An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern American Botanical Explorers To 1824

An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern
American Botanical Explorers to 1824

ABSTRACT
This paper lists published sources pertaining to the lives and work of seventy individuals who
contributed to early botanical knowledge of the Southeastern United States. General sources, primarily
biographical compilations and scientific bibliographies, are listed at the beginning of the paper, followed by
entries for individual botanists. For each botanist, the listed information includes name (with any variants),
place and year of birth and death, location of manuscripts and plant specimens, citations for published
portraits and handwriting samples, lists of any plant or fungal genera named for the botanist, a brief
summary statement about the person’s significance to Southeastern botany, and entries for published
sources pertaining to the botanist. Works both by and about each botanist are listed with annotations. All
entries are cross-referenced parenthetically throughout the text.
CONTENTS
I. General biographical sources
A. Historical works on American science entries 1–10
B. Dictionaries and encyclopedias entries 11–24
C. Bibliographies entries 25–27
II. Botanical sources

A. General works on North American botanists entries 28–63
B. Dictionaries entries 64–65
C. Bibliographies entries 66–79x(22)
III. Botanists
Abbot, John entries 80–106
Baldwin, William entries 107–117
Banister, John entries 118–128
Barton, Benjamin Smith entries 129–147
Bartram, John entries 148–174, 187–198
Bartram, William entries 175–198,
Baudry des Lozières, Louis Narcisse entries 199–200
Bohun, Edmund entry 201
Bolzius, Johann Martin entries 202–207
Bosc, Louis Augustin Guillaume entries 208–217
Boykin, Samuel entries 218–219
Brahm, John William Gerard de entries 220–223
Brickell, John (fl. 1720s–1740s) entries 224–227
Brickell, John (1748–1809) entries 228–232
Butel-Dumont, George Marie entries 233–234
Castiglioni, Luigi entries 235–242
Catesby, Mark entries 243–263
Clayton, Rev. John (1657–1725) entries 264–271
Clayton, John (1686?–1773) entries 272–279
Corrêa da Serra, José Francisco entries 280–290
Custis, Peter entries 291–297
Dale, Thomas entries 298–303
Dobbs, Arthur entries 304–311
Drayton, John entries 312–313
Ellicott, Andrew entries 314–318
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Elliott, Stephen entries 319–334
Ellis, Robert no unique entries
Enslen, Aloysius no unique entries
Franklin, George no unique entries
Fraser, John entries 335–339
Gambold, Anna Rosina Kleist entries 340–345
Garden, Alexander entries 346–354
Gilmer, Francis Walker entries 355–363
Glover, Thomas entry 364
Greenway, James entries 365–369
Habersham, Richard Wylly entry 370
Harriot, Thomas entries 371–374
Herbemont, Nicholas no unique entries
Jackson, James entries 375–378
Jefferson, Thomas entries 379–385
Kinn, Matthias no unique entries
Kramsch, Samuel Gottlieb entries 386–387
Lawson, John entries 388–392
LeConte, John Eatton entries 393–406
LeConte, Louis no unique entries
Le Page du Pratz, Antoine Simon entry 407
Lord, Joseph entry 408
Lyon, John entries 409–413
McBride, James entries 414–415
Michaux, André entries 416–441, 450–456
Michaux, François André entries 442–456
Mitchell, John entries 457–464
Nuttall, Thomas entries 465–484
Oemler, Augustus Gottlieb no unique entries
Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph entries 485–491
Pursh, Frederick Traugott entries 492–501
Raffeneau-Delile, Alire entries 502–507
Reck, Philip Georg Frederich von entries 508–510
Robin, Charles-Cesar entries 511–514
Romans, Bernard entries 515–517
Schöpf, Johann David entries 518–527
Schweinitz, Lewis David von entries 528–564
Shecut, John Linnaeus Edwards Whitridge entries 565–570
Strachey, William entries 571–572
Tradescant, John, the Younger entries 573–578
Walter, Thomas entries 579–593
Whitlaw, Charles entry 594
Williams, Hannah English entry 595
Wray, Thomas Jarram entries 596–597
Young, William, Jr. entries 598–602
EARLY SOUTHEASTERN BOTANY: AN OVERVIEW

