Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Saying Numbers
3. TH
E DECIMAL POINT
In English, we use a point (.) and not a comma (,) for decimals. We use commas in
figures only when writing thousands.
10,001 is ten thousand and one.
10.001 is ten point oh oh one.
When accounts are prepared on computer, commas are not used. The number appears
as 82103.
In English all the numbers after a decimal point are read separately:
10.66 ten point six six Not ten point sixty six
0.325 nought point three two five
0.001 nought point oh oh one or 10, ten to the power minus three
3. PER
CENT
The stress is on the cent of per cent ten perCENT
Notice the following when talking about interest rates:
0.5 % a half of one per cent
0.25% a quarter of a percentage point
For example:
The Bank of England raised interest rates this morning by a quarter of a percentage
point.
7. FRACTIONS
Fractions are mostly like ordinal numbers (fifth, sixth, twenty third etc):
a third a fifth a sixth
Notice, however, the following:
a half a quarter three quarters
three and a half two and three quarters
8. CALCULATING
Remember to pronounce the 5 in equals as /z/. It is singular; the part on the left
equals the part on the right.
10 + 4 = 14 ten plus four is fourteen
ten and four equals fourteen
10-4 = 6 ten minus four is six
ten take away four equals six
10 x 4 = 40 ten times four is (or equals) forty
ten multiplied by four is forty
10 : 4 = 2 /2 ten divided by four is two and a half
1
9. FOREIGN CURRENCY
Notice these ways of speaking about exchange rates:
How many yen are there to the dollar?
How many yen per dollar did you get?
The current rate is about 1.6 Euros to the pound.
How would you say these dollar rates?
Dollar Rates
Australia .................1.4060-1.4070
Canada .................. 1.3756-1.3766
Hong Kong ...........7.7360-7.7370
Japan ............................ 84.96-85.01
11. REVIEW
How many of the following can you say aloud in under 1 minute?
1. 234,567
2. 1,234,567,890
3. 1.234
4. 0.00234%
5. 3.14159
6. $19.50
7. £7.95
8. 19,999
9. 1,999 years
10. In 1999
11. I think the phone number is 01227-764000.
12. Have you got a pen? Their fax number is: 00 33 567 32 49.
13. Please pay it into my account - number G4.744-440.
14. He was born in 1905 and died in 1987.
15. It's a white Lamborghini Diabolo, registration number MI 234662, and it looks as
if it's doing 225 kilometres an hour!
16. 30 x 25 = 750
17. 30 / 25 = 1.20
18. x2 + y3 = z
Part 1
Assignment 1. In this extract from David Lodge's novel Nice Work, Robyn Penrose a
university English lecturer, is accompanying Vic Wilcox, the managing director of a
manufacturing company, on a business trip to Germany. She looks out of the
aeroplane window, and begins to think about the essentially English act of making a
cup of tea.
What is the key point that this extract is making about economies?
Sunlight flooded the cabin as the plane changed course. It was a bright, clear
morning. Robyn looked out of the window as England slid slowly by beneath them:
cities and towns, their street plans like printed circuits, scattered over a mosaic of tiny
fields, connected by the thin wires of railways and motorways. Hard to imagine at
this height all the noise and commotion going on down there. Factories, shops,
offices, schools, beginning the working day People crammed into rush hour buses
and trains, or sitting at the wheels of their cars in traffic jams, or washing up
breakfast things in the kitchens of pebble-dashed semis. All inhabiting their own little
worlds, oblivious of how they fitted into the total picture. The housewife, switching
on her electric kettle to make another cup of tea, gave no thought to the immense
complex of operations that made that simple action possible: the building and
maintenance of the power station that produced the electricity, the mining of coal or
pumping of oil to fuel the generators, the laying of miles of cable to carry the current
to her house, the digging and smelting and milling of ore or bauxite into sheets of
steel or aluminium, the cutting and pressing and welding of the metal into the kettle's
shell, spout and handle, the assembling of these parts with scores of other
components - coils, screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, wires, springs, rubber
insulation, plastic trimmings; then the packaging of the kettle, the advertising of the
kettle, the marketing of the kettle to wholesale and retail outlets, the transportation of
the kettle to warehouses and shops, the calculation of its price, and the distribution of
its added value between all the myriad people and agencies concerned in its
production. The housewife gave no thought to all this as she switched on her
kettle. Neither had Robyn until this moment, and it would never have occurred to her
to do so before she met Vic Wilcox.
