ELECTRI

CALEQUATI
ONS

Cabl
eCapaci
ty:
ForCuWi
reCur
rentCapaci
ty(
Upt
o30Sq.
mm)=6XSi
zeofWi
rei
nSq.
mm

Ex.For2.
5Sq.
mm=6×2.
5=15Amp,
For1Sq.
mm=6×1=6Amp,
For1.
5Sq.
mm=6×1.
5=9Amp

ForCabl
eCur
rentCapaci
ty=4XSi
zeofCabl
einSq.
mm ,
Ex.For2.
5Sq.
mm=4×2.
5=9Amp.

Nomencl
atur
eforcabl
eRat
ing=Uo/
U

wher
eUo=Phase-
GroundVol
tage,
U=Phase-
PhaseVol
tage,
Um=Hi
ghestPer
missi
bleVol
tage.

Shor
tCi
rcui
tLev
elofCabl
einKA(
Isc)
=(0.
094xCabl
eDi
ainSq.
mm)
/√Shor
tCi
rcui
tTi
me(
Sec)

Cabl
eVolt
ageDr
op(
%)=(
1.732xcur
rent
x(RcosǾ+j
sinǾ)
x1.
732xLengt
h(km)
x100)
/(Vol
t(
L-L)
x
Cabl
eRun.

Si
zeofCabl
eaccor
dingt
oShor
tci
rcui
t(f
or11kV,
3.3kVonl
y)

Shor
tci
rcui
tver
if
icat
ioni
sper
for
medbyusi
ngf
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

Cr
ossSect
ionar
eaofCabl
e(mm2)
S=Ix√t/K

Wher
e:

t=f
aul
tdur
ati
on(
S)

I=ef
fect
iveshor
tci
rcui
tcur
rent(
kA)

K=0.
094f
oral
umi
num conduct
ori
nsul
atedwi
thXLPE

Exampl
e:Faul
tdur
ati
on(
t)=0.
25sec,
Faul
tCur
rent(
I)=26.
24kA

Cr
ossSect
ionar
eaofCabl
e=26.
24x√(
0.25)/0.
094=139.
6sq.mm

Thesel
ect
edcr
osssect
ional
areai
s185sq.mm.

Cur
rentCapaci
tyofEqui
pment
:
1PhaseMot
ordr
awsCur
rent
=7AmpperHP.

3PhaseMot
ordr
awsCur
rent
=1.
25AmpperHP.

Ful
lLoadCur
rentof3PhaseMot
or=HPx1.
5
Ful
lLoadCur
rentof1PhaseMot
or=HPx6

NoLoadCur
rentof3PhaseMot
or=30%ofFLC

KW Rat
ingofMot
or=HPx0.
75

Ful
lLoadCur
rentofequi
pment=1.
39xKVA(
for3Phase415Vol
t)

Ful
lLoadCur
rentofequi
pment=1.
74xKw(
for3Phase415Vol
t)

Ear
thi
ngResi
stance:

Ear
thi
ngResi
stancef
orSi
ngl
ePi
t=5Ω,
Ear
thi
ngGr
id=0.
5Ω

AsperNEC1985Ear
thi
ngResi
stanceshoul
dbe<5Ω.

Vol
tagebet
weenNeut
ralandEar
th<=2Vol
ts

Resi
stancebet
weenNeut
ralandEar
th<=1Ω

Cr
eepageDi
stance=18t
o22mm/
KV(
Moder
atePol
l
utedAi
r)or

Cr
eepageDi
stance=25t
o33mm/
KV(
Highl
yPol
l
utedAi
r)

I
nsul
ati
onResi
stance:
I
nsul
ati
onResi
stanceVal
uef
orRot
ati
ngMachi
ne=(
KV+1)MΩ.

I
nsul
ati
onResi
stanceVal
uef
orMot
or(
IS732)=(
(20xVol
tage(
L-L)
)/(
1000+(
2xKW)
).

I
nsul
ati
onResi
stanceVal
uef
orEqui
pment(
<1KV)=Mi
nimum 1MΩ.

I
nsul
ati
onResi
stanceVal
uef
orEqui
pment(
>1KV)=KV1MΩper1KV.

I
nsul
ati
onResi
stanceVal
uef
orPanel
=2xKVr
ati
ngoft
hepanel
.