The earliest explorers to describe the flora of the Southeast were not trained botanists,
and were often driven by economic rather than scientific motives. Consequently, their writings
may be colored by the desire to either promote or discourage further exploration [see especially
Lindgren (391)]. Even Thomas Harriot, the earliest visitor with what we might call ‘‘scientific
credentials,’’ seemed more interested in defending the economic viability of New World colonies
than in floristic observations. Tragically, John Tradescant the Younger, the first visitor to whom
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we could apply the term ‘‘botanist,’’ left little record of his travels in Virginia. The observations
made by certain of these imperialist-explorers are sketchy and may be intermixed with such
things as sightings of sea-monsters [see Thomas Glover (364)], which impart to them a certain
lack of credibility in the eyes of the modern scientist.
The final decades of the seventeenth century saw the beginnings of a more systematic
treatment of the Southeastern flora, with the Catalogus of John Banister [in Ray (126)] standing
as the region’s first ‘‘flora’’ (using the word in its loosest sense). Banister met an untimely death
during his explorations and was unable to see to completion his planned Natural History of
Virginia. This period also saw the publication of Reverend John Clayton’s letters on various
topics including natural history in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London (266, 267) and John Lawson’s New Voyage to Carolina (390). The content of both
of these works was ‘‘summarized’’ (read ‘‘plagiarized’’) by John Brickell in his Natural History of
North Carolina (226).
During the middle part of the eighteenth century, John Clayton (no apparent relation to
the above-mentioned Reverend) wrote the first true Southeastern flora (279). Naively, he sent
the manuscript to the esteemed Gronovius at Leiden, who promptly published the work under
his own name, a scandal which still rankled Benjamin Smith Barton fifty years later. Mark
Catesby fared better in terms of recognition and produced, in his Natural History of Carolina,
Florida and the Bahama Islands (245) a masterpiece both of natural history and of copperplate
illustration. Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz wrote about the vegetation of Louisiana in his
Histoire de la Louisiane (407), mentioning the rampant timber harvesting which he feared
would decimate the cypress swamps of that region.
Many of the British explorers discussed above were funded through the efforts of two
prominent men: James Petiver (1663–1718), a London apothecary, and Sir Hans Sloane (1666–
1753), a physician who served for a time in Jamaica. Joseph Ewan, in his Short History of
Botany in the United States (39), refers to the time period from 1678 to 1730 as the ‘‘Sloane
epoch,’’ in recognition of that gentleman’s sponsorship of botany. Petiver maintained a network
of correspondents in the Southeast who sent him specimens and descriptions. These included
Edmund Bohun, Robert Ellis, George Franklyn, Joseph Lord, and Hannah Williams. The
contributions of Petiver and Sloane are thoroughly treated in Stearns (8).
Ewan (39) names the period from 1730 to 1791 the ‘‘Bartram Epoch,’’ honoring both John
Bartram, generally regarded as the first American-born botanist, and his son William, who
wrote the natural history classic Travels through North and South Carolina (176). The wide
influence of the younger Bartram is demonstrated by Ewan’s Figure 1 (opposite p. 27), which
shows Bartram’s name at the center of a web of botanical contacts. Unlike his son, the elder
Bartram was not a man of letters and was criticized by Peter Kalm for his failure to publish his
findings. John Bartram’s name is inextricably linked with the Philadelphia area, where he
created the first American botanical garden, and his Southern travels were poorly documented
prior to the work of Francis Harper, who published the Diary of a Journey through the
Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in 1942 (151). Some of Bartram’s notes on his Florida travels
had been published in 1766, but only as an appendix to a promotional work by William Stork
(173).
During the lifetimes of the two Bartrams there was a tremendous burst of botanical
activity in the new United States. Practitioners ranged from physicians who botanized in their
spare time (e.g., John Brickell in Savannah and Alexander Garden in Charleston); to planters or
nurserymen like John Fraser, Thomas Walter, and William Young; to Moravian missionaries
such as Anna Rosina Gambold and Samuel Kramsch. Many of the important botanists of this
period were visitors from Europe, prompting occasional tirades [especially from the fervent
patriot Samuel Latham Mitchill, editor of the Medical Repository (see 49)] that Americans
should do more to document the flora of their own country. Visiting European naturalists of this
period included Louis Narcisse Baudry des Lozières, Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, and
André Michaux from France; Luigi Castiglioni from Italy; and Johann David Schöpf from
Germany. The latter two, especially, produced travel writing that belongs on a level with that of
William Bartram. John Mitchell was among the few American-born botanists active in the
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Southeast at this time and is author of the first American work on taxonomic theory (463),
although this was written in Latin and published in Germany.
The earliest years of the nineteenth century were characterized, inevitably, by a higher
proportion of American-born botanists. There were still many European contributors to the
science, notably the Frenchmen Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph Palisot de Beauvois, Alire
Raffeneau-Delile, and François André Michaux (son of André), as well as the German Frederick
Pursh and the influential Portuguese statesman José Francisco Corrêa da Serra. The Americans
of this time included Benjamin Smith Barton, William Baldwin, Stephen Elliott, John and Louis
LeConte, and Lewis David von Schweinitz. While Barton did not explore extensively in the
Southeast, he was very significant for his support (some would say exploitation) of Pursh and
Nuttall in their travels. He also represents one of the earliest academic botanists in America and,
in fact, wrote what may be the earliest American botanical textbook (132). In this era, botany
finds a home in the academic institutions, and not merely as an appendage to medical studies.
This trend would reach fruition in the career of Asa Gray at Harvard.
Since colonial times, Charleston had been a capitol of culture and learning in the South,
although it remained a poor relation to Philadelphia [see Gifford (1) and Johnson (5)]. In the
early nineteenth century, largely through the efforts of the banker Stephen Elliott and his
Literary and Philosophical Society, Charleston became a true center of science, boasting not
only Elliott, but also J. L. E. W. Shecut, James McBride, and Governor John Drayton among its
botanical practitioners.
The work which I have chosen as marking a closing date for this bibliography is Elliott’s
Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia (324), the first volume of which bears the
date of 1821, although the Sketch was issued in parts beginning in 1816 [see Ewan’s
introduction to the Hafner reprint (324) for bibliographical details]. This work is thoroughly
modern in its conception and execution and is based on the collections of many botanists
throughout the area described [in contrast to Thomas Walter’s more solitary endeavors (590)].
With the works of Elliott, Schweinitz, Nuttall, and Pursh, we find ourselves at the
threshold of what Ewan (39) calls the ‘‘Torrey and Gray epoch.’’ This part of American botanical
history is considerably more familiar to most modern botanists, and was truly dominated,
rather than merely exemplified, by the botanists for whom Ewan (39) named the era. In this
better-documented period, we find botany firmly entrenched as an independent science in the
nation’s universities. Since this time, the importance of the amateur collector has declined and
the explorer-naturalist of the nation’s youth has become extinct. However, the nature of
botanical nomenclature, with its emphasis on priority, ensures that it is still necessary for
working botanists to consult the publications of their pre-nineteenth century predecessors.
Scope and Purpose

The following bibliography lists contemporary and modern published works pertaining to
the early description of the flora of the Southeastern United States. Geographically, it is limited
by the current boundaries of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, North and
South Carolina, and Virginia. Temporally, its coverage extends to 1824, the completion date of
Stephen Elliott’s Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia, an undisputed watershed
work for the flora of the Southeast. Contemporary works post-dating the Sketch are included if
they represent the fruition of labors begun prior to 1824, as in the case of the later papers of J. E.
LeConte. The intent, then, is to record works relating both to botanical description and
collecting up to the publication of the Sketch.
Every attempt has been made to include all those involved in botanical work within the
time and geographic area proscribed. Inevitably, some botanists have been missed, but I hope
that I have brought to light a few names not generally familiar to students of Southeastern
botany and perhaps called attention to a few overlooked sources pertaining to some of the more
familiar naturalists.
Since this bibliography treats acknowledged founders of American botany as well as men
and women who labored more quietly and may never have published their findings, the criteria
for the inclusion of specific works are complex. A comprehensive bibliography on the Bartrams, for

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instance, would easily exceed the entire present document in length. Therefore, my effort has
focused on those documents most germane to the Southeastern flora and also listing standard
sources of biographical information. Similar criteria have been applied where the subject achieved
fame for non-botanical pursuits, as in the cases of Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Harriot. In
contrast, for persons about whom little has been written, I have of necessity adopted a more
inclusive policy, admitting almost anything in print regarding their lives or botanical activities.
The purpose of this bibliography is two-fold. Its most obvious use is as a reference guide
for those searching for information on one or more of the specific botanists whom I have listed.
In addition, I hope that it will be useful to those researching early American botanists whom I
have missed or who fall outside the scope of this bibliography. To this end, I have listed in Parts
I and II many of the sources which I have used in assembling the sections on individual
botanists. By tipping my hand in this manner, I hope to make the usefulness of this document
exceed its apparent content.
Organization and Format

Entries for works follow the Author-Date Reference List format given in The Chicago
Manual of Style, 14th edition (University of Chicago Press 1993), with the exception that full
names of authors are given when available. Abbreviation has been kept to a minimum. An
asterisk preceding an entry indicates that the source has been searched for references to all
persons here listed, and their entries annotated accordingly. Brackets around the author’s name
indicate that the attribution comes from external data rather than from the document itself. In
Part III, entries for the profiled botanists are organized as follows:
Firstname Lastname
(alternative spellings)
b. place of birth, year of birth; d. place of death, year of death.
Portrait: brief citation for a published likeness.
Handwriting: brief citation for a published handwriting sample.
Papers: list of institutions housing papers of the botanist.
Herbarium: list of institutions housing specimens collected by the botanist. Abbreviations
used are from Index Herbariorum Part I, 8th edition (New York Botanical Garden 1990).
Neither this nor the list under ‘‘Papers’’ is intended to be exhaustive, but rather to point
researchers to major collections. Consult Taxonomic Literature (76, 77) and Index
Herbariorum Part II (47) for more complete information.
Eponymy: list of generic names of plants and fungi which commemorate the botanist. The
generic name is followed by its author(s) and by a parenthetical statement giving the family
of the organism as well as an indication of higher taxon if it is a non-phanerogam (e.g.,
Musci, Fungi).
Summary: brief statement regarding the significance of the botanist.
List of references pertaining to the botanist which are cited elsewhere in the bibliography:
given as Author (or title in the case of certain major reference works), year, location in the
present bibliography. The location is given by citing the entry in parentheses. So, for
instance, ‘‘Gifford 1975 (1)’’ refers to Gifford’s article ‘‘The Charleston physician-natural-
ists’’ in the Bulletin of Medical History. On occasion, these works call for more detailed
comment, which is given immediately below the list in the same small typeface.
List of major works pertaining to the botanist: the entry is numbered with a full citation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank Drs. Rogers and Michael McVaugh for their assistance with
Latin, and Ian Erickson and Gildas Gateble for their assistance with French; Lorraine Bell and
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Jon Erickson for access to materials at their respective institutions; and the many librarians at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who assisted me in finding materials both there
and at other institutions. Special thanks is extended to Mr. Tom Nixon of the Davis Library
Reference Department. Thanks also to the Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Special Collections
Library at Duke University for permission to use the Stephen Elliott letter which appears
herein.
I would also like to thank William Burk, Josh Boyer, Tripp Reade, Dr. Jerry Saye, Dr.
Ronald L. Stuckey, and Charlie Williams for encouragement, advice, and inspiration. Mr. Burk
and Dr. Stuckey have also generously assisted with publication costs. I also thank the
administration and faculty of The University at Albany Libraries and the membership of the
Southern Appalachian Botanical Society and United University Professionals for financial
assistance toward the publication of this work. Dr. Michael Baranski has provided extensive
editorial assistance which has, I feel sure, vastly improved the accuracy and usability of this
work. Finally, sincerest thanks to Kenneth J. Wurdack for his encouragement, friendship, and
access to his extensive files and library.
PART I: GENERAL BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

