 treatments the most optimal is found in the P3 treatment coffee husk compost variations by
using pumakkal has an effect on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, The results of
composting coffee skin variations of organic waste using a pumakkal fermenter are suitable for
compost in accordance with the regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No.261 / KPTS / SR.310 /
M / 4/2019 concerning minimum technical requirements for organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers
and soil improvement and compost specifications from domestic organic waste SNI 19-7030-2004.
Key words: Pumakkal indigen bacteria, coffee skin, nutrient content.

Abstract
The amount of coffee production has the potential to produce waste, and coffee waste contains
nutrients that can be used for plant needs. Previous research found 15 bacterial isolates from
pineapple waste, which were able to degrade organic matter into organic fertilizers which were
good for agriculture. This research applied these isolates to degrade coffee skins and organic waste.
This bioremediation is called Pumakkal. Research with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 4
PO treatments: 1000 grams of coffee husks, P1: 500 grams of coffee skins + 125 grams of livestock
manure + 125 grams of husks + 250 grams of leaves, P2: 500 grams + 125 grams of manure + 250
grams of husks + 125 grams of leaves, P3: 500 grams of coffee husks + 250 grams of manure + 125
grams of husks + 125 grams of leaves and five replications, measured nitrogen (N), C / N ratio,
levels of phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). A total of 20 samples weighing 300 grams each after
being fermented for 30 days were analyzed at the Chemistry Laboratory, University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. The results showed that the four treatments were significantly different.
Pumakkal bioremediation is able to degrade coffee husk compost and organic waste from the
parameters of activated carbon, C / N ratio, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The results obtained
from 4 treatments, Pumakkal bioremediation is able to degrade coffee husk compost and organic
waste from the parameters of activated carbon, C / N ratio, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. The
results obtained from 4 treatments, Pumakkal bioremediation is able to degrade coffee husk
compost and organic waste from the parameters of activated carbon, C / N ratio, nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium. The results obtained from 4 treatments, P3 treatment using pumakkal which
has an effect on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, the results of composting the
coffee husk with variations of organic waste using a pumakkal fermenter suitable for compost in
accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 261 / KPTS / SR. 310 / M /
4/2019 regarding the minimum technical requirements for organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers
and soil improvement and compost specifications from domestic organic waste SNI 19-7030-2004.
Keywords: Pumakkal indigen bacteria, coffee husk waste, organic waste, nutrients

PRELIMINARY
Problem unused coffee husk waste, has a
negative impact due to the high C / N ratio The
amount of coffee husk waste ranges from 50-
60% of the harvest. If the coffee produced is
around 500-600 kg/ha, then 300-360 kg is
coffee waste. So far, coffee husk waste has
not been processed in the factory because
only coffee beans are used, which are then
turned into instant coffee powder (Baon,
2005). Coffee shell skin or what is called
Parchmenthull (endocarp) is used for animal
feed, and the skin of the coffee fruit is
allowed to accumulate around the plantation
area (Edahwati, 2014). Coffee peels can be
used as a raw material in compost making and
can be used as additional protein and fibre
nutrients in animal feed (Muryanto, 2004).
According to Dzung et al. (2013), the skin of
the coffee fruit horn contains nitrogen (N) of
1.27%, phosphorus (P) 0.06% and potassium
(K) 2.46%. According to Bressani (1979:
The use of coffee bean husks as a raw
material in composting will provide multiple
benefits. Besides being able to obtain compost
that can restore soil fertility, it can also reduce
environmental pollution caused by a large
amount of coffee husk waste. Coffee peels
also contain higher levels of N, P, and K so
they can be used as an alternative to using
fertilizers. Several studies such as Melisa,
(2018) said that the C-organic content of
coffee fruit skins was 45.3%, nitrogen levels
were 2.98%, phosphorus 0.18% and
potassium 2.26% and also contained elements
of Ca, Mg, Mn. , Fe, Cu and Zn. In addition,
other data shows that the Corganic content of
coffee fruit skin waste is 10.80%, nitrogen
content of 4.73%, phosphorus 0.21% and
potassium 2.89% (Directorate General of
Plantation, 2014; Falahuddin, et al 2016).
