SILVER OAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BE - SEMESTER–VIII • MID SEMESTER-I EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2018

SUBJECT: HARBOUR & AIRPORT ENGINEERING (2180602) (CL) SOLUTION

Q.1* (a) What are the different characteristics of an Aircraft?

AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS

These are importance to the airport planner and designer.

Type of propulsion Size of aircraft

Min turning radius, Min circling radius,Speed of aircraft,Aircraft weight and wheel
configuration,Jet blast,Fuel spillage ,Noise.

4. Type of propulsion Engine Speed limit kmph Piston 250 to 750 Ram jet 1280 to 2400
Rocket 4600

5. Size of Aircraft,Size of Aircraft involves,Wing span,Fuselage length, Height, Distance

between main gears, Wheel base,Trail width

6. Wing span decides,Width of taxi way, Clearance between two parallel traffic ways,Size of
apron and hanger,Width of hanger gate

7. Length of aircraft decides, Widening of taxi way on curves, Sizes of apron and hanger,
Height of aircraft or empennage height, It decides the height of hanger gate,The gear tread
and wheel base,Min turning radius of the aircraft.

8. Min turning radius, Min turning radius, A line is drawn through the axis of nose gear when
it is at its max angle of rotation,Theoretically max angle of rotation is 900, It will causes the
skidding. Because it is producing excessive wear. Max angle of nose gear limited 500 to 600
for turbo jet.

9. Min circling radius, Min radius required in space depends, Type of aircraft, Traffic
volume, Weather conditions, The diff radii for diff types of aircraft,Small gear aviation
aircraft under UFR condition =1.6 Km

(b) Define Tides, Tidal Range & Dolphins.

Tides- Due to gravitational forces of sun and moon there is periodic rise and fall of ocean
waters. This phenomenon is known as tides

Tidal Range- The difference in height between high water and low water at a tidal station is
called tidal range.
Dolphins- are the marine structure located at the entrance of a locked basin or alongside a
pier or a wharf.

(c) Explain in detail pros & cons of Air Transportation.

Pros:

Following are the advantages of air transport

High Speed:It is the fastest mode of transport and therefore suitable for carriage of goods
over a long distance. It require less time.

Quick Service:Air transport provides comfortable, efficient and quick transport services. It is
regarded as best mode of transport for transporting perishable goods.

No Infrastructure Investment:Air transport does not give emphasis on construction of tracks

like railways. As no capital investment in surface track is needed, it is a less costly mode of
transport.

Easy Access:Air transport is regarded as the only means of transport in those areas which are
not easily accessible to other modes of transport. It is therefore accessible to all areas
regardless the obstruction of land.

No Physical Barrier:Air transport is free from physical barriers because it follows the shortest
and direct routes where seas, mountains and forests do not obstruct.

Natural Route:Aircrafts travels to any place without any natural obstacles or barriers because
the custom formalities are compiled very quickly. It avoids delay in obtaining clearance.

National defence:It plays a significant role in the national defense of the country because
modern wars are conducted with the help of aero planes. Airways has a upper hand a
destroying the enemy in a short period.

Cons:

Inspite of many advantages, air transport has some disadvantage also.

Risky:Air transport is the most risky form of transport because a minor accident may put a
substantial loss to the goods, passengers and the crew. The chances of accidents are greater in
comparison to other modes of transport.

Very Costly:Air transport is considered costlier as compare to other mode of transport. The
operating cost of aero-planes are higher and it involves a great deal of expenditure on the
construction of aerodromes and aircraft. Because of this reason the fare of air transport are
high that common people can’t afford it.

Small Carrying Capacity:The aircrafts have small carrying capacity and therefore these are
not suitable for carrying bulky and cheaper goods. The load capacity cannot be increased as it
is found in case of rails.
Unreliable:Air transport is unreliable as it depends of the weather forecast. Normally if the
weather is not certain the flight may got delayed.

Huge Investment:Air transport requires huge investment for construction and maintenance of
aerodromes. It also requires trained, experienced and skilled personnel which involves a
substantial investment.

Q2.

(a) Draw schematic diagram of harbour layout showing all components.

(b) Write a short note on fenders

Marine fenders are important marine equipment as they prevent loss to the body of a boat or a
ship. The fender systems that are used in naval vessels have evolved continuously throughout
the times and now are devised in such a way that the prevention process is almost faultless
and foolproof. Marine fenders, in today’s times are employed in such a way that they are kept
on the hull or the head of a boat or a ship in order to prevent casualty to the hull or the head
of the naval vessel if there is any collision happening between boats. However, at the same
time, marine fenders are also employed in piers, docks, wharves and other regular boat
entrance and exit points on a permanent basis. This permanent fixing of marine fenders help
because, in case there is a heavy traffic of boats passing through from a particular dockyard,
and there is an accident or a collision then the casualty to the boat and the dockyard will be
both minimised to a great extent.Fender systems have been devised in order to protect all
vehicles from damage caused due to accidents. When it comes to marine fenders, the marine
equipment is one of the best technological advancements to have occurred in contemporary
times.