IA: Historical Works on American Science
* 1. Gifford, G. Edmund, Jr. 1975. The Charleston physician-naturalists. Bulletin of Medical
History 49: 556–574.
Well-documented account of the medical practitioners in Charleston who were also active
in natural history. Lists the practitioners in various fields in Charleston, Philadelphia,
and Boston.
* 2. Goode, G. Brown. 1886. The beginnings of natural history in America. Annual

Presidential address delivered at the sixth anniversary meeting of the Society, Feb. 6,
1886. Washington, D.C.: Biological Society of Washington.
A good general overview, covering the entire New World and all fields of natural history.
Especially noteworthy for its treatment of Harriot and Jefferson, but most individuals are
treated briefly.
3. Greene, John C. 1984. American science in the age of Jefferson. Ames: Iowa State
University Press.
Discusses the scientific life of Charleston, South Carolina and Lexington, Kentucky
(Chapter 5) and contains a chapter devoted to botany (Chapter 7).
4. Hindle, Brooke. 1956. The pursuit of science in revolutionary America, 1735–1789.

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Chapter 1, ‘‘The Natural History Circle,’’ provides good background on the sociology of
science in colonial America, although it centers, justifiably, around Philadelphia. Chapter
7 deals specifically with the American Philosophical Society which, although based in
Philadelphia, was vitally important to the sponsorship and encouragement of Southern
botany.
5. Johnson, Thomas Cary, Jr. 1936. Scientific interests in the Old South. New York: D.
Appleton-Century Company for the Institute of Research in Social Science, University of
Virginia. Reprint, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1973.
Emphasis on the 19th century, but Chapter V, ‘‘The Glory that was Charleston,’’ contains
some information about the Charleston Literary and Philosophical Society, the Charleston
Museum, and the botanists associated with these institutions (Drayton, Elliott, McBride,
and Shecut). See especially p. 126–130.

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* 6. Kastner, Joseph. 1977. A species of eternity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
A collection of biographical essays on naturalists, ordered such that they form a semi-
narrative account of early American natural history. Notes on eponymy and many
illustrations.
7. Smallwood, William Martin and Mabel Sarah Coon Smallwood. 1941. Natural history
and the American mind. New York: Columbia University Press.
Fascinating account of ‘‘the period of the naturalist’’ in America. Much original research
drawn from primary sources and an extensive bibliography, which includes manuscripts
and their locations.
* 8. Stearns, Raymond Phineas. 1970. Science in the British colonies of America. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press.
An indispensable source for the history, biography, and sociology of early American
science. ‘‘This book is set forth to provide, within a single cover, a comprehensive overview
of the scientific interests and activities of American colonials from early in the Age of
Discovery to the end of the Old Colonial Era, or, roughly from about 1520 to 1770,’’ (from
the preface, p. xiii). Stearns emphasizes the role of the Royal Society of London in
providing financial and intellectual support for colonial scientists and does an excellent job
of describing American exploration within the larger context of Western science.
9. Taylor, David. 1998. South Carolina naturalists: An anthology, 1700–1860. Columbia:

University of South Carolina Press.
This book is a collection of natural science writings from South Carolina. Reprints some
very rare items by writers such as Drayton, McBride, and Shecut.
* 10. Waring, Joseph Ioor. 1964. A history of medicine in South Carolina, 1670–1825.
Columbia: South Carolina Medical Association.
The majority of the botanists centered around Charleston were also members of the
medical profession, so this collection of biographical sketches on eighteenth-century
physicians of South Carolina is a valuable source for some workers who have largely
escaped the notice of the major botanical sources.
IB: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

* 11. Dictionary of national biography, founded in 1882 by George Smith. The concise
dictionary from the beginnings to 1900; being an epitome of the main work and its
supplement. 1953. London: Oxford University Press.
British analog to the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (20). The concise
dictionary provides basic information and references to the full 22 volume set.
* 12. Drake, Francis S. 1876. Dictionary of American biography, including men of the time;
containing nearly ten thousand notices of persons of both sexes, of native and foreign
birth, who have been remarkable, or prominently connected with the arts, sciences,
literature, politics, or history of the American continent. Giving also the pronunciation of
many of the foreign and peculiar American names, a key to the assumed names of writers,
and a supplement. Boston: James R. Osgood & Company.
Similar to Appleton’s Cyclopedia (23), but in one volume. Brief entries, but includes many
otherwise obscure names.
* 13. Duychinck, Evert A. and George L. Duychinck. 1856. Cyclopaedia of American literature,
embracing personal and critical notices of authors, and selections from their writings,
from the earliest period to the present day; with portraits, autographs, and other
illustrations. 2 volumes. New York: Charles Scribner.
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Notable for its inclusion of autographs when available; portraits are actually infrequent.
Puzzling organization with many persons listed under subject headings, such as ‘‘Early
Carolina Literature.’’
* 14. Elliott, Clark A. 1979. Biographical dictionary of American science: The seventeenth
through the nineteenth centuries. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Includes scientists born between 1606 and 1867. Entries give full name, vital dates,
parentage, marriages, number of children, education, honors, career information, society
memberships, scientific contributions, and works (maximum of six). May also give
references to bibliographies, manuscript collections, and secondary sources.
* 15. Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes, eds. 1999. American national biography. 24
volumes. Oxford University Press.
An updated version of the venerable Dictionary of American Biography (18). Many of the
entries for botanists are by Marcus B. Simpson, Jr.
* 16. Gillispie, Charles Coulston, ed. 1970–1980. Dictionary of scientific biography. 18

volumes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
More narrative in form than Elliott (14). Contains original research based on primary
sources where possible. Entries include vital dates, field of study, biography, and bib-
liography. Signed articles by such noted scholars as Joseph Ewan and Whitfield J. Bell, Jr.
* 17. Hoefer, Jean Chritien Ferdinand. 1936–1969. Nouvelle biographie geńe´rale depuis les
temps le plus recule´s jusqu’a 1850–60. Avec les renseignements bibliographiques et
l’indication des sources a consulter. Publieé par MM. Firmin Didot Fre`res sous la
direction de M. Le Dr Hoefer. 46 volumes in 23. Copenhague: Rosenkilde et Bagger.
The standard French biographical encyclopedia. An excellent source for the many French
explorers in North America.
* 18. Johnson, Allen, ed. 1957. Dictionary of American biography. 20 volumes. New York:
Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Substantial biographical sketches of prominent Americans. Signed entries with
references.
* 19. Kelly, Howard A. and Walter L. Burrage. 1928. Dictionary of American medical
biography: Lives of eminent physicians of the United States and Canada, from the
earliest times. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Excellent resource for information on the many early botanists who were also physicians
or lecturers in medical schools. Some entries signed, many not.
* 20. National cyclopaedia of American biography, 1897–1984. 63 volumes. New York: James
T. White & Co.
An immensely valuable resource, but not without its errors (e.g., the usual confusion
regarding the two Claytons). This set is published irregularly and the cumulative index
must be used to find the desired biography (although volume numbers are here listed
under the names of individuals). Portraits provided when available.
* 21. Powell, William S., ed. 1979–1996. Dictionary of North Carolina biography. 6 volumes.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Contains not only native writers, but also those who made significant contributions to
North Carolina while residing there. Signed articles, often with references.

