Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Passi City
PASSI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Passi City, Iloilo
Tel No. 311-5997
Self Learning
Module for Senior
High School
Learners
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
In this module, the competencies expected that you will learn are found in Your Targets.
You will see how relations and functions are represented and what piece-wise functions
are. You will also learn how to evaluate, perform operations with functions and
composite functions. Plus, you will need critical thinking skills as you solve problems
with functions.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.
4) It is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥,) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x value
but
different y-values.
a. relation c. domain b. function d. range
8) When dividing two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
________
of the divisor.
a. reciprocal c. abscissa b. addend d. Theorem
9) What is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take in a relation?
a. domain c. equation b. range d. function
Here you’ll learn how to interpret situations that occur in everyday life and use
functions to represent them. You’ll also use these functions to answer questions that
come up.
What if your bank charged a monthly fee of $15 for your checking account and also
charged $0.10 for each check written? How would you represent this scenario with a
function? Also, what if you could only afford to spend $20 a month on fees? Could you
use your function to find out how many checks you could write per month? In this
Concept, you’ll learn how to handle situations like these by using functions
Example
Solution:
You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That means that
each CD costs Php 12.
Example
The values of the dependent variable are always the corresponding positive outcomes
of the input values. This relationship has a special name, the absolute value. The
function rule looks like this: (𝒙) = |𝒙|.
Example
Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of $11.95 and a
connection fee of $0.50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function of
connection time.
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.
𝑦 = Maya’s monthly cost.
The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours.
The function is
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟏.𝟗𝟓 + 𝟎.𝟓𝟎𝒙.
When diving in the ocean, you must consider how much pressure you will experience
from diving a certain depth. From the atmosphere, we experience 14.7 pounds per
square inch (psi) and for every foot we dive down into the ocean, we experience another
0.44 psi in pressure.
Process Questions:
Definition
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range).
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥,).
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range by some rule.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥,) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write (𝑥) = 𝑦, read as “𝑓
𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦.” In particular, if (1,2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f,
then we say that 𝑓(2) = 1.
1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?
𝑓 = (1,3),(4,1),(2,0),(7,2)
𝑔 = (3,2),(4,4),(3,3),(8,9)
= (1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5)
Solution:
The relations 𝑓 and are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same
x- value but different y-values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because (3,2) and
(3,3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y values.
2. Table of values
Example 2
B.
x 1 1 1 2 4
y 1 2 3 4 5
Answer: mere relation. This is a one- to- many correspondence. Looking at the table,
there is duplication in the domain. The element “1” in x is matched to three
elements in y.
3. Mapping Diagrams
Solution.
The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a
specific value of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at least
one element in x for which there is more than one corresponding y value.
For example, 𝑥 = 2 corresponds to 𝑦 = 20 or 40.
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian
plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test.
Solution.
Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they do not pass
the vertical line test.
Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second
from the set of outputs.
Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from
the set of inputs.
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
Example 5.
Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.
a. {𝒙:𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} d. {𝒙:𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, ≥ 𝟒}
b. {𝒙:𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} e. {𝒙:𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, ≠ 𝟏}
c. {𝒙:𝒙 ∈ 𝑹,−𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏} f. {𝒙:𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
Example 6.
Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.
Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is (𝑥) = 40𝑥.
Example 7.
Solution.
Piecewise Functions.
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.
Example 8.
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes
100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function (𝑚), where
m is the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution.
Example 9.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional
integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.
Solution.
The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be
represented as follows:
Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the largest
integer less than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ = ⌊4⌋
Example 10.
Water can exist in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water vapor. As ice
is heated, its temperature rises until it hits the melting point of 0°C and stays constant
until the ice melts. The temperature then rises until it hits the boiling point of 100°C and
stays constant until the water evaporates. When the water is in a gaseous state, its
temperature can rise above 100°C (This is why steam can cause third degree burns!).
A solid block of ice is at -25°C and heat is added until it completely turns into water
vapor. Sketch the graph of the function representing the temperature of water as a
function of the amount of heat added in Joules given the following information:
Assume that rising temperature is linear. Explain why this is a piecewise function.
Solution.
Let (𝑥) represent the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius as a function of
cumulative heat added in Joules. The function T(x) can be graphed as follows:
This is a piecewise function because the temperature rise can be expressed as a linear
function with positive slope until the temperature hits 0°C, then it becomes a constant
function until the total heat reaches 6,950𝐾 𝐽. It then becomes linear again until the
temperature reaches 100°C, and becomes a constant function again until the total heat
reaches 55,260 𝐽.
