BLIE-226

(I)

(Q1) Describe the process of implementing change in libraries and information centres.

Ans)libraries and Information Centres

Library is defined as an organized collection of published books and audio-visual materials

withthe aid of the services of staff that are able to provide and interpret such materials as
required, tomeet the informative research, educational and recreational needs of its users. It is
an agencythrough which sources of information of accumulated knowledge and experience are
selected,acquired, organized, preserved and disseminated. Libraries and information centres
provide amuch wider range of information services from local, state and federal
governments;organizations/institutions within and outside the country among others for the
people. With the provision of variety of information sources, users of libraries and information
centres are exposedto different information with their respective values. A very important
word, which is functionallysynonymous with library, is “information dissemination”.The word
‘library’ can be used inter-changeably with ‘information centre’. Though an informationcentre is
not necessarily a library, a library is by its function is an information centre. Libraryservices are
not completely divorced from information services, which are also provided by other agencies
such as the mass media, and at times more effectively and competitively. This was theview of
Broadbent (1982) when he stressed that the above point illustrates one significant
point,namely, that as much as the library has informational role in the society, being one
component of communication system, it has other vital social functions to perform. These he
explained might berecreational, cultural, social or educational. Information centres are the
veritable repository of knowledge that underpins socio-economic, political and cultural
development of any country. Theyare avenues of knowledge that constitute one of the
principal instruments in building a richer and better social order.In his own view, Beckman
(1982) explained that information centres are viewed as being moredynamic, whereas library
has historically been known as depositories for books and journals.Information centres, he said
are involved in the analysis, synthesis, transmission and repackagingof data and information.
But as new technologies allow libraries to become more involved indifferent types of activities
performed by the so called information centres, distinction betweenlibraries on one hand and
information centres on the other hand is no longer valid he concluded.Therefore, for the
purpose of this paper, the two terms “Library” and “information centre” will be used
interchangeably

(Q2) Explain various methods of library budgeting with their merits and demerits

Ans) Library budget content

The library budget should include the following items:

Books, e-books, audiobooks

Print magazines and subscriptions to online information (eg SCIS)

Library software support, including annual licence fees, upgrade requirements, support charges. Note
that in some schools this is included in the ICT / network administration budget.

Consumables - including processing and repair materials such as covers, barcodes, security strips, spine
labels, as well as materials for student librarian certificates, displays, and incidentals such as student
librarian rewards

Photocopying charges including paper, toner cartridges and service charges

Professional reading / subscriptions such as review journals and professional associations eg SLANZA, NZ
Book Council Writers in Schools.

Minor capital items, such as cushions, signs, laminator, barcode scanner

The following items would normally come out of other school budgets:

ICT hardware and costs associated with networking

Internet costs and telecommunications charges

Furniture, shelving and other major capital items

Library staff salaries

Professional development for the library team

Budget allocation

Decisions on your library's budget will be based on your budget proposal and available funds. If you are
allocated less funding than requested, you'll have to re-prioritise your original plan, and inform the
relevant teaching departments.

You can note any problems such as having insufficient resources for a particular topic in the collection
requirement plan for future consideration.

Budget management and review

Some important administrative aspects of managing your budget include:

maintaining accurate records of expenditure

always checking your purchases carefully against your order and invoice forms. Monitor outstanding
‘back orders’

keeping copies of invoices

liaising with school administration personnel who have responsibility for overall school budgeting.

You may find it useful to use spreadsheets or the acquisitions module within your automated library
management system.

Reporting on the budget is a key component of the library’s annual report.

Additional sources of funding

It is your Board of Trustees’ responsibility to provide sufficient funding for resourcing the school’s
programmes. Other sources of funding should be additional to, not instead of, adequate library funding.
However, it's worth investigating grants, sponsorships, PTA donations, school fundraising, book fairs,
and commercial sponsorships.