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* 22. Sterling, Kier B., Richard P. Harmond, George A. Cevasco, and Lorne F. Hammond, eds.
1997. Biographical dictionary of American and Canadian naturalists and environ-
mentalists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Signed articles with basic biographical data, major contributions, and bibliography, giving
detailed location information on unpublished sources.
* 23. Wilson, James Grant and John Fiske. 1886–1889. Appleton’s cyclopaedia of American
biography. 11 volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Very extensive coverage. One of the best general biographical sources for this time period.
The six original volumes, which represent a single alphabetic sequence, contain the
botanists of interest here. All are indexed at the end of volume 6. Volumes 7–11 are later
supplements, each with its own index.
* 24. Who was who in America: Historical volume, 1607/1896. 1967, 2nd edition. Chicago:
Marquis Who’s Who.
A very inclusive yet concise biographical dictionary with basic biographical data,
important dates, and some references.
IC: Bibliographies
* 25. Bell, Whitfield Jenks. 1955. Early American science: Needs and opportunities for study.
Williamsburg, Virginia: Institute of Early American History and Culture.
Introductory essay discusses the study of scientific history in America, taking note of some
of the major works on the subject and on the type of work which the author believes is still
required. Four-part bibliography: I. General history of science, II. History of science in
America, III. Periodicals, and IV. Selected bibliographies for fifty early American
scientists, with many botanists and naturalists.
26. Gascoigne, Robert Mortimer. 1984. A historical catalogue of scientists and scientific
books from the earliest times to the close of the nineteenth century. New York: Garland
Publishing, Inc.
Chronological listing of scientists with brief biographical data and major publications;
indexes many more complete biographical sources.
27. Servies, James A. and Lana D. Servies. 1993. A bibliography of Florida. Volume 1. 1507–
1845. Pensacola, Florida.
Chronologically-arranged, annotated bibliography of works pertaining to the early history
of Florida.
PART II: BOTANICAL SOURCES

IIA: General Works on North American Botanists
* 28. Anon. 1821. Botany of the United States. [Review of Bigelow’s American Medical Botany,
1817]. North American Review, n.s., 13: 100–134.
In the true spirit of nineteenth-century book reviews, this article says almost nothing
about Bigelow’s book, but does provide a nicely-written overview of early American
botany. ‘‘We propose, in the first place, to take a brief review of the principal botanical
works that have been published relating to the United States, and next to enquire how far
these works will go toward affording us the materials for a perfect history of our plants.’’
As this quote implies, this source is more evaluative in nature than most other general
treatments.
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* 29. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1909. Some American botanists of former days. Torreya 9: 241–
257.
Brief biographical sketches of American botanists. Features a daguerreotype of F. A.
Michaux and a (mislabeled) facsimile of the title page of the second part of Gronovius’s
Flora Virginica (279).
* 30. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1917. (Biographical footnotes in J. K. Small’s) Cactus

hunting on the coast of South Carolina. Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 18:
237–246.
Biographical notes on botanists associated with the Charleston area.
* 31. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1926. Brief sketches of some collectors of specimens in the
Barton Herbarium. Bartonia 9: 35–42.
Contains sketches of a number of botanists who are not often covered in the more general
sources. Interestingly, Peter Custis is here listed in the foreword among those ‘‘about
whom no, or only slight, record has been found,’’ proof of the obscurity into which the Red
River expedition had fallen prior to the work of Flores (293, 294).
* 32. Brendel, Frederick. 1879. Historical sketch of the science of botany in North America
from 1635 to 1840. American Naturalist 13: 754–771.
Many names of minor workers not often encountered elsewhere, especially non-English
Europeans.
* 33. Clokie, Hermia Newman. 1964. An account of the herbaria of the Department of Botany
in the University of Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
‘‘Index of Collectors’’ provides limited biographical information with notes on their
collections at Oxford.
* 34. Crowley, Webster R., Jr. 1976. Early America in plant names. Morton Arboretum
Quarterly 12(2): 24–29, 12(3): 40–44.
Popular article summarizing the careers of some botanists who have given their names to
American plant genera. Useful notes on eponymy.
* 35. Core, Earl L. 1970. The botanical exploration of the Southern Appalachians. In The
distributional history of the biota of the Southern Appalachians. Part 2. Flora.
Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Excellent reproductions of portraits from the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
for all persons treated except André Michaux. Notable for its treatment of John Fraser.
* 36. Curtis, Moses Ashley. 1883. Geological and natural history survey of North Carolina.
Part 3. Botany. In The woods and timbers of North Carolina, edited by P. M. Hale.
Raleigh, North Carolina: the author.
Preface, p. 24–29, gives brief notes on some prominent botanists of North Carolina.
* 37. Dandy, James Edgar, ed. 1958. The Sloane herbarium: An annotated list of the horti sicci
composing it; with biographical accounts of the principle contributors. Based on records
compiled by the late James Britten. London: The British Museum.
Consists of two parts: an ‘‘annotated list of the horti sicci composing the Sloane
Herbarium,’’ and ‘‘biographical accounts of contributors, together with some information
about their specimens.’’

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38. Ewan, Joseph. 1957. L’activité des premiers explorateurs Français dans le S. E. des
États-Unis. In Les botanistes Français en Ame´rique du Nord avant 1850. Paris: Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Excellent source for French explorers and botanists who are often ignored in the English
literature. Includes some discussion of the role of Charleston in colonial Southern botany
and an extensive bibliography.
* 39. Ewan, Joseph, ed. 1969. A short history of botany in the United States. New York: Hafner.
A collection of papers by specialists in various fields detailing the history of those fields in
the United States. Ewan’s own chapters, ‘‘Early history’’ and ‘‘Calendar of events,’’ are
especially useful. Includes a table of epochs in American botany.
40. Ewan, Joseph. 1970. Plant collectors in America: Backgrounds for Linnaeus. In Essays
in biohistory and other contributions presented by friends and colleagues to Frans
Verdoorn on the occasion of his 60th birthday, edited by P. Smit and R. J. Ch. V. ter
Laage. Utrecht, Netherlands: International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
Covers ‘‘collectors in America before and during the life and times of Linnaeus.’’ Features
a list of collectors and authors on pp. 48–50, listing full name, vital dates, and biographical
references.
* 41. Gee, Wilson. 1918. South Carolina botanists: Biography and bibliography. Bulletin of the
University of South Carolina 72.
Biographical sketches with references which first appeared in the Sunday News of
Charleston in 1909 and 1910, and which also served as the author’s master’s thesis.
* 42. Harshberger, John W. 1899. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. Philadelphia:
T. C. Davis & Sons.
Highly relevant to Southern botany, despite its title. Biographical sketches of botanists,
plus appendices covering membership in the various Philadelphia scientific societies and
the publication histories of their journals. Many of the entries are abbreviated reprintings
of earlier articles, some with introduced errors.
* 43. Hooker, William Jackson. 1825. On the botany of America. The American Journal of
Science and Arts 9: 263–284.
A general overview of early American botanical exploration. Especially informative for the
Michaux, Nuttall, and Pursh.
* 44. Humphrey, Harry Baker. 1961. Makers of North American botany. Chronica Botanica,
no. 21. New York: Ronald Press Co.
Collection of short biographies of famous botanists. Many 19th century scientists, but also
a number of early botanists. Frequent inaccuracies.
* 45. Kelly, Howard A. 1914. Some American medical botanists commemorated in our
botanical nomenclature: A lecture given before the Medical Historical Society of Chicago,
1910. Troy, New York: Southworth Co.
Brief biographies of thirty botanists, linking them to the plants bearing their names.
* 46. Lamson-Scribner, Frank. 1893. Southern botanists. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club 20: 315–334.
Transcript of a popular lecture given at University of Tennessee. Links botanists to local
plants bearing their names. One of few sources which specifically discusses Southern
botany during this time period.
DECEMBER 2002 15