Even in the earlier centuries, fender systems were used to prevent loss to a naval vessel’s
torso but the concept and idea has evolved more in the modern times than in the past.
Through successful innovations and initiations, there are a wide variety of marine fender
systems available which act as excellent marine equipment.

There are various types of marine fenders which have emerged over the years and which
provide excellent utility in the area of water transportation. The wide variety of marine
fenders ensures that sufficient options are provided so as to enable a person or an authority to
choose the best possible fender system or marine fender.During its voyage, a vessel has to
approach port for loading and unloading of crew and commodities and to other vessel for
supplying and accepting certain commodities; in these cases there are definite chances of
collision and during collision huge amount of energy is transferred which causes fatality to its
crew and damage to vessel itself, port and commodities. Marine fenders prevent either the
head or hull of a vessel to collide with any other water body.

(c) Enlist various components of an Aircraft & Explain three controls.

Although airplanes are designed for a variety of purposes, most of them have the same major
components. The overall characteristics are largely determined by the original design
objectives. Most airplane structures include a fuselage, wings, an empennage, landing gear,
and a powerplant. There are many other parts as well.
Q2 (b)Write a short note on Holding Apron

A holding apron is an area contiguous to the taxiway, near the runway entrance, where

aircraft park briefly before taking off while cockpit checks and engine runups are

made. The use of holding aprons reduces interference between departing aircraft and

minimizes delays at this portion of the runway system. In the case of utility airports, the FAA
(1) recommends the installation of holding aprons when air activity reaches 30 operations per
normal peak hour. Space to accommodate at least two, but not more than four, is
recommended for small airports (14).General space requirements may be approximated by
applying factors to the wingspan of the aircraft that will be using the facility. These factors
will provide a guide for space requirements for maneuvering and wingtip clearance. Studies
of aircraft equipped with dual-wheel undercarriages reveal that the diameter of the space
required to maneuver and hold such aircraft may be closely approximated by multiplying the
wingspan by factors varying between 1.35 and 1.50. Similar investigations for dual-tandem
gear aircraft reveal that factors of between 1.60 and 1.75 will suffice. This factor for small
aircraft with a conventional single-wheel gear varies between 1.50 and 1.65.

Q2 (c)What is the significance of Water Transportation compare to other modes of

transportation? Explain in brief.

Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport. It operates on a natural track
and hence does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of its
track except in case of canals. The cost of operation of water transport is also very less. It has
the largest carrying capacity and is most suitable for carrying bulky goods over long
distances. It has played a very significant role in bringing different parts of the world closer
and is indispensable to foreign trade.

Kinds of Water Transport:

Water transport consists of:

Inland Water Transport:

As shown in the chart, inland water transport consists of transport by rivers, canals and lakes.

Rivers: Rivers are a natural waterway which can be used as a means of transport. They are
suitable for small boats as well as big barrages. River transport played a very important role
prior to the development of modern means of land transport. Their importance has gradually
declined on account of more reliable and cheaper transport services offered by the railways.

Canals: They are artificial waterways made for the purpose of irrigation or navigation or both.
Canal transport requires a huge amount of capital investment in construction and maintenance
of its track i.e., the artificial waterways. The cost of the canal transport is, therefore, higher
than that of river transport. To add to it, the cost of providing water for the canals is also a
very big problem of canal transport.

They are artificial waterways made for the purpose of irrigation or navigation or both. Canal
transport requires a huge amount of capital investment in construction and maintenance of its
track i.e., the artificial waterways. The cost of the canal transport is, therefore, higher than
that of river transport. To add to it, the cost of providing water for the canals is also a very big
problem of canal transport.
Q3.(a) The length of runway at sea level under standard condition at zero gradient is 1500 m.
The airport site is at an elevation of 900 m. The reference temperature is 20 0C and the
proposed runway permits ascending gradient of 0.5%. Design the longitudinal profile of
runway with required check.
Q3.(b)Enlist different types of breakwater and describe any one of them.
Q3.(c)What are the factors that airport planner has to kept in mind while selecting suitable
site for an airport? Enlist each of them

Data required before site selection:

1) Peak hour volumes of passengers and cargo at present and in future

2) The types of aircraft which will use the airport and their charateristics, viz. size,
turning radius, encircling radius, weight wheel configrations etc
3) The type of airport its size and shape, facilities to be provided for the passengers,
baggage and cargo.
4) The type of operation control used

Steps in site selection

The main purpose of site selection is to find a suitable location to accommodate all functions
of the airport.