Answer the following item as instructed. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
Justify your answer.
Activity 1: RELATION-ships
4. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary S as a
function of the number n of days that the person works.
5. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300 meters (or
a fraction thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the
taxi fare in terms of the distance d in meters
6. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10
pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise
function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.
You need a good grasp of GEMDAS. GEMDAS is an acronym for the words Grouping
symbols, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. When asked to
simplify two or more operations in one algebraic/numerical expression, the order of the
letters in GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first, second, third and so on, until a
simplified expression is achieved.
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with
a value from the function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are
evaluating 𝑓 at a for some 𝑎 in the domain of f, we write (𝑎).
Example 2.
a) (2𝑥 + 1) b) (4𝑥 − 3)
Solution:
a. 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1) = 3(2𝑥 + 1) − 2 = 6𝑥 + 3 − 2 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏
b. 𝑔(4𝑥 − 3) = 3(4𝑥 − 3)2 − 4(4𝑥 − 3)
= 3(16𝑥2 − 24𝑥 + 9) − 16𝑥 + 12
= 48𝑥2 − 72𝑥 + 27 − 16𝑥 + 12
= 48𝑥2 − 88𝑥 + 39
Example 3
Solution.
Suppose that 𝑠 (𝑇) is the top speed (in km per hour) of a runner when the
Temperature is T degrees Celsius. Explain what the statements (15) = 12
and 𝑠(30) = 10 mean.
Solution.
The first equation means that when the temperature is 15°𝐶, then the top
speed of a runner is 12 km per hour. However, when temperature rises to
30°𝐶, the top speed is reduced to 10 km per hour.
Example 5
The velocity 𝑉 (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward 𝑡 seconds after the ball was
thrown is given by 𝑉(𝑡) = 20 – 9.8𝑡. Calculate (0) and (1), and explain what
these results mean.
Solution.
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with
a value from the function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are
evaluating 𝑓 at a for some 𝑎 in the domain of f, we write (𝑎).
Answer the following on your sheet of intermediate paper.
c. A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first
two hours and an additional P10.00 per hour for each succeeding hour. Find how
much you would pay if you used one of their computers for:
1) 40 minutes
2) 3 hours
3) 150 minutes
d) Under certain circumstances, a rumor spreads according to the equation
3. Function composition
RECALL: Multiplication
To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the reciprocal
of the divisor.
Applying operations on functions may be quite confusing but as soon as you fully learn
the concept, you can derive strategies to simplify functions easily.
𝑓 ○ 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).
Solution:
Example 11
Suppose that (𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of shirts sold by a shop, and
the selling price per shirt is given by 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝒙, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20.
Find (𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and describe what it represents.
Solution:
(𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) = (𝑥)●𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝟐𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝒙) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20. Since
this function is the product of the quantity sold and the selling price, then
(𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) represents the revenue earned by the company.
Activity 3: We Co-Operate
4. 𝑔 ○ (5)
1. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
2. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
3. ( ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
4. (𝑓 ∘ )(𝑥)
d) Suppose that (𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of bags sold by a shop, and the selling
price per bag is given by 𝑝(𝑥) = 320 – 8𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10. Suppose further that
the cost of producing x bags is given by 𝐶(𝑥) = 200𝑥.
Find
1. (𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and
2. (𝑁 ● 𝑝 – 𝐶)(𝑥).
(𝑓 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). This means that (𝑥) is composed of the function (𝑥).
In other words, the variable 𝑥 in (𝑥) will take on the value of (𝑥).
1. Give a function 𝑓 that represents the price of the book if a P100 price reduction
applies.
2. Give a function 𝑔 that represents the price of the book if a 10% discount applies.
3. Compute (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔 ○ 𝑓)(𝑥). Describe what these mean. Which of these give
a better deal for the customer?
Process questions:
You encountered a lot of concepts related to functions. Now it’s time to pause for a
while and reflect to your learning:
POSTTEST
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with
a value from the function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are
evaluating 𝑓 at a for some 𝑎 in the domain of f, we write (𝑎).
Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from
the set of inputs.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from
the set of outputs.
References
Math is Fun
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-evaluating.html
Prepared by:
JANALVE P. PECATE
MT-I / ABM-Math Subject Group Head
Noted:
ROSAPHE B. SUSTEVERIO
SHS Asst. Principal II for Academics
Approved:
REY P. DEATRAS, Ph D.
Principal IV