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* 47. Lanjouw, Joseph and Frans Antonie Stafleu. 1954. Index Herbariorum: A guide to the
location and contents of the world’s public herbaria. Part II. Collectors. 7 volumes.
Regnum Vegetabile, volumes 2, 9, 86, 93, 109, 114, 117. Waltham, Massachusetts:
Chronica Botanica Co. for The International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Utrecht,
Netherlands.
This index lists locations of specimens for a given collector. It is an especially valuable
source for collectors who are not published authors.
* 48. Mears, James A. 1978. Some sources of the herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753–
1815). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 122: 155–174.
Discussion of the Mühlenberg collections at the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, with notes on contributing collectors.
49. Mitchill, Samuel Latham. 1814. A discourse delivered before the New York Historical
Society. New York Historical Society Collections 2: 155–213.
Following a lengthy Biblical prologue, Mitchill gives a year-by-year chronology of
botanical exploration in the New World.
50. Murrill, William Alphonso. 1945. Historic foundations of botany in Florida (and
America). Gainesville, Florida: the author.
Pamphlet with chapters on ‘‘Early American Botany’’ and ‘‘Florida Plants Named for
Botanists.’’
* 51. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North
America. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs, no. 1. Philadelphia:
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Pages 597–624 contain a listing of ‘‘those persons whose specimens have been cited most
frequently for the geographic records of localities over the United States and Canada west
to the 102d meridian,’’ with vital dates (when available), states in which they collected,
and locations of their collections. Assembled with the assistance of J. H. Barnhart.
* 52. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1950. Historical botanical collections of the American
Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society 94: 137–151.
Summary of the ‘‘earliest series of plant specimens that have been preserved in this
country,’’ with a brief discussion of the herbaria of Sir Hans Sloane and Sir Joseph Banks
at the British Museum (Natural History).
* 53. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1836. Historical sketch. In his New flora and botany of
North America. Being a supplemental flora, to the various floras and botanical works of
Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttall, Elliot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton,
Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schweinitz Gibbs, &c. Besides the great works of
Linneus, Wildenow, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Lamark, Decandole, Sprengel, Jussieu,
Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. containing nearly 500 additional or revised new genera,
and 1500 additional or corrected new species, illustrated by figures in Autikon
Botanikon. Second Part, Neophyton. p. 3–15. Philadelphia: printed for the author and
publisher. Reprint, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Murray Printing Company for the
Arnold Arboretum, 1946.
Like its own title, this work is more a breathless enumeration of botanists than
a ‘‘historical sketch,’’ but is valuable for its early date and for its author’s familiarity with
the works of his predecessors and contemporaries. Many names are mentioned here which
have subsequently vanished from the botanical literature.

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54. Rendel, A. B. 1926. Some early 18th century American collections and their collectors.
Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences 2: 1525–1531.
From a talk given at the Congress discussing various collections in the Sloane Herbarium
at the British Museum (Natural History).
55. Reveal, James L. 1983. Significance of pre-1753 botanical explorations in temperate

North America on Linnaeus’ first edition of Species Plantarum. Phytologia 53: 1–96.
A brief overview of North American botanical exploration (including the Caribbean) and
a list of North American plants in the Species Plantarum.
56. Reveal, James L. 1992. Gentle conquest: The botanical discovery of North America with
illustrations from the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Starwood Publishing, Inc.
A very beautiful book, with substantial historical information. The illustrations, though
lovely, are poorly documented.
57. Reveal, James L. and James S. Pringle. 1993. Taxonomic botany and floristics. In Flora
of North America north of Mexico, 1: 157–192. Oxford University Press.
Thoughtful review of North American botanical history, including many portraits. Notable
also for its broader observations on patterns of development in American botany.
* 58. Rogers, George A. and R. Frank Saunders, Jr. 1984. Swamp water and wiregrass:
Historical sketches of coastal Georgia. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press.
See chapter 2, ‘‘Stephen Elliott: Early Botanist of Coastal Georgia,’’ which offers a brief
popular history of early Southeastern botany in general, covering the Bartrams, the
Michaux, and many others. Especially interesting is the author’s discussion of the
relations between Baldwin, Elliott, and the LeContes. Much material drawn from
unpublished correspondence.
* 59. Short, Charles Wilkins. 1841. Sketch of the progress of botany in western America. W. J.
Hooker’s Journal of Botany 3: 97–124.
Overview of the early botanical exploration of the American West, but includes
biographical information on many botanists who were also active in the Southeast.
60. Spongberg, Stephen A. 1990. A reunion of trees: the discovery of exotic plants and their
introduction into North American and European landscapes. Cambridge, Massachu-
setts: Harvard University Press.
A beautifully illustrated book detailing the history of trans-Atlantic exchange in woody
plants, focussing on the living collections at the Arnold Arboretum.
* 61. Stearns, Raymond Phineas. 1953. James Petiver, promoter of natural science.
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 62: 243–365.
Petiver was a London apothecary who maintained a large ‘‘curiosity cabinet,’’ stocked
mostly through the labors of his correspondents in America. Stearns lists his
correspondents in an appendix and provides what biographical information is available.
This, along with Stearns’ Science in the British Colonies in America, is one of the best
sources for many otherwise obscure naturalists.
* 62. Totten, Henry Roland. 1956. Early contributors to southern botany. Bulletin of the
Association of Southeastern Biologists 3: 23–27.
Short biographies of early southern botanists. ‘‘Condensation of the address given at the
ASB meeting in Durham [North Carolina] by Dr. H. R. Totten as immediate past president
of ASB.’’
DECEMBER 2002 17

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* 63. Wilbert, Martin Inventius. 1908. Some early botanical and herb gardens. American
Journal of Pharmacy 80: 412–427.
Reviews various early American herb gardens, mostly in the Philadelphia area, and the
botanists associated with them.
IIB: Dictionaries
* 64. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1965. Biographical notes upon botanists. 3 volumes. Boston: G.
K. Hall.
Photo-reproduction of ‘‘Barnhart cards’’ made by Barnhart during his tenure as
bibliographer of the New York Botanical Garden. Each card lists references, vital dates,
and academic history. Since these are unedited notes, they are often very incomplete and
some use cryptic abbreviations.
* 65. Desmond, Ray. 1994. Dictionary of British and Irish botanists and horticulturists
including plant collectors, flower painters, and garden designers. London: Taylor &
Francis.
Entries give vital dates, areas of study, positions held, and bibliography along with
information on many types of reliquiae (e.g., papers, herbaria, gardens, portraits, and
personal libraries). An invaluable source.
IIC: Bibliographies
66. Bay, Jens Christian. 1909. Bibliographies of botany: A contribution toward a bibliotheca
bibliographica. Progressus Rei Botanicae 3: 331–456.
Extensive, well-ordered bibliography of botanical bibliography. Includes listings of
bibliographical articles pertaining to individual works. Indexes the complete ‘‘Biblio-
graphical Notes’’ series by James Britten in the Journal of Botany.
* 67. Bragg, Laura M. 1910, 1911. Bibliography of the sylva of South Carolina. Bulletin of the
Charleston Museum 6: 61–68, 7: 9–15.
Not a true bibliography, but a history of those who have written about the woody flora of
South Carolina, focusing more on the writers than their works.
68. Crotz, Keith. 1989. Ewaniana: The writings of Joe and Nesta Ewan. Chillicothe, Illinois:
The American Botanist Booksellers.
The late Joe Ewan and his wife Nesta have written much on the subject of botanical
history. They are especially known for their scholarly biographies of individual botanists.
Contains some errors.
69. Davis, Elizabeth B. and Diane Schmidt. 1996. Guide to information sources in the
botanical sciences. 2nd edition. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
See especially Chapter 8: Historical Materials.
70. Ewan, Joseph. 1967. A bibliography of Louisiana botany. Southwestern Louisiana