Merits: A tool for planning

Statistics are eyes of the librarian

Allows objective analysis of the quality of library’s services

Useful in decision making

Statistics acts as a technique of comparison

Endeavour to interpret conditions

An aid to supervision

Demerits: It cannot assess effectiveness and efficiency

Do not indicate value and quality of the library services

Does not relate activity to needs, or services to demand

(II)

(Q1) What do you understand by library management

Ans) Library management is a sub-discipline of institutional management that focuses on specific issues
faced by libraries and library management professionals. Library management encompasses normal
management tasks as well as intellectual freedom, anti-censorship, and fundraising tasks. Issues faced in
library management frequently overlap those faced in management of non-profit organizations.
An important aspect of library management is planning and maintaining library facilities. Planning the
construction of new libraries or remodeling those that exist is integral as user needs are often changing.
To supplement their operating budget, managers often secure funding through gifts and fundraising.
Many facilities are also including cafes, Friends of the Library, and exhibit spaces to help generate
additional revenue.[4] These venues must be taken into account when planning for building expansions.
The site for new construction must be located, the building must be designed, constructed, and then
evaluated. Once established, it is important that the building management keep up on regular
maintenance. This can also be completed by delegating tasks to maintenance personal or hiring an
outside company through bids.

(Q2) Highlight the contents of a library’s budget document.

Ans) Books, e-books, audiobooks

Print magazines and subscriptions to online information (eg SCIS)

Library software support, including annual licence fees, upgrade requirements, support charges. Note
that in some schools this is included in the ICT / network administration budget.

Consumables - including processing and repair materials such as covers, barcodes, security strips, spine
labels, as well as materials for student librarian certificates, displays, and incidentals such as student
librarian rewards

Photocopying charges including paper, toner cartridges and service charges

Professional reading / subscriptions such as review journals and professional associations eg SLANZA, NZ
Book Council Writers in Schools.

Minor capital items, such as cushions, signs, laminator, barcode scanner

The following items would normally come out of other school budgets:

ICT hardware and costs associated with networking

Internet costs and telecommunications charges

Furniture, shelving and other major capital items

Library staff salaries

Professional development for the library team

(Q3) Explain how free access to electronic resources is possible

Ans) An electronic resource is any information source that the library provides access to in an electronic
format.
The library has purchased subscriptions to many electronic information resources in order to provide
you with access to them free of charge. Our E-Reources include lots of things: full-text journals,
newspapers, company information, e-books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, economic data, digital images,
industry profiles, market research, career information, etc.

Many of our databases allow you to create a personal profile in order to keep track of new content via
email or RSS feeds. As a member of the UTEP community, you are provided with 24/7 access to our e-
resources on campus or remotely via the library's proxy server or the UTEP campus VPN.

(Q4) What do you understand by preventive preservation?

Ans) the preventive measures which includes all forms of indirect actions aimed at increasing the life
expectancy of undamaged or damaged elements of cultural property. It comprises all the methods of
good house-keeping, caretaking, dusting, periodical supervision and prevention of any possibility of
damage by physical, chemical, biological and other factors

PREVENTIVE MESURES FOR HUMAN FACTORS

There are certain do’s and don’ts which the library staff and the users should follow

to increase the longevity of the library resources. These are among others: -

i. Important books and manuscripts should kept in specially prepared containers.

ii. For carrying a large number of books trolleys should be used. Utmost care

should be taken while transporting rare, valuable and delicate books.

iii. Care should be taken while photocopying the books as at that time

considerable stress is imposed on the material and the bindings suffer most

and also the spine damages.

iv. Use bookends to support books when shelves are not full. Books should not

be shelved too tightly or too loosely.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR CHEMICAL FACTORS: If the air pollution is controlled there will not be any
external acidity in the paper materials. One of the best ways of controlling atmospheric pollutants is
filtering of the air intake in to storage areas, which can be attained by air conditioning system operating
for 24 hours throughout the year. Without this facility simple measures like wrapping the books and
manuscripts in cloth or placing them in book containers reduces the effects of pollution to a great
extent. The books kept inside cupboards are better protected than those which are kept outside.
Documents kept inside folders are safer than those which are kept in the open. Proper care should be
taken to save books and documents from dust. It is preferable to use vacuum cleaner and fine brushes
for dusting of shelves and books.
(Q5) Explain why farsightedness is necessary in financial management

Ans) Here are ten powerful reasons why financial planning – with the help of an expert financial advisor
– will get you where you want to be.