(David Lodge: Nice Work)
Assignment 2. In the 20th century the economy was described as consisting of three
sectors:
• the primary sector: agriculture, and the extraction of raw materials from the earth;
• the secondary sector: manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are turned
into finished products (although of course many of the people working for
manufacturing companies do not actually make anything, but provide a service-
administration, law, finance, marketing, selling, computing, personnel, and so on);
• the tertiary sector: the commercial services that help industry produce and
distribute goods to the final consumers, as well as activities such as education, health
care, leisure, tourism, and so on.
The text lists a large number of operations belonging to the different sectors of the
economy. Classify the 18 activities from the text according to which sector they
belong to:
Can you think of three important activities to add to each list (not necessarily in
relation to the kettle)?
Assignment 3. Which sector do you intend to work in or do you already work in?
How do you 'fit into the total picture'?
I intent to work in the tertiary sector. I will create an enterprise that will successfully
compete in the market
Assignment 4. How many people in the tertiary sector have you already spoken to
today (travelling to institute or shopping, eating, and so on)? Hypermarket cashier
What about people in the other two sectors? Coal preparation plant . When did you
last talk to someone who grew or produced food, for example? Yesterday I spoke
with my grandfather who grews vegetables but doesn`t sell them.
Assignment 5. Study the Active vocabulary and give the Ukrainian equivalents of
the words and word combinations:
1.
managing director - керуючий директор
2.
manufacturing company – виробнича компанія
3.
rush hour – година пік
4.
maintenance of the power station-технічне обслуговування електростанції
5.
pumping of oil – перекачування нафти
6.
mining of coal
7.
laying of cable- прокладка кабелю
8.
smelting of ore – виплавка руди
9. cutting and pressing of metal - різання та пресування металу
10. welding of metal - зварювання металу
11.
Assembling – складання, монтаж
12. wholesale and retail outlets - оптові та роздрібні торгові точки
13. distribution of the added value - розподіл доданої вартості
14.
raw materials - сировина
15.
extraction of raw materials – видобуток сировини
16.
finished product -
17.
calculation of price
18.
Transportations –транспортування
Assignment 6. Translate the sentences:
1. Утримання такого великого магазину потребує великих коштів. Keeping such
a big store requires a lot of money
2. Точки збуту бувають роздрібні та оптові, звичайно саме в оптових точках
роздрібної торгівлі ціни нижчі. Sales outlets are retail and wholesale, of course it is
in the wholesale outlets retail prices are lower.
3. На сьогоднішній день в Японії налічується 55 атомних електростанцій. There
are currently 55 nuclear power plants in Japan.
4. Євген Патон був першим у світі, хто винайшов електричне зварювання.
Eugene Paton was the first in the world to invent electric welding
5. Забезпечення роботи електростанції – першочергове завдання цієї групи
людей. Keeping the power plant running is the first priority of this group of people.
6. Точки роздрібної торгівлі переповнені підробленими годинниками Swatch.
Retail outlets are overflowing with counterfeit Swatch watches.
7. Оман лідує за видобутком нафти у абсолютних показниках. Oman leads in oil
production in absolute terms.
8. Підрахунок ціни на високотехнологічну продукцію завжди був складним
процесом, який вимагав врахування багатьох факторів впливу на нього.
Calculating the price of high-tech products has always been a complex process that
required consideration of many influencing factors.
9. Перевезеннями у нашій компанії займається окремий відділ. There is a
separate department in our company that deals with transportation.
Assignment 7. Some people now describe the economy as having five sectors,
consisting of information services such as computing, ICT (information and
communication technologies, consultancy and R&D (research and development,
particularly in scientific fields). Broader definitions add intellectual activities
including culture.
A nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of
the population engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is seen as a
continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum starts with the
primary sector, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw materials from the
earth such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance from the raw materials
of the earth increases.
