Lesson 1

Functions
Outline
• Definition of Function
• Odd and Even Functions
• Basic Operations on Functions
Definition of Function
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be nonempty sets.
A relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is an assignment of an element of 𝐴 to any
element of 𝐵.
• The elements of relation can be written as ________________.
• The assignment of elements in relation can be _________ or it can be
_________________________.
A function 𝑓 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a relation that assigns each element 𝑥 ∈
𝐴 to a unique element 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.
Definition of Function
What are the differences between relation and function?
• In relation,
• _____ elements of 𝐴 must be assigned; and
• if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is already assigned to an element of 𝐵,
_________________________.
• In function,
• ______ elements of 𝐴 must be assigned.
• if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is already assigned to an element of 𝐵,
_________________________.
Functions as Mapping
Mapping Diagram is a tool used represent the pairings of elements
of 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵
𝑥→𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
Function as a Machine
When the pairings are defined, function is like a machine that
transform an element 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and the result is an element 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

Here, we can say that 𝑥 is the ________ and 𝑦 is the ___________.

Function as Graph in Cartesian Plane
The elements of functions can be written as _________.
In this case, the input or pre-image is called as the _______ and the
output or the image is called as the ________.
These ordered pairs can be plotted in _______________.
In Cartesian plane, ordered pairs are represented as __________.
If we collect all these points, they form the ________________.
Vertical Line Test:
Given a graph in Cartesian Plane, one can determine if it’s a
function or relation by drawing a vertical line anywhere along the
graph.
If at least one vertical line intersected the graph at two points, then
it is not a function
Example 1
Consider the two sets below and determine if the following are
function or relation.
𝐴 = 0,1,2,3,4,5
𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒

1. 𝑓1 ={(0,a),(1,d),(2,c),(3,a),(4,b),(5,e)}
2. 𝑓2 ={(0,b),(2,e),(3,a),(0,d),(4,e),(5,e)}
3. 𝑓3 ={(1,b),(2,c),(3,e),(4,e),(5,e)}
4. 𝑓4 ={(0,a),(1,a),(2,a),(3,a),(4,a),(5,a)}
Example 2
Determine which of these graphs is a function.
Example 2
Determine which of these graphs is a function.
 Domain and Range
In the definition of function and relation,
𝐴 is called as the ___________.
• set of all possible values of 𝑥
• set of all possible _______.
𝐵 is called as the ______________.
• 𝐵 contains the __________.
• Range is the set of all possible values of 𝑦, i.e., set of all possible _______.
• The codomain is the set of values that _______________ while the range is
the set of values that _____________________.
Example 3
Using Desmos, determine the domain and range of the following:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2
3. 𝑥 − 3 2 + 𝑦 + 1 2 = 9
4. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 1
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1
Outline
• Definition of Function
• Odd and Even Functions
• Basic Operations on Functions
Odd and Even Functions
A function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be:
• odd if we replace 𝑥 by −𝑥, it is equal to ____, or ______________.
• even if we replace 𝑥 by −𝑥, it is equal to ____, or ______________.
Example 3: Determine if the following is an odd or even function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4
1−2𝑥 4
2. 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥3
3. ℎ 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
1
4. 𝑗 𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − + 3
3 2
𝑥
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Graphs of Odd and Even Functions
Outline
• Definition of Function
• Odd and Even Functions
• Basic Operations on Functions
Operations on Functions
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions:

1. 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =
2. 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =
3. 𝑓⋅𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑓
4. 𝑥 =
𝑔
5. 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =
Example 4
Perform the indicated operations.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
1. 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥
2. 𝑓−𝑔 𝑥
3. 𝑓−𝑔 3
1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 4𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = + 2
𝑥
1. 𝑓⋅𝑔 1
2. 𝑓⋅𝑔 𝑥
𝑓
3. 𝑥
𝑔
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓
1. 2
𝑔
𝑔
2. 𝑥
𝑓
Example 4
Example 4
Example 4
Example 5
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1, and ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2.
Compute the following compositions of functions.
1. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 1
2. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥
3. ℎ ∘ 𝑓 1
4. 𝑓 ∘ ℎ 𝑥
5. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥
6. ℎ ∘ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 2
Example 5
Example 5
• FIN.