Income: It's possible to manage income more effectively through planning. Managing income helps you
understand how much money you'll need for tax payments, other monthly expenditures and savings.

Cash Flow: Increase cash flows by carefully monitoring your spending patterns and expenses. Tax
planning, prudent spending and careful budgeting will help you keep more of your hard earned cash.

Capital: An increase in cash flow, can lead to an increase in capital. Allowing you to consider investments
to improve your overall financial well-being.

Family Security: Providing for your family's financial security is an important part of the financial
planning process. Having the proper insurance coverage and policies in place can provide peace of mind
for you and your loved ones.

Investment: A proper financial plan considers your personal circumstances, objectives and risk
tolerance. It acts as a guide in helping choose the right types of investments to fit your needs,
personality, and goals.

Standard of Living: The savings created from good planning can prove beneficial in difficult times. For
example, you can make sure there is enough insurance coverage to replace any lost income should a
family bread winner become unable to work.

Financial Understanding: Better financial understanding can be achieved when measurable financial
goals are set, the effects of decisions understood, and results reviewed. Giving you a whole new
approach to your budget and improving control over your financial lifestyle.

Assets: A nice 'cushion' in the form of assets is desirable. But many assets come with liabilities attached.
So, it becomes important to determine the real value of an asset. The knowledge of settling or canceling
the liabilities, comes with the understanding of your finances. The overall process helps build assets that
don't become a burden in the future.

Savings: It used to be called saving for a rainy day. But sudden financial changes can still throw you off
track. It is good to have some investments with high liquidity. These investments can be utilized in times
of emergency or for educational purposes.
Ongoing Advice: Establishing a relationship with a financial advisor you can trust is critical to achieving
your goals. Your financial advisor will meet with you to assess your current financial circumstances and
develop a comprehensive plan customized for you.

(Q6) Describe the merits and demerits of participative management in libraries and information centres

Ans) Advantages of Participative Management

Undoubtedly participative approach to management increases the stake or ownership of employees. But
there is more to it. The following points elucidate the same.

 Increase in Productivity: An increased say in decision making means that there is a strong
feeling of association now. The employee now assumes responsibility and takes charges. There
is lesser new or delegation or supervision from the manager. Working hours may get stretched on
their own without any compulsion or force from the management. All this leads to increased
productivity.
 Job Satisfaction: In lots or organizations that employ participative management, most of the
employees are satisfied with their jobs and the level of satisfaction id very high. This is specially
when people see their suggestions and recommendations being implemented or put to practice.
Psychologically, this tells the individual employee that, ‘he too has a say in decision making and
that he too is an integral component of the organization and not a mere worker’.
 Motivation: Increased productivity and job satisfaction cannot exist unless there is a high level of
motivation in the employee. The vice versa also holds true! Decentralized decision making means
that everyone has a say and everyone is important.
 Improved Quality: Since the inputs or feedback comes from people who are part of the
processes at the lowest or execution level. This means that even the minutest details are taken
care of and reported. No flaw or loophole goes unreported. Quality control is thus begins and is
ensured at the lowest level.
 Reduced Costs: There is a lesser need of supervision and more emphasis is laid on widening of
skills, self management. This and quality control means that the costs are controlled
automatically.

Disadvantages of Participative Management

There is a flip side to everything; participative management stands no exception to it. Whereas this style
of leadership or decision making leads to better participation of all the employees, there are undoubtedly
some disadvantages too.

 Decision making slows down: Participative management stands for increased participation and
when there are many people involved in decision making, the process definitely slows down.
Inputs and feedback starts pouring from each side. It takes time to verify the accuracy of
measurements which means that decision making will be slowed down.
 Security Issue: The security issue in participative management also arises from the fact that
since early stages too many people are known to lots of facts and information. This information
may transform into critical information in the later stages. There is thus a greater apprehension of
information being leaked out.

The advantages seem to outnumber the disadvantages. This however is no assurance that one should
blindly adopt it for his/her organization. Organizations are different and therefore the culture, the human
resources. A deep understanding of both is required in order to ascertain a decision making style and
adopt the same.

(III)

(Q1) Enumerate the main control measures

Ans) EPA’s national and regional rules to reduce emissions of pollutants that form particle pollution will
help state and local governments meet the Agency’s national air quality standards. A number of
voluntary programs, such as EPA’s woodstove change-out program, also are helping areas reduce their
fine particle pollution.

