UNIT II - 1D LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS

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Step 1: Structure discretization.
Divide the structure or continuum or solution region into finite elements that is,
using finite elements structure modeling is prepared. Number, type, size and
arrangement of the elements are to be decided. Mesh generation programs called
“Preprocessors” can be used for this purpose.

Step 2: Each element's properties formulation.

This means determining nodal loads associated with all element
deformation are allowed.

Step 3: Selecting proper displacement model or interpolation.

Exact prediction is not possible irrespective of any load condition for complex
structure’s displacement solution. To approximate the unknown solution, a proper
solution can be assumed.. There should be simple assumed solution from
computational view point, but certain convergence should be satisfied and
compatibility requirements. Generally the solution or interpolation model is in the
form of a polynomial.
Step 4: To derive load vector and element stiffness matrix
An element “e” and its load factor {F1} & stiffness matrix {k} need derivation
from the assumed displacement model by using either equilibrium conditions
or a suitable variation principle.

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Step 5: Assembling the equations of element
As the structure is composed of several finite elements, suitable assembly of load
vectors & formulation of l equilibrium equations is done as [K][Q] = [F], where K
is structural or global stiffness matrix [Q] is vector of nodal displacements [F] is
nodal forces’ vector

Step 6: solution of nodal displacements which are unknown

The equilibrium equations have to be modified using the boundary conditions of the
problem. After incorporating the boundary conditions the equilibrium equations are
expressed as [K] [Q] = [F]. For linear problems the displacement vector Q can be
calculated comfortably, but we can obtain solution of non-linear problems by solving
a number of steps in sequence. Here in we modify load vector F or stiffness matrix
K in every step
Step7: Computation of Element's computation of strains &stresses
The strains & stresses are computed with the help of known displacement [Q]
Step 8: Presentation of results
Using output interpolation programs called ‘Postprocessors” the results can be framed
and displayed in vector or raster forms as desired.

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 SELECTION OF INTERPOLATION FUNCTION

• Interpolation polynomial is fixed, the discretization of the region can be

improved by two methods.
r-method, the locations of the nodes are altered without changing the
total number of elements.
h-method, the number of elements is increased.
• Increasing the order of the interpolation of polynomial hand, p-method, If
the improvement in accuracy is required.
• Problems involving curved boundaries cannot be modelled satisfactorily by
using straight-sided elements.
• Iso-parametric elements is to use the same interpolation functions to define
the element shape or geometry as well as the variation of the field variable
within the element.
• Nowadays, iso-parametric elements are extensively used in three-
dimensional and shell analysis problems.
 SHAPE FUNCTION
The shape function is the function which interpolates the
solution between the discrete values obtained at the mesh
nodes.
 Properties of shape functions

•Shape function has a value of one at its

own node and zero at the other node.
•Sum of all the shape functions is equal to
one.
•Shape functions are always the
polynomials of the same type as the
original interpolation equation.
 SHAPE FUNCTION – Bar element
Using generalized coordinate approach, find shape functions for
two noded bar element.

u(x) - axial displacement at any position along the length of the bar
the nodal displacements (u) u1 = u(x = 0) and u2 = u(x = L)

we have the continuous field variable u(x), which is to be expressed (approximately) in

terms of two nodal variables u1 and u2.
Derivation of shape function for 1D bar element

For linear model,

One dimensional, u(x) = α0+ α1x
SHAPE FUNCTION
 SHAPE FUNCTION

Where,
 SHAPE FUNCTION

Using generalized coordinate approach, find shape functions for Quadratic bar
element.

For Quadratic model,

One dimensional, u(x) = α0+ α1x+α2x2

SHAPE FUNCTION
Quadratic bar element.
SHAPE FUNCTION
Quadratic bar element.
SHAPE FUNCTION Quadratic bar element.
SHAPE FUNCTION Quadratic bar element.
- Tutorial Problems on axial loading of bars
 Tutorial Problems
Dividing the structure into No. of element,
Tutorial Problems
Tutorial Problems
Tutorial Problems
Tutorial Problems
 Tutorial Problems
• Stress in each materials,

We know that,
σ = E du/dx

For Element 1,
σ1 = E1 * (u2 – u1)/ L1

σ1 = 70*103 * (0.2325 – 0)/ 300

σ1 = 54.25 N/mm2
 Tutorial Problems
• Stress in each materials,

We know that,
σ = E du/dx

For Element 2,
σ2 = E2 * (u3 – u2)/ L2

σ2 = 200*103 * (0 - 0.2325)/ 400

σ2 = -116.25 N/mm2
Tutorial Problems
Tutorial Problems
Tutorial Problems
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Practice:

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 INTRODUCTION

finite element formulation: Three coordinate systems are

used :

Global coordinate system - corresponds to the entire body and is

used to define nodes in the entire body.

Local coordinate system - corresponds to a particular element in

the body , and the numbering is done to that particular element
neglecting the entire body .

Natural coordinate system - Similar to local coordinate system

but a node is expressed by a dimensionless set of numbers whose
magnitude never exceeds unity ( zeta (ζ) , eta (ƞ) and xi (ξ) .)

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 GCS
Global coordinate system

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LCS
Local coordinate system (LCS)- corresponds to a particular
element in the body , and the numbering is done to that
particular element neglecting the entire body .

The Local coordinate system used to define

-Internal forces
-Element displacement
-Element stress

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 Trusses
Two-dimensional (2-D) trusses (or plane trusses)

A truss structure consists only of two-force members. That is, every truss
element is in direct tension or compression

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Assumptions of truss structure

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Local and Global Coordinate system

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Direction Cosines

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Problem-1

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Problem -2

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Solution

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Problem-3

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 Simple Alternative Procedure

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