The steps involved in site selection are:

1) Requirement of land area

2) Evaluation of factors affecting airport location
3) Preliminary office study of possible sites
4) Site inspection
5) Environmnental study
6) Review of potential sites
7) Preparation of outline plans
8) Estimates of costs and revenues
9) Final evaluation and selection of site
10) Report and recommendations
OR

Q3.(a)Write a short note on Littoral Drift

Littoral transport is the term used for the transport of non-cohesive sediments, i.e. mainly
sand, along the foreshore and the shoreface due to the action of the breaking waves and the
longshore current. The littoral transport is also called the longshore transport or the littoral
transport.

the wave-driven longshore transport of sediment, plays a major role in shoreline dynamics.
Human-induced modification of littoral drift is a ubiquitous cause of coastal erosion (see
Human causes of coastal erosion). Measuring littoral drift in field situations is notoriously
difficult and generally subject to great uncertainty. Therefore, model estimates are often used
in practice. A simple, popular model is the so-called 1-line model, derived from shallow-
water wave theory. In this article a generalized version of this model (called GENESIS [1]) is
presented, together with conditions and prescriptions for practical application.
Numerous theoretical and field studies have been carried out to quantify the volume and
direction of littoral sediment transport along the Indian coast. Nevertheless, very little effort has
been made to identify the sources for the littoral transport, which feed to the nearshore transport
mechanism and on sinks, wherein the continuous movement of the littoral sediment breaks and
deposits over a considerable period of time. Rivers are the major source for the littoral drift and
the annual discharge of sediments to sea along the Indian coast is about 1.2 × 10¹²
kg. The construction of inland dams, irrigation barrages, have considerably reduced the sediment
load brought to the sea. Due to the fall in the influx of sediments and concentration of wave
energy, many coastal segments experience erosion. In order to identify the extent of the
significance of the major sinks for the sediment deposition along the Indian coast, a study was
undertaken to evaluate the long-term sediment deposition in Gulf of Kachchh, Gulf of Khambhat,
Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay and Sandheads. The study shows an average yearly deposition of
sediments to a thickness of 0.025 m at Gulf of Kachchh, 0.03 m at Gulf of Khambhat, 0.01 m at
Gulf of Mannar, 0.006 m at Palk Bay and 0.003 m at Sandheads. The depositional features
identified in the present study have been noticed as occurrences of spits, shoals and the
progradation of coastline.

Q3.(b)Give the classification of Harbours with neat sketches.

Harbors are classified into different types based on different conditions such as:

1. Safety required
2. Location
3. Usage

Classification of Harbor based on Safety

Required
The requirement of safety or protection classified the harbor into:

 Natural harbor
 Semi natural harbor
 Artificial harbor
Natural Harbor
Natural harbor formed naturally by the protection of mountains, bays, islands
etc. and are in use since long time. So, development in terms of population,
geographical features, etc. are rapid in natural harbor regions.

Semi Natural Harbor

Semi natural harbors are also formed naturally, but sometimes at the harbor
entrance manmade constructions are required for more protection against
winds and waves.
Artificial Harbor
Artificial harbor or man-made harbors does not contain any natural
protections and these protections are built artificially which are called
breakwaters. Breakwaters are the structures which prevent the inside water
from storms and waves and keeps the inside water still.

Types of Harbors based on Location

The harbors classification based on location are:

 Sea harbor
 River harbor
 Canal harbor

Sea Harbor
Harbor situated along sea shore is termed as sea harbor. Sea ports are of very
large area and loading and unloading of goods also done in larger quantities.
Different countries are connected by these ports.

River Harbor
River harbors are constructed in the rivers which finally connects to sea. So,
these enable the navigation inside a country from noncoastal areas.

Canal Harbor
Canal harbors are also similar to river harbors but a canal is connected to sea
through a major river.
 Q3.(c)What is the function of Hanger? What are the requirements of a good Hanger Site.

Aircraft hangars are commonly referred to as "glorified garages" for airplanes. They can vary
from simple "shade" structures that protect all or parts of the aircraft from the elements to
complicated environmentally controlled maintenance facilities in which robots apply radar
absorbing coatings. However, since planes are designed to fly, it is essential to minimize their
maintenance time in the hangar and maximize their availability to fly.
There are five types of spaces in hangar facilities:

1. Hangar Area
2. Shops Area
3. Warehouse Area
4. Office/Administration and Specialty Areas
5. Building Utilities Area

Careful analysis of the following will allow designer to determine the space needs for general
spaces listed above common to aircraft hangars.

 Identification of the type of aircraft that will populate the hangar.

 Identification of the aircraft mix that will populate the hangar.
 Identification of the aircraft maintenance functions that will be performed in the
facility.
 Estimation of the type and amount of shop area required to perform the maintenance
functions.
 Estimation of the type and amount of warehouse space required to support the
maintenance effort.
 Estimation of the floor space required for Office and Administration Area.
 Identification of special purpose areas such as locker rooms, toilets, personnel
berthing area, dining areas and public lobbies to name a few.
 Estimation of the floor space required for the Building Utilities Area.

 To determine the most efficient use of hangar space use templates representing the
aircraft and floor plans drawn at the same scale. Arrange the templates in various
combinations to the make the most efficient use of space and permits maintenance
operations.
 Minimum separation distances between aircraft and minimum distances between the
aircraft and other obstructions are defined in some building codes.