Sources of Information on Control Measures

Inclusion of a site or reference does not constitute EPA endorsement of a particular measure or
technology, nor does it constitute EPA endorsement of conclusions or statements made in any of these
reference documents or project summaries.

(Q2) What do you understand by SWOT analysis?

Ans) DEFINITION of 'SWOT Analysis' A tool that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats of an organization. Specifically, SWOT is a basic, straightforward model that assesses what an
organization can and cannot do as well as its potential opportunities and threats.

(Q3) What is Lexis-Nexis?

Ans) LexisNexis Group is a corporation providing computer-assisted legal research as well as business
research and risk management services.[2][3] During the 1970s, LexisNexis pioneered the electronic
accessibility of legal and journalistic documents.[4] As of 2006, the company has the world's largest
electronic database for legal and public-records related information.

(Q4) Differentiate between Virus and Worms

Ans) A worm is a special kind of computer virus that propagates by self-replication over a computer
network. This propagation can be either via e-mail or other means such as files being copied over a
network.

(Q5) What are the main sources of finance for public libraries?

Ans) Public libraries are funded through a wide combination of sources, the most significant which is
usually local or municipal funding.[89][90] The citizens who use a local library support it via the city or
county government, or through a special-purpose district, which is a local government body that has
independent leadership and may levy its own taxes.[91] Local funding may be supplemented by other
government funding. For example, in the United States, the state and federal governments provide
supplementary funding for public libraries through state aid programs, the Library Services and
Technology Act (LSTA) and E-Rate. State and local governments may also offer cities and counties large
grants for library construction or renovation. Private philanthropy has also had a significant role in the
expansion and transformation of library services, and, like other educational institutions, some libraries
may be partially funded by an endowment. Some proactive librarians have devised alliances with patron
and civic groups to supplement their financial situations. Library "friends" groups, activist boards, and
well organized book sales also supplement government funding.

(Q6) What is renewal in context of circulation

Ans) A new global flag option has been added to allow the circulating library of a desk renewal (a.k.a. a
renewal using the staff client) to reuse the original circulation library for circ rule behaviors rather than
using the workstation. This new setting is similar to existing options to use the originating circulation
library in OPAC renewals.

(Q7) How do you justify a budget request?

Ans) A chance to explain in detail exactly why you need all that money for your project!

A detailed budget justification demonstrates to the funder the PI has given a thorough and careful
approach to the costs of the project

Explains to the funder how you came up with your budget figures – remember, grant funding is a
competitive situation

Write the budget justification in the same order as the budget line items

Give detail, many times the agency budget form is not as detailed as our internal detailed budget

Justification must match the budget in terms of dollar amounts and language

Explain why items are essential in relation to the aims and methodology of the project as well as
meeting the goals of the project

Articulate how the funds requested are reasonable to complete the project

Explain the line items; do not merely restate the proposed expenditure

Meet any sponsor requirements

Provide detail sufficient to justify the rationale for acquiring the item under the proposed project

Document the basis used for calculating the cost

(Q8) State some of the advantages of using standards for library binding.

Ans) Library binding is a way to increase the life of books and periodicals used in libraries. This is done by
sewing the pages in place and by reinforcing the spine for each volume. The goal of library binding is
long-term preservation. However, library bound books also benefit library patrons by ensuring that the
volume in hand is complete, opened with ease, and easy to photocopy.

In addition, many libraries re-bind damaged books in library bindings regardless of whether they were
originally paperback or hardcover.

(Q9) Name any five tools mainly used for book selection

 Ans) describe the selection process

 discuss key principles in book selection.
 compare current and retrospective selection.
 create selection criteria to meet the needs of a particular library setting.
 identify and apply selection tools to meet a specific collection development need.
 discuss issues and roles in selection.
 discuss "real world" issues in selection

(Q10) What is compact storage?

Ans) Compact Storage is a separate area with arbitrarily assigned call numbers designed to store the
largest amount of books in the smallest possible space. It is used primarily to store infrequently used
material or to protect vulnerable material from unnecessary handling.