Journal 7: 1–83.
Chronological, annotated bibliography covering the period 1728 to 1950. Separate indices
to authors, botanical names, and miscellaneous topics. As Ewan uses a contemporary
delineation of Louisiana, much of the material pertains to Western botany.
71. Henrey, Blanche. 1975. British botanical and horticultural literature before 1800. 3
volumes. London: Oxford University Press.

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This beautifully illustrated set lists works published in Great Britain, but many of these
deal with American plants and botanists. Provides chapters of historical overview as well
as bibliographies. Entries provide names of British and Irish libraries where the work can
be seen. See especially vol. 2, chap. 6: ‘‘Floras of foreign areas.’’
72. Jackson, Benjamin Daydon. 1881. Guide to the literature of botany, being a classified
selection of botanical works, including nearly 6000 titles not given in Pritzel’s Thesaurus.
London: Longmans, Green & Co. for the Index Society. Reprinted in facsimile, New York:
Hafner, 1964.
Similar to Pritzel, below, but organized by botanical sub-fields and geographic regions.
73. Johnston, Stanley H., Jr. 1992. The Cleveland herbal, botanical, and horticultural
collections: a descriptive bibliography of pre-1830 works from the Holden Arboretum, the
Cleveland Medical Library Association, and the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland.
Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
During the period covered, European botanical works inevitably outnumber the American
ones, but Johnston does provide detailed descriptions of works by Barton, Catesby, and F.
A. Michaux, among others.
74. Meisel, Max. 1924. A bibliography of American natural history: the pioneer century,
1769–1865. 3 volumes. New York: Premier Publishing Co.
An invaluable reference work which lists ‘‘publications relating to the history, biography
and bibliography of American natural history and its institutions, during Colonial times
and the pioneer century, which have been published up to 1924,’’ also including ‘‘a selected
bibliography of biographies and bibliographies of naturalists.’’ The second and third
volumes deal with scientific institutions during this time period.
75. Pritzel, Georg August. 1872, 1877. Thesaurus literaturae botanicae omnium gentium,
inde a rerum botanicarum initiis ad nostra usque tempora, quindecim millia operum
recensens. Editionem novam reformatam. Lipsiae: F. A. Brockhaus. Reprint, Milan:
Gorlich, 1950.
Alphabetical list of botanists with their publications, including translations.
* 76. Stafleu, Frans Antonie and Richard S. Cowan. 1976–1988. Taxonomic literature: A
selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and
types. 2nd edition. 7 volumes. Regnum Vegetabile 94, 98, 105, 110, 112, 115, 116.
Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema.
Entries give references to subject’s works, biographical and bibliographical sources,
herbarium and type data, eponymy.
* 77. Stafleu, Frans Antonie and Erik A. Mennega. 1992–. Taxonomic literature: a selective
guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types.
Supplement. 6 volumes. Regnum Vegetabile 125, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137. Königstein:
Költz Scientific Books.
Six volumes published (A–E), supplementing the second edition.
78. Stannard, J. 1966. Early American botany and its sources. In Bibliography and natural
history: essays presented at a conference convened in June 1964, edited by Thomas R.
Buckman. Lawrence: University of Kansas Libraries.
General discussion of information sources, including herbaria, manuscripts, and botanical
gardens.
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79. Wycoff, Edith. 1913. Bibliography relating to the floras of North America and the West
Indies. Bibliographic Contributions from the Lloyd Library 1: 355–415.
A bibliography of floras of North America and specific regions thereof, indicating those
held by the Lloyd Library and Museum.
PART III: BOTANISTS

John Abbot
(sometimes misspelled ‘‘Abbott’’)
b. London, 1751; d. Georgia, c. 1840.
Portrait: Self-portrait reproduced in almost all sources below.
Handwriting: Gilbert (89), p. 117.
Papers and Watercolors: The Natural History Museum; Harvard; see Gilbert (89) for complete
listing.
Herbarium: CHARL.
Summary: John Abbot was a collector and artist who supplied specimens and watercolors of
the New World flora and fauna to various sponsors in Britain. Since he did not publish his
findings, he remained obscure for some years, but the twentieth century has seen him
returned to prominence with the publications of Elsa Allen, Vivian Rogers-Price, and
especially the magnificent volume by Pamela Gilbert. He collected and painted plants,
insects, and birds and is probably best known for his entomological work (especially
Lepidoptera), in which he depicts the insect with its associated food plant.
Allen 1951 (243) Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324)
Barnhart 1917 (30) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
Darlington 1843 (111)** Kastner 1977 (6)
Desmond 1994 (65) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Ewan & Ewan 1963 (410)
** On p. 155, Baldwin writes that ‘‘Abbott’s [sic] drawings, though beautiful, are generally very
defective.’’
80. Allen, Elsa G. 1942. A third set of John Abbot’s drawings. The Auk 59: 563–571.
Notes on a group of Abbot’s bird drawings at the British Museum. Reproduces extracts
from the correspondence between John Francillon, a London silversmith and amateur
entomologist to whom Abbot sold paintings and specimens, and John Leigh Phillips,
a Manchester merchant who may also have sponsored Abbot.
81. Allen, Elsa G. 1957. John Abbot, pioneer naturalist of Georgia. Georgia Historical
Quarterly 41: 143–57.
Biography of Abbot, written in a popular vein. Some new information regarding Abbot’s
sponsorship by the Royal Society of London and Chetham’s Library, Manchester.
82. Baker, Woolford B. 1959. John Abbot’s Insects of Georgia. Emory University Quarterly
15: 146–152.
Describes a volume of eighty-five unpublished Abbot drawings of insects acquired by the
Emory University Library.
83. Bassett, Anna Stowell. 1938. Some Georgia records of John Abbot, naturalist. The Auk
55: 242–254.
Erroneously concludes that Abbot served on the American side during the Revolution. In
fact, he was a pacifist and likely moved to Georgia from Virginia in hopes of avoiding the
Revolution. Bassett suggests a likely burial site for Abbot in Screven County, Georgia.

