Table of Contents

 Page1: Extensive Definition of a Battery

 Page 2: Different Types of Battery
 Page 3: Features of Lead-Acid Battery
 Page 4: How a Lead-Acid Battery works
 Page 5: Batteries for Their Assigned Job
 Page 6: Application of Lead-Acid Battery
Page 7: References
 What is a Battery?
In terms of Physics, A battery is a device that
converts chemical energy contained within its active
material- also directly into electric energy by means of an
electrochemist- ictal oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
This type of reaction involves the transfer of
electrons from one material
to another via an electric
circuit. The chemical reac-
tions in a battery involve
the flow of electrons from
one material (electrode) to
another, through an exter-
nal circuit. The flow of
electrons provides an electric
current that can be used to do work. The role of a battery
(or cell) in an electric circuit is to sup-
ply energy to the circuit by doing
work upon the charge to move it from
the low energy terminal to the high
energy terminal.. Chemical energy is
energy stored in the bonds of atoms
and molecules. The most significant
difference between a cell and a battery
is that a cell is a small single unit that
converts chemical energy into electri-
cal energy, whereas a battery is a
group of two or more cells that also
converts chemical energy into electrical energy
 Types of Battery:
There are Numerous amounts of Battery types.
Noting these types down would take up the entire
page and would require a really large table. So,
batteries are primarily divided into two categories.
The first one being the primary or non-
rechargeable batteries. These batteries include Al-
kaline batteries (rechargeable but advised not to),
Atomic batteries, dry cell, Galvanic cell, etc. The
latter category belongs to secondary or rechargea-
ble batteries which are more useful and efficient.
These batteries include Lithium-ion batteries,
Glass batteries, Aluminum-ion batteries, etc. Both
of these types of batteries are revolutionary for the
advancement of electricity and the daily applianc-
es we use nowadays. Each of these batteries have
their own applications for an array of objectives.
 Characteristics of
Lead Acid Batteries-
Lead–Acid Batteries or also widely regarded commonly as
“Car Batteries” is a type of rechargeable battery first invented
in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté. It is the first type
of rechargeable battery ever created. Compared to modern re-
chargeable batteries, lead–acid batteries have relatively
low energy density. Despite this, their ability to supply
high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively
large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their
low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to
provide the high current required by starter motors. As they
are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid
batteries are widely used even when surge current is not im-
portant and other designs could provide higher energy densi-
ties. In 1999 lead–
acid battery sales ac-
counted for 40–50%
of the value from bat-
teries sold worldwide
(excluding China and
Russia), equivalent to
a manufacturing mar-
ket value of about
US$15 billion. Large-
format lead–acid de-
signs are widely used
for storage in backup
power supplies in cell
phone towers, high-availability emergency power sys-
tems like hospitals, and stand-alone power systems.
 Mechanism of Lead
Acid Batteries-
A lead acid battery consists of a negative electrode made of
spongy or porous
lead. The lead is po-
rous to facilitate the
formation and dissolu-
tion of lead. The posi-
tive electrode consists
of lead oxide. Both
electrodes are im-
mersed in a electrolyt-
ic solution of sulfuric
acid and water In the
charged state, the chemical energy
of the battery is stored in the potential dif-
ference between the pure lead at the negative side
and PbO2 on the positive side. In the discharged state both
the positive and negative plates become lead(II) sul-
fate (PbSO), and the electrolyte loses much of its dis-
solved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. Each cell
is made up of a set of positive and negative plates immersed
in a dilute sulfuric acid solution known as electrolyte, and
each cell has a voltage of around 2.1 volts when fully
charged. The six cells are connected together to produce a
fully charged battery of about 12.6 volts. Lead and lead diox-
ide, the active materials on the plate of the battery, react to
lead sulfate in the electrolyte with sulphuric acid. To charge a
sealed lead acid battery, a DC voltage between 2.30 volts per
cell (float) and 2.45 volts per cell (fast) is applied to the ter-
minals of the battery. . It’s the most abundant battery used in
 How to Choose the
Appropriate Battery?
There are a tremendous amount of factors regarding the ap-
propriate type of battery for
a designated application.
These factors make up the
basis of a battery’s charac-
teristics. The chargeability
of a battery is the most im-
portant factor as it also cor-
responds to other factors.
Rechargeable batteries are
good for applications which
need to be handled on a daily
basis such as mobile phones, flashlights and all types of
consumer products. On the other hand, non-rechargeable
batteries are mainly used for applications which need a real-
ly high shelf life and also aren’t dealt with in a frequent ba-
sis. Some uses of non-rechargeable batteries are found in
some pacemakers, remote
controls, electronic keys
and kids toys. Other
factors of batteries may
include– Cost, Voltage,
Temperature, cycle life,
power/energy density,
thickness, commercial
availability, etc.
 Application of Lead-
Acid Battery
Most of the world's lead–acid batteries are automobile start-
ing, lighting, and igni-
tion (SLI) batteries, with an
estimated 320 million units
shipped in 1999.In 1992 about
3 million tons of lead were
used in the manufacture of
batteries. Lead–acid batteries
are used in emergency lighting
and to power sump pumps in
case of power failure.. Large lead–acid batteries are also
used to power the electric motors in diesel-
electric (conventional) submarines when submerged, and
are used as emergency power on nuclear submarines as
well. Valve-regulated lead–acid batteries cannot spill their
electrolyte. They are used in back-up power supplies for
alarm and smaller computer systems (particularly in uninter-
ruptible power supplies; UPS) and
for electric scooters, elec-
tric wheelchairs, electrified bicy-
cles, marine applications, battery
electric vehicles or micro hybrid
vehicles, and motorcycles. Many
electric forklifts use lead–acid bat-
teries, where the weight is used as
part of a counterweight. Lead-acid battery is one of the
most important types of batteries and contributes a lot to the
battery industry
 References:

 Wikipedia.org
 Youtube.com
 Variety of Books
 Encyclopedia Britannica
 Science.Org. Au
 Live Science.com
 Engeering.MIT.Edu
 Etc.

Thank You
 Let’s Go Through
a Wonderful
Journey
Did you know what type of Batteries are used in
cars? First of all, what even are batteries? We
use so many things in a daily day basis but never
bother to learn how it works the way it works.
Batteries are a phenomenon that has been there
for almost 3 centuries and its application in
automo- biles and daily day life is showcased
through this book.

Hope you Have a

Wonderful
Time!

By
Mohaimen Yafi