QUESTION 4 (18 points)

A 400 km, 138 kV, 60 Hz transmission line has the following distributed parameters:
r = 0.106 /km, x = 0.493 /km, y = j3.36 x 10-6 S/km. Losses are neglected.
(a) Compute the nominal equivalent circuit parameters and draw the circuit. Compute
the corresponding ABCD parameters.
(b) Find the surge impedance and surge impedance loading.
(c) The line delivers 40 MW at 132 kV with a power factor of 0.95 lagging. Using the
ABCD parameters, compute the sending end voltage, current and angle. Confirm
using the nominal equivalent circuit, and the short line equivalent.
(d) Draw the approximate voltage profile of this line for the following power delivered: (i)
0 MW, 20 MW, 50 MW, and surge impedance loading. Indicate the methods
available to maintain the voltages within the range of 0.95 and 1.05.

(a) Compute the nominal π equivalent circuit parameters, ignore losses

−6
rl := 0.106 xl := 0.493 yl := 3.36⋅ 10 l := 400 Vl := 138000

X := ixl⋅ l X = 197.2i
Vl 4
−3 = 7.967 × 10
Y := iyl⋅ l Y = 1.344i × 10 3

X
Api := 1 + Y⋅ Api = 0.867
2
Bpi := X Bpi = 197.2i

Cpi := Y⋅  1 + Y⋅
X
−3
 4 Cpi = 1.255i × 10

(b) Find the surge impedance and the SIL

Zc :=  xl  Zc = 383.049 SIL :=
( Vl⋅ Vl)
SIL = 4.972 × 10
7

 yl  Zc
−3
β := xl⋅ yl β = 1.287 × 10

(c) Calculate sending end voltage and angle using ABCD, nominal pi, and short line
equivalent
Lossless ABCD
A := cos( β ⋅ l) A = 0.87

B := i⋅ Zc⋅ sin( β ⋅ l) B = 188.604i

sin( β ⋅ l) −3
C := i⋅ C = 1.285i × 10
Zc
 6 Prec
pf := 0.95 Prec := 40⋅ 10 Srated :=
pf
3
10
Vrl := 132 ⋅ 4
3 Vrl = 7.621 × 10

Ir :=  Srated   1  ⋅ ( pf + j ⋅ sin( acos( pf ) ) ) Ir = 184.163 a_deg( Ir) = 18.195

 
 3   Vrl 
Sending end voltage and angle,using ABCD, nominal pi, and short line
4 4 4
Vsl := A⋅ Vrl + B⋅ Ir Vsl = 5.549 × 10 + 3.3i × 10 Vsl = 6.456 × 10 a_deg( Vsl) = 30.739
4 4 4
Vsl := Api ⋅ Vrl + Bpi⋅ Ir Vsl = 5.477 × 10 + 3.45i × 10 Vsl = 6.473 × 10 a_deg( Vsl) = 32.207
4 4 4
Vsl := Vrl + X⋅ Ir Vsl = 6.487 × 10 + 3.45i × 10 Vsl = 7.347 × 10 a_deg( Vsl) = 28.006

Sending end current using ABCD, nominal pi, and short line
Isl := C⋅ Vrl + A⋅ Ir Isl = 152.277 + 148.013i Isl = 212.359 a_deg( Isl) = 44.186

Isl := Cpi⋅ Vrl + Api ⋅ Ir Isl = 151.77 + 145.524i Isl = 210.265 a_deg( Isl) = 43.796

Isl := Ir Isl = 174.955 + 57.505i Isl = 184.163 a_deg( Isl) = 18.195

(d) Approximate voltage profile for 0 MW, 20 MW, 50 MW, and SIL (49.7 MW)

It is possible to keep the receiving end voltage between 0.95 and 1.05 using shunt
compensation in the form of switched capacitors or inductors. Static compensators which
are more elegant can be used as well which provide for better adjustment of the reactive
power injected or consumed, and can respond much quicker. Examples include Static var
compensators (SVCs) and static shunt compensators (STATCOM).