MinI
nsul
ati
onResi
stanceValue(Domest
ic)=50MΩ/NoofPoi
nts.(
All
Elect
ri
cal
Poi
ntswi
th
El
ect
ri
cal
fit
ti
ng&Plugs).Shoul
dbelesst
han0.5MΩ

Mi
nI nsul
ati
onResist
anceValue(
Commer ci
al)=100MΩ/NoofPoi
nts.(
All
Elect
ri
cal
Poi
nts
wi
thoutfi
tt
ing&Plugs).
Shoul
dbelesst
han0.5MΩ.

TestVol
tage(
A.C)f
orMegger
ing=(
2XNamePl
ateVol
tage)+1000

TestVol
tage(
D.C)f
orMegger
ing=(
2XNamePl
ateVol
tage)
.

Submer
sibl
ePumpTake0.
4KWHofext
raEner
gyat1met
erdr
opofWat
er.
Li
ght
ingAr
rest
or:
Ar
rest
orhav
eTwoRat
ing=

(
1)MCOV=Max.Cont
inuousLi
net
oGr
oundOper
ati
ngVol
tage.

(
2)Dut
yCy
cleVol
tage.(
Dut
yCy
cleVol
tage>MCOV)
.

Prot
ecti
onradi
usofLight
ingArrestor=√hx(2D-
h)+(2D+L).Whereh=hei
ghtofL.
A,D-
dist
ance
ofequi
pment(20,
40,60Met er
),L=Vxt(V=1m/ms,t
=Dischar
geTime).

Si
zeofLi
ght
ingAr
rest
or=1.
5xPhaset
oEar
thVol
tageor1.
5x(
Syst
em Vol
tage/
1.732)
.

Tr
ansf
ormer
:
Cur
rentRat
ingofTr
ansf
ormer
=KVAx1.
4

Shor
tCi
rcui
tCur
rentofT.
C/Gener
ator
=Cur
rentRat
ing/%I
mpedance

NoLoadCur
rentofTr
ansf
ormer
=<2%ofTr
ansf
ormerRat
edcur
rent

Capaci
torCur
rent(
Ic)
=KVAR/1.
732x
Vol
t(Phase-
Phase)

Typi
cal
l
ythel
ocal
uti
l
itypr
ovi
dest
ransf
ormer
srat
edupt
o500kVAFormaxi
mum connect
ed
l
oadof99kW,

Typi
cal
l
ythelocal
uti
l
itypr
ovi
dest
ransf
ormer
srat
edupt
o1250kVAFormaxi
mum connect
ed
l
oadof150kW.

Thedi
ver
sit
ytheywoul
dappl
ytoapar
tment
sisar
ound60%

Maxi
mum HT(
11kV)connect
edl
oadwi
l
lbear
ound4.
5MVAperci
rcui
t.

4No.ear
thpi
tspert
ransf
ormer(
2No.f
orbodyand2No.f
orneut
ral
ear
thi
ng)
,

Cl
ear
ances,
appr
ox.
1000mm ar
oundTCal
l
owf
ort
ransf
ormermov
ementf
orr
epl
acement
.

Faul
tLev
elatTCSecondar
y=TC(
VA)x100/Tr
ansf
ormerSecondar
y(V)xI
mpedance(
%)

Di
eselGener
ator
:
Di
esel
Gener
atorSetPr
oduces=3.
87Uni
ts(
KWH)i
n1Li
tt
erofDi
esel
.

Requi
rementAr
eaofDi
esel
Gener
ator=f
or25KW t
o48KW=56Sq.
met
er,
100KW=65Sq.
met
er.

DGl
esst
hanorequal
to1000kVAmustbei
nacanopy
.

DGgr
eat
er1000kVAcanei
therbei
nacanopyorski
dmount
edi
nanacoust
ical
l
ytr
eat
edr
oom
DGnoi
sel
evel
stobel
esst
han75dBA@ 1met
er.

DGfuelst
oraget
anksshouldbeamaximum of990Li
tterperuni
tSt
oraget
anksabov
ethi
slev
el
wi
ll
tri
ggermorestr
ingentex
plosi
onpr
otect
ionpr
ovi
sion.