Primary Sector
The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The
primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities
associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and
commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and
quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material associated with this
sector is also considered to be part of this sector.
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides
services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this
sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution,
entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical
services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.
Quaternary Sector
Quinary Sector
Some consider there to be a branch of the quaternary sector called the quinary sector,
which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This
sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as government,
science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.
by Matt Rosenberg
Part 2
Assignment 1. Read the text, answer the questions and express your own opinion
about the problem raised in the text
Two hundred years ago, the vast majority of the population of virtually every country
lived in the countryside and worked in agriculture. Today, in what many people call
'the advanced industrialized countries', only 2-3% of the population earn their living
from agriculture. But some people already talk about 'the post-industrial countries',
because of the growth of service industries, and the decline of manufacturing, which
is moving to 'the developing countries'.
Is manufacturing industry important? Is its decline in the 'advanced' countries
inevitable? Will services adequately replace it?
Assignment 2. Read this extract from an interview with the well-known Canadian
economist, John Kenneth Galbraith, and answer the questions.
(J.K. Galbraith in conversation with Steve Platt, New Statesman and Society)
A manual work
B to change from one thing to another
C to be uncertain, disbelieving
D to satisfy people's desires or requirements
E to discover something by accident
1 to convert itself
2 to serve needs
3 labour input
4 to stumble on
5 to be dubious
Assignment 7. Study the Active vocabulary and give the Ukrainian equivalents of
the words and word combinations:
1. indu
strialized countries
2. deve
loping countries
3. to
earn one’s living from agriculture
4. servi
ce industries
5. cons
umption
6. man
ual work
7. to
convert oneself
8. to
serve the needs of smb
9. labo
ur input
10. to be
dubious of smth
11. to
stumble on smth
12. man
ufactured product
13. low
value pounds
14. low-
tech product
15. labo
ur costs
16. inevi
table
17. decli
ne of manufacturing
Manufacturing industry
Manufacturing industry refers to those industries which involve the manufacturing
and processing of items and indulge in either creation of new commodities or in value
addition. The manufacturing industry accounts for a significant share of the industrial
sector in developed countries. The final products can either serve as finished goods
for sale to customers or as intermediate goods used in the production process.
Evolution of the manufacturing industry:
Manufacturing industries came into being with the occurrence of technological and
socio-economic transformations in the Western countries in the 18th-19th century.
This was widely known as industrial revolution. It began in Britain and replaced the
labor intensive textile production with mechanization and use of fuels.
Working of manufacturing industry:
Manufacturing industries are the chief wealth producing sectors of an economy.
These industries use various technologies and methods widely known as
manufacturing process management. Manufacturing industries are broadly
categorized into engineering industries, construction industries, electronics industries,
chemical industries, energy industries, textile industries, food and beverage
industries, metalworking industries, plastic industries, transport and
telecommunication industries. Manufacturing industries are important for an
economy as they employ a huge share of the labor force and produce materials
required by sectors of strategic importance such as national infrastructure and
defense. However, not all manufacturing industries are beneficial to the nation as
some of them generate negative externalities with huge social costs. The cost of
letting such industries flourish may even exceed the benefits generated by them.
Owing to the emerging technologies worldwide, the world manufacturing
industry has geared up and has incorporated several new technologies within its
purview. Economists consider the World manufacturing industry as a sector which
generates a lot of wealth. Generating employment, introducing latest techniques, real
earnings from shipments etc., have put the world manufacturing industry in a
favorable position.
World Manufacturing Industry:
With the implementation of the concept of eco friendly environment, world
manufacturing industry has taken several measures to ensure that the manufacturing
industries worldwide abide by the eco friendly norms. World manufacturing industry
also plays an important role in the defense of a country. By manufacturing aircraft
which play a vital role in the country's defense, the aerospace manufacturing industry
acts as a shield. Other industries in the manufacturing sector
manufacture products which are indispensable in our daily lives. With regard to the
GDP or gross domestic product, world manufacturing industry contributes to the
global economy as well as the global GDP.
Assignment 11. Match up the words on the left with the definition on the right and
translate them:
product