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Reprints a newspaper article in which William H. Cone, the grandson of a man who
collected for Abbot, relates his memories of the naturalist.
84. Boisduval, Jean Alphonse and John Eatton Leconte. 1833. Histoire geńe´rale et
iconographie des le´pidopte`res et des chenilles de l’Ame´rique Septentrionale. 2 volumes.
Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret.
Most of the plates are by Abbot, but less than one third of them depict plants.
85. Britten, James. 1898. Smith’s Georgia plants. Journal of Botany 36: 297–302.
Discusses plants which were first described (and illustrated by Abbot) in J. E. Smith’s
Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia (100).
86. Cowan, C. F. 1969. Boisduval and Le Conte: Histoire Geńe´rale et Iconographie des
Le´pidopte`res et des Chenilles de l’Ame´rique Septentrionale. Journal of the Society for the
Bibliography of Natural History 5: 125–134.
Three paragraphs about Abbot at the end of the article (p. 131), noting the confusion with
Rev. Charles Abbot in Scudder (97). Also notes that while Abbot’s death is often given as
1840, there is no evidence for this except that his will was recorded in October 1839.
87. Dow, R. P. 1914. John Abbot of Georgia. Journal of the New York Entomological Society
22: 65–72.
Draws heavily on Scudder’s account (97) for biographical data. Indirectly addresses the
question of the authorship of Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of
Georgia (100) by noting that J. E. Smith had no direct contact with Abbot, having
purchased specimens and drawings through John Francillon, a London silversmith and
amateur entomologist.
88. Ewan, Joseph. 1985. The natural history of John Abbot: influences and some questions.
Bartonia 51: 37–45.
Examines possible reasons for Abbot’s relative historical obscurity despite his vast
productivity. Gives some instances of botanically significant illustrations by Abbot,
including the first illustration of the native Wisteria frutescens (Leguminosae), the third
known depiction of Erythrina herbacea (Leguminosae), and collection of the type material
for Elliott’s description of Sabatia gentianoides (Gentianaceae).
89. Gilbert, Pamela. 1998. John Abbot: Birds, butterflies and other wonders. London: Merrell
Holberton and the Natural History Museum.
The best work to date on Abbot and stunningly beautiful, with many color reproductions of
his works. Provides a thorough bibliography and a listing of locations of Abbot’s
watercolors and specimens. Reprints in its entirety Abbot’s ‘‘Notes on my Life.’’
90. Kirby, W. F. 1888. John Abbot, the Aurelian. Canadian Entomologist 20: 230–232.
An addendum to Scudder (97). Notes the presence of an additional volume of Abbot’s
works and some insect collections at the British Museum. Describes another volume of
drawings presented to T. W. Harris. Scudder retorts in a note that this volume ‘‘is
certainly not the work of Abbot’’ and ‘‘has scarcely the least value.’’
91. Largen, M. J. and Vivian Rogers-Price. 1985. John Abbot, an early naturalist-artist in
North America: His contribution to ornithology, with particular reference to a collection
of bird skins in the Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool. Archives of Natural History
12: 231–252.
DECEMBER 2002 21

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Some biographical discussion with notes on the natural history books in Abbot’s library.
Bulk of the article is devoted to the bird skin collection.
92. Mallis, Arnold. 1971. American entomologists. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers
University Press.
Biographical information on Abbot on p. 3–9. Mentions that Oemler visited Abbot’s house
soon after his death with the intention of collecting the drawings there, but found that
they had been destroyed by children.
93. Parkinson, P. G. 1978. Natural history drawings and watercolors by John Abbot, ‘The
Aurelian,’ naturalist of Georgia, in the Alexander Turnbull Library. Turnbull Library
Record 11: 26–36.
Transcribes a letter from Abbot to William Swainson (see 101), his only contemporary
biographer. Describes insect drawings in the Turnbull Library’s collection E272.
94. Reynolds, Elizabeth P. 1983. John Abbot, pioneer naturalist. Georgia Review 37: 816–
825.
A few paragraphs on Abbot marking an exhibition organized by the Madison-Morgan
Cultural Center in Madison, Georgia. Reproduces self-portrait and seven additional plates
in black and white.
95. Rogers-Price, Vivian. 1983. John Abbot in Georgia: The vision of a naturalist artist,
(1751–ca. 1840). Catalogue of an exhibition at the Madison-Morgan Cultural Center,
September 25- December 31, 1983. Madison, Georgia: Madison-Morgan Cultural Center.
General discussion of Abbot’s importance in the depiction of Georgia’s flora and fauna.
Many black and white reproductions of plates. Brief preface by Joseph Ewan.
96. Rogers-Price, Vivian. 1984. John Abbot in England and North America. Turnbull
Library Record 17: 61–80.
Notes an improvement in the quality of Abbot’s plant drawings following his association
with Oemler, who introduced him to the Linnaean system. Also mentions meetings with
Baldwin and Enslen and an exchange of specimens with Stephen Elliott.
97. Scudder, Samuel H. 1888. John Abbot, the Aurelian. Canadian Entomologist 20: 150–
154.
Emphasizes Abbot’s interest in the breeding of lepidoptera and his expertise in the
preservation of insect specimens as well as his abilities as an artist. Describes unpublished
materials at the British Museum. This article is the apparent origin of the common
misconception that Abbot returned to England around 1810. Reproduced in (98).
98. Scudder, Samuel H. 1889. The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with
special reference to New England. 3 volumes. Cambridge: the author.
See p. 651–658 for a reprinting of Scudder (97). Written when little was known about
Abbot. ‘‘It is not known when or where he was born, or when he died; scarcely where he
lived, or to what nationality he belonged. Even the town where he worked [Jackson-
borough, Screven County, Georgia] no longer exists,’’ (p. 65).
99. Simpson, Marcus B. 1984. The artist-naturalist John Abbot (1751–ca.1840): Contribu-
tions to the ornithology of the Southeastern United States. North Carolina Historical
Review 61: 347–390.
Primarily concerned with Abbot’s bird drawings and descriptions, but provides a detailed,
well-documented account of Abbot’s life in general.

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100. Smith, James Edward. 1797. Natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of
Georgia. Including their systematic characters, the particulars of their several meta-
morphoses, and the plants on which they feed. Collected from the observations of Mr John
Abbot, many years resident in that country, by James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S.
[Parallel title in French.] 2 volumes. London: Printed by T. Bensley, for J. Edwards, Pall
Mall; Cadell and Davies, Strand; and J. White, Fleet Street.
Consists of plates alternating with pages of descriptive text, English on recto, French on
verso. Plates depict lepidoptera in all phases of their life cycle with the plant upon which
the larvae feed. The plants sometimes lack the breath-taking detail of the insects, but are
still, for the most part, accurate and artistically pleasing. ‘‘The first extensive monograph
devoted to North American entomology’’ (Wilkinson (103)).
101. Swainson, William. 1840. Taxidermy, bibliography & biography. The Cabinet of Natural
History, Conducted by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner. London: Printed for Longman, Orme,
Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row and John Taylor, Upper Gower Street.
Entry on p. 99–100 focuses on Abbot’s role as a collector and ‘‘admirable draftsman’’ of
insects.
102. Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1975. John Abbot’s birth date. Entomologist’s Record 87: 125–126.
Note on Abbot’s baptismal records, which give his birthday a day earlier than he himself
states in his notes. Confirms his parents as John and Ann Abbot.
103. Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1981. Smith and Abbot, The Natural History of the Rarer
Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia (1797): Its authorship and later history. Entomologist’s
Record 93: 213–218.
Observes that Abbot is really only the illustrator of the work often cited as ‘‘Smith and
Abbot.’’ The nomenclature and descriptions are entirely the work of J. E. Smith.
104. Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1982. John Abbot’s drawings and notes for a proposed supplement
to Smith and Abbot, The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia
(1797). Entomologist’s Record 94: 159–160.
Identifies the set of Abbot drawings at the Turnbull Library (see 93) as a proposed
supplement to ‘‘Smith and Abbot,’’ which Abbot sent to William Swainson in 1818.
105. Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1982. Nineteenth-century issues of Smith and Abbot, The Natural
History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia (1797). Entomologist’s Record 94: 122.
Notes that ‘‘new’’ issues of this work were still being produced from the original copper
plates ‘‘as late as 1827 and perhaps later.’’
106. Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1984. John Abbot’s London years. Entomologist’s Record 96: 110–
123, 165–176, 222–229, 273–285.
The most complete source on Abbot’s early life. Especially relevant to botany is ‘‘Abbot’s
Linnaean Knowledge’’ (p. 222–229). This discusses the common statement that Abbot was
ignorant of classification until 1805. Wilkinson traces this unlikely statement back to
a misinterpretation by Dow (87) of Oemler’s statement that Abbot ‘‘never knew anything of
Linneus’ Classification till I demonstrated it to him.’’ Oemler seems to have been referring
to the sexual system of plant classification, not to taxonomic principles in general.
William Baldwin
b. Newlin, Pennsylvania, 1779; d. Franklin, Missouri, 1819.
Portrait: Kelly, 1914 (45); also Darlington, below and the articles in Meehan’s Monthly. All of
these reproduce the famous portrait by Peale.
Handwriting: Darlington (111), frontispiece.
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Papers: GH.
Herbarium: PH, NY.
Eponymy: Baldwinia J. Torrey et A. Gray syn. Balduina Nuttall (Compositae).
Summary: Baldwin is best known as a pioneer of Western botany due to his accompanying
Major Stephen Harriman Long up the Missouri River in 1819, an expedition which proved
fatal (perhaps in combination with his South American travels of the previous year) to
a man of his already fragile constitution. Prior to these expeditions, he lived in Savannah,
Georgia and botanized throughout the Southeast.
Barnhart 1917 (30) Barnhart 1965 (64)