Cur
rentTr
ansf
ormer
:
Nomencl
atur
eofCT:

Rat
io:
input/out
putcur
rentr
ati
o

Bur
den(
VA)
:tot
albur
deni
ncl
udi
ngpi
l
otwi
res.(
2.5,
5,10,
15and30VA.
)

Cl
ass:
Accur
acyr
equi
redf
oroper
ati
on(
Met
eri
ng:
0.2,
0.5,
1or3,
Prot
ect
ion:
5,10,
15,
20,
30)
.

Accur
acyLi
mitFact
or:

Nomencl
atur
eofCT:Rat
io,
VABur den,Accur
acyClass,AccuracyLi
mitFact
or.
Exampl
e:1600/
5,
15VA5P10(Rat
io:
1600/5,Bur
den:15VA,AccuracyClass:5P,ALF:
10)

AsperIEEEMeteri
ngCT:0.3B0.
1rat
edMeter
ingCTisaccu­rat
eto0.
3per
centi
fthe
connect
edsecondarybur
denifi
mped­ancedoesnotexceed0.
1ohms.

AsperIEEERelay
ing(
Prot
ect
ion)CT:
2.5C100Relay
ingCTi
saccur
atewi
thi
n2.
5per
centi
fthe
secondar
yburdenisl
esst
han1.0ohm (
100volt
s/100A)
.

Ot
her
s:
ForSi
nusoi
dal
Cur
rent:
For
m Fact
or=RMSVal
ue/
Aver
ageVal
ue=1.
11

ForSi
nusoi
dal
Cur
rent:
PeakFact
or=MaxVal
ue/
RMSVal
ue=1.
414

Av
erageVal
ueofSi
nusoi
dal
Cur
rent
(I
av)
=0.
637xI
m(I
m=Max.
Val
ue)

RMSVal
ueofSi
nusoi
dal
Cur
rent
(I
rms)
=0.
707xI
m(I
m=Max.
Val
ue)

A.
CCur
rent
=D.
CCur
rent
/0.
636.

PhaseDiff
erencebetweenPhase=360/NoofPhase(
1
Phase=230/1=360°
,2Phase=360/
2=180°
)

MostEconomi
cal
Vol
tageatgi
venDi
stance=5.
5x√(
(km/
1.6)
+(kw/
100)
)

Maxi
mum Vol
tageoft
heSy
stem=1.
1xRat
edVol
tage(
Ex.66KV=1.
1×66=72.
6KV)

Spaci
ngofConduct
ori
nTr
ansmi
ssi
onLi
ne(
mm)=500+18x(
P-PVol
t)+(
2x(
Spani
n
Lengt
h)/
50)
.

LoadFact
or=Av
eragePower
/PeakPower

I
fLoadFact
ori
s1or100%=Thi
sisbestsi
tuat
ionf
orSy
stem andConsumerbot
h.

I
fLoadFact
ori
sLow(0or25%)=youar
epayi
ngmaximum amountofKWHconsumpt
ion.Load
Fact
ormaybei
ncr
easedbyswi
tchi
ngoruseofy
ourEl
ect
ri
calAppli
cat
ion.

DemandFact
or=Maxi
mum Demand/Tot
alConnect
edLoad(
DemandFact
or<1)

Demandf
act
orshoul
dbeappl
i
edf
orGr
oupLoad

Di
ver
sit
yFact
or=Sum ofMax
imum PowerDemand/Maxi
mum Demand(
DemandFact
or>1)

Di
ver
sit
yfact
orshoul
dbeconsi
derf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
Load

Pl
antFact
or(
PlantCapaci
ty)
=Av
erageLoad/Capaci
tyofPl
ant

Fusi
ngFact
or=Mi
nimum Fusi
ngCur
rent/Cur
rentRat
ing(
Fusi
ngFact
or>1)
.

Vol
tageVar
iat
ion(
1to1.
5%)
=((
Aver
ageVol
tage-
MinVol
tage)
x100)
/Av
erageVol
tage

Ex:
462V,
463V,
455V,
Vol
tageVar
iat
ion=(
(460-
455)x100)
/455=1.
1%.

Cur
rentVar
iat
ion(
10%)
=((
Aver
ageCur
rent
-Mi
nCur
rent
)x100)
/Av
erageCur
rent

Ex:
30A,
35A,
30A,
Cur
rentVar
iat
ion=(
(35-
31.
7)x100)
/31.
7=10.
4%

Mot
orFul
lLoadCur
rent
=Kw/
1.732xKVxP.
FxEf
fi
ciency