Konsorsia is a mixture of bacterial
populations in the form of communities that
have the potential to be used in the waste
treatment process. The waste processing
process will be easier with the activity of
microorganisms which will break down the
substances in the waste into simpler ones. The
bacterial consortia used in this study was the
pineapple liquid waste (LCN) indigenous
bacteria consortium. Pineapple Liquid Waste
Indigenous bacteria (LCN) are bacteria that
have the potential to act as decomposers and
can be used as a starter in waste recovery.
Variation treatment grouped into four
treatments, namely PO, P1, P2, and P3 using
KB10. Has 5 types of potential bacteria,
namely Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis.
KB has ten types of bacteria, namely Bacillus
cereus, Acinetobacter baumanni, and Bacillus
subtilis. KC has 15 types of potential bacteria,
namely Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter
baumani, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas
pseudomallei. Bacillus cereus bacteria,
Acinobacter baumani have the ability to
degrade organic acids, then Bacillus subtillis
bacteria, and Pseudomonas pseudomallei have
the ability to degrade other than organic acids
(Sutanto Agus 2017). The purpose of this
study was to determine the effect of variations
in the addition of organic waste to composting
coffee peels using pumakkal on the quality of
compost? Knowing which variation of
organic waste addition has the best effect on
composting coffee husks using pumakkal on
the quality of compost? Can the results of this
research be used as a material for
socialization to the community?
RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a quantitative study
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Water content
The results of testing the moisture
content of coffee husk compost with
variations of organic waste in four treatments,
namely PO, P1, P2 and P3 after fermentation
are presented in Figure 1, namely:
Figure 1.
Kandungan Air %
0.19
0.18 0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
PO P1 P2 P3
Macam Perlakuan
Figure 1. Graph of Average Compost
Water Content of coffee husk organic
waste variation of Four Treatments.
Figure 1.shows that the lowest water
content is in the compost of coffee husks, the
variation of organic waste with Po treatment,
namely 0.16% according to MOA No.261 /
KPTS / SR.310 / M / 4/2019 water content
min 8-20%, The low water content is due to
the use of Pumakkal as a starter for
decomposer microorganisms, among others
Bacillus cereus and able Bacillus subtilis
break down organic compounds such as
carbohydrates and proteins during the
fermentation process into simpler compounds
that can be utilized by plants. These
microorganisms use carbon as an energy
source in decomposing organic matter during
the fermentation processSutanto Agus (2016).
It can be seen from the following reactions:
Organic Ingredients + O2 Microbial Aerobic
H2O + CO2 + Nutrients + Humus + E. Then
which aims to test the hypothesis of the data
that has been collected in accordance with the
previous theory and concept "The Effect of
Addition of Organic Waste to Composting
Coffee Skin Using Pumakkal Fermenter on
Compost Quality". This research was
conducted at the Green House, Postgraduate
University of Muhammadiyah Metro. This
study used a completely randomized design
(CRD), with four treatments with three
replications each. The placement of the test
site was done randomly.
followed by an anaerobic process which takes
place gradually. The first stage, several types
of facultative bacteria will break down
organic material into fatty acids. She was then
followed by the second stage, where another
group of microbes will convert fatty acids into
ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. The heat generated in the anaerobic
process is lower than that of aerobes. The
following is a reaction that occurs under
anaerobic conditions. With the following
reaction: Anaerobic Microbial Organic
Materials CH4 + Nutrients + Humus Based on
MOA 261 / KPTS / SR.310 / M / 4/2019, the
water content is at least 8-20%, so the carbon
content in all treatments in this study does not
meet the standard.
2. Level C Organic
The results of testing the C-organic
content in coffee skin compost with variations
of organic waste in four treatments, namely
PO, P1, P2 and P3 after fermentation are
presented in Figure 2, namely:
Figure 2.
Kandungan C Organik %
40.6
40.45
40.4
40.2
40.2 40.05
40 39.9
39.8
39.6
PO P1 P2 P3
Macam Perlakuan
Figure 2. Graph of Average Organic C
Content of Compost Coffee husk organic
waste variations of the Four Treatments.