Barnhart 1934 (532) Brendel 1879 (32)
Darlington 1843 (111) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Elliott 1821 (324) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Elliott 1979 (14) Mears 1978 (48)
Ewan 1969 (39) National Cyclopaedia 10 (20)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Pennell 1935 (51)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Pennell 1950 (52)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Graustein 1967 (472) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Harshberger 1899 (42) Short 1841 (59)
Humphrey 1961 (44) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Johnson 1957 (18) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19) Who Was Who in America (24)
Kelly 1914 (45)
107. Anon. 1894. Dr. William Baldwin. Meehan’s Monthly 4: 95.

Brief biographical notice with a reproduction of the well-known Peale portrait.
108. Anon. 1900. Dr. William Baldwin. Meehan’s Monthly 10: 125–126.
Recounts journal entries from the Long expedition in the summer of 1819, not long before
Baldwin’s death.
109. Baldwin, William. 1819. An account of two North American species of Cyperus, from
Georgia: To which is added four species of Kyllingia, found on the Brazilian coast, and on
the Rio de la Plata in South America. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, n.s., 2: 167–171.
Descriptions, in Latin and English, of Cyperus sparsiflorus (Cyperaceae) from the ‘‘pine
barrens in the vicinity of Savannah and St. Mary’s Georgia,’’ and C. ovatus, which
‘‘inhabits low moist situations near St. Mary’s.’’
110. Baldwin, William. 1819. An account of two North American species of Rottböllia, dis-
covered on the sea-coast in the state of Georgia. American Journal of Science 1: 355–359.
Descriptions in Latin and English of the grasses Rottböllia corrugata and R. ciliata. Harsh
criticism of Nuttall: ‘‘It will be perceived that my description of this plant differs materially
from that of Mr. Nuttall. This has unavoidably arisen from my having attended to it in its
living state, and from his not availing himself of the information which it would have
afforded me great pleasure to have communicated, had he done me the favour to have
requested it, or informed me of his wish to publish an account of the plants thus obtained.’’
* 111. Darlington, William. 1843. Reliquiae Baldwinianae: Selections from the correspondence
of the late William Baldwin, M.D. Surgeon in the U.S. Navy. Philadelphia: Kimber &
Sharpless. Reprinted in facsimile, New York: Hafner Press, 1969, as Supplement II of
Classica Botanica Americana, with introduction and indices by Joseph Ewan.

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Consists primarily of Baldwin’s correspondence, but also contains a biographical sketch by
Darlington, a close friend of Baldwin, as well as Baldwin’s manuscript ‘‘Notices of East
Florida.’’ Among Joseph Ewan’s contributions to the Hafner edition are a detailed
chronology of Baldwin’s life, lists of manuscript and published sources, and indices to
names of persons, plants, and animals.
112. Gray, Asa. 1834. A monograph on the North American species of Rhynchospora. Annals
of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 3: 191–220.
See p. 192 for Gray’s comments on Baldwin’s collection of sedges from Georgia and Florida.
113. Gray, Asa. 1844. Bibliographical notice: Reliquiae Baldwinianae. American Journal of
Science 46: 192–195.
Review and summary of the Reliquiae (111) with many salient points about Baldwin’s life
and some of the editorial considerations pertaining to the work.
114. Redfield, J.H. 1883. Some North American botanists. VI: Dr. William Baldwin. Botanical
Gazette 8: 233–237.
Detailed and very affecting biographical sketch. Discusses Baldwin’s relations with other
botanists of the day, especially Barton, Elliott, and Moses Marshall. Also provides some
information on Baldwin’s unpublished Miscellaneous sketches of Georgia and East
Florida.
115. Spaulding, Perley. 1908. A biographical history of botany at St. Louis, Missouri. Popular
Science Monthly 73: 488–493.
Basic biographical data on Baldwin with notes on his contributions to western botany.
Baldwin’s portrait is incorrectly labeled as Meriwether Lewis.
116. Stuckey, Ronald L. 1971. The first public auction of an American herbarium including an
account of the fate of the Baldwin, Collins, and Rafinesque herbaria. Taxon 20: 443–459.
Recounts the auction of the herbarium of Zaccheus Collins in Philadelphia on 3 June 1833,
including, ‘‘the entire collection made by the late Dr. Baldwin in his expedition and
explorations in the southern and western sections of our country and in South America,
and particularly the plants of Florida—containing many new and undescribed plants’’
(quoted from the announcement of sale, transcribed on p. 447–448). The Baldwin
herbarium was purchased by von Schweinitz.
117. Stuckey, Ronald L. 1978. Type specimens of Rhynchospora in an unstudied collection of

William Baldwin. Brittonia 30: 96–101.
History and description of eighteen specimens at PH collected by Baldwin from southeast
Georgia and eastern Florida, eight of them duplicate type material.
Reverend John Banister

b. Twigworth, Gloucestershire, England, 1650; d. Roanoke River, Virginia, 1692.
Handwriting: Ewan and Ewan (121), p. 146.
Papers: The Natural History Museum, Bodleian Library.
Herbarium: BM, OXF.
Eponymy: Banisteria L. (nom. rej., Malpighiaceae), Banisteriaecarpum Kräusel (fossil,
Malpighiaceae), Banisterioides Dubard & Dop (Malpighiaceae), Banisteriophyllum Etting-
shausen (fossil, Malpighiaceae), Banisteriopsis C. B. Robinson ex J. K. Small (Malpighia-
ceae), Banisterodes O. Kuntze (nom. rej., Polygalaceae).
Summary: Because Banister’s most important work relative to the Southern flora is buried
within John Ray’s formidable Historia Plantarum (126), his importance to American botany
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has sometimes been overlooked, a situation admirably corrected by the work of Joseph and
Nesta Ewan (120–122). Banister had plans for a Natural History of Virginia, which would
no doubt have ensured his fame, but he died in an unspecified mishap while exploring near
the Roanoke River.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Desmond 1994 (65)

Barnhart 1909 (29) Elliott 1979 (14)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Ewan 1969 (39)
Barton 1793 (130) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)
Berkeley & Berkeley 1968 (265) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
Brendel 1879 (32) Gillispie 1970 (16)
Clokie 1964 (33) Goode 1886 (2)
Crowley 1976 (34) Graustein 1967 (472)
Dandy 1958 (37) Humphrey 1961 (44)
Johnson 1957 (18