Figure 2.shows that the lowest C-organic
content is found in coffee husk compost, the
variation of organic waste in the P1 treatment,
which is 39.9% according to MOA No.261 /
KPTS / SR.310 / M / 4/2019, the content of
C-Organic is min 15 %, the high level of C-
organic is due to the use of Pumakkal as a
starter for decomposer microorganisms,
among others Bacillus cereus and able
Bacillus subtilis break down organic
compounds such as carbohydrates and
proteins during the fermentation process into
simpler compounds that can be utilized by
plants. These microorganisms use carbon as
an energy source in decomposing organic
matter during the fermentation processSutanto
Agus (2016). According toYulipriyanto,
Hieronymus (2010) During the fermentation
or composting process, organic materials
undergo severe decomposition by
heterotrophic microorganisms, namely
bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa
where carbon is a source of energy for
microorganisms and can be seen from the
following reactions:
Organic Ingredients + O2 Microbial
Aerobic H2O + CO2 + Nutrients + Humus +
E. Then followed by an anaerobic process
which takes place gradually. The first stage,
several types of facultative bacteria will break
down organic material into fatty acids. She
was then followed by the second stage, where
another group of microbes will convert fatty
acids into ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide
and hydrogen. The heat generated in the
anaerobic process is lower than that of
aerobes. The following is a reaction that
occurs under anaerobic conditions. With the
following reaction: Anaerobic Microbial
Organic Materials CH4 + Nutrients + Humus
Based onPermentan /Sr.140/10/2011 C-
Organic at least 6%, so the carbon content
contained in all treatments in this study meets
the standards.
3. Nitrogen (N) Levels
The results of testing for nitrogen (N)
levels in coffee skin compost, variations of
organic waste in four treatments, namely
control (PO), (P1), (P2) and (P3) after
fermentation is presented in Figure 3, namely:
Picture 3.
Kandungan Nitrogen %
8.25
7.65 7.95
8
3.5
4
0
PO P1 P2 P3
Macam Perlakuan
Figure 2. Graph of Average Nitrogen (N)
Content of Compost Coffee husk organic
waste variations of the Four Treatments
Figure 3 shows that the nitrogen content
in the PO, P1, P2 and P3 treatments changed.
This is thought to be due to the use of
Pumakkal and coffee skin waste, a variety of
protein-rich organic waste. From these data, it
can be seen that the highest nitrogen content
was found in the P3 treatment, which was
8.25%. The increase in nitrogen levels was
thought to be caused by a change of organic
matter by bacteria—Acinetobacter baumanni
as nitrifying bacteria which convert ammonia
to nitrate at the end of the fermentation
process. In addition, microorganisms also
contribute a number of single-cell proteins
which are obtained during the fermentation
process. After the decomposition process is
complete, nitrogen will be released again as
one of the components contained in the
compost. This was confirmed bySutedjo,
(1999)which states that various types of
nutrients, especially N as a result of the
description, will be bound in the
microorganisms and will return after the
microorganisms die. Following is the nitrogen
formation reaction, according to Novizan.
(2005) : Organic Ingredients Protein Amino
Acid Aminization Reaction, Amino Acid
Ammonification Reaction Ammonia NH3 and
Ammonium NH4 +. Ammonia Nitrification
Reaction by Nitrosomonas and Nitrcoccus
Nitrate bacteria.
Nitrogen is an element needed by plants
in vegetative growth and protein formation; if
the plant is deficient in nitrogen, it will cause
the plant to become stunted, leaves turn
yellow and fall, and limited root growth. The
nitrogen content contained in the coffee husk
compost variations of organic waste with the
Pumakkal starter treatment has met internal
standards minister of Agriculture Regulation
No.261 / KPTS /SR.310/M/4/2019
concerning Minimum Technical
Requirements for Organic Fertilizers,
4. Phosphorus (P) Content
The results of the research on phosphorus
content (P) in coffee husk compost with variations
of organic waste in four treatments, namely
control (PO), (P1), (P2) and (P3) after
fermentation are presented in Figure 4, namely:
Kandungan (P) Phosfor %
6 5.65
5.1
4.4
4 3.5
2
0 Potassium is needed by plants to regulate
PO P1 P2 P3
Macam Perlakuan
Figure 4. Graph of Average Phosphorus
Content (P) of Compost Coffee peel
variations of organic waste. Three
treatments.
Figure 4 shows that the compost of coffee
husk waste with variations of organic waste in
the treatment of PO, P1, P2 and P3 had an
increase in phosphorus content and a
significant difference. I have, however, seen
from a minister of Agriculture Regulation
No.261 / KPTS /SR.310/M/4/2019
concerning Minimum Technical
Requirements for Organic Fertilizers,
Biological Fertilizers, and Soil Improvement
at least 4%. The results showed that in the P3
treatment of 5.65%, the fermentation process
was running optimally because of the
pumakkal starter, so the results obtained
showed sufficient phosphorus content. Plants
use phosphorus to accelerate root growth,
accelerate flower formation and accelerate
fruit ripening and increase grain production.
5. Potassium (K) Content
The results of the research on the content
of potassium (K) in coffee skin compost,
variations of organic waste in four treatments,
namely control (PO), (P1), (P2) and (P3) after
fermentation are presented in Figure 5,
namely:
Figure 5.
Biological Fertilizers and Soil Improvement,
i.e. at least 4%.
9.3500000
Kandungan (K) Kalium %
10 8.5
0000001
8 7.4
5.75
6
4
2
0
PO P1 P2 P3
Macam Perlakuan
Figure 5.Graph of Average Potassium (K)
Content of Compost Coffee skin variations
of organic waste. Three treatments.
the mechanism of photosynthesis, protein
synthesis, and the opening of stomata and the
supply of carbon dioxide. If there is a lack of
potassium in the plant, it can cause the leaf
segments to shorten, the leaf margins are
brown, and the plant cannot grow. The results
of testing the levels of potassium in coffee
skin variations of organic waste in four
treatments, namely control PO, P1, P2 and P3,
are significantly different. The increase in
potassium levels in the four treatments and
the highest was P3, namely 9.35%, this was
due to the decomposition process carried out
by decomposer microorganisms from
Pumakkal. This was confirmed byNovizan
(2012), there was an increase in several types
of nutrients by microorganisms, especially
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These
nutrients can be returned through weathering
the remains of living things when these
microorganisms die.
Organic material remover consists of
primary remover and secondary remover.
Peros. Primer is a mesofauna of organic
matter remover, such as Collembola, Acarina
which functions to break down organic
matter/litter into smaller sizes. Earthworms
eat the remains of the crumbs which are then
excreted as faeces after going through
digestion in the worm's body. Secondary
remodelers are microorganisms that break
down organic matter such as Trichoderma
reesei, T. harzianum, T. koningii,
Phanerochaeta crysosporium, Cellulomonas,
Pseudomonas, Thermospora, Aspergillus
niger, A. terreus, Penicillium, and
Streptomyces. The existence of soil fauna
activity makes it easier for microorganisms to
utilize organic matter so that the
mineralization process runs faster and
provides better nutrients for plantsEriksson et
al. (1989). Result analysis of the potassium
has been done obtained a potassium content
of 9.35 %%. The results obtained have met
the standards based on Minister of Agriculture
Regulation No. 70/2011 concerning
Requirements and Procedures for Registration
of Organic Fertilizers, Biological Fertilizers
and Soil Improvement the minimum 4%. The
presence of potassium in compost is due to
the fact that a lot of potassium comes from
organic matter. Organic materials can increase
the cation exchange capacity; this is related to
the negative charges that come from the
group-COOH and OH, which dissociate to
form COO- and H + and O- + H +. This
negative charge is the potential for Humus to
adsorb cations such as Ca, Mg and K which
are bonded with medium strength so that they
are easily exchanged or distributed.in the
cation exchange process Sutedjo (1999).

CONCLUSION as corn, soybeans, chillies, and tomatoes.

2. Teachers are expected to be able to use the
1. There is an effect of variations in organic
results of research as a learning resource in
waste on the nutrient content of coffee
the form of practical guides in carrying out
husk compost using the pumakkal
impressive learning at school.
fermentor
2. Pumakkal Pineapple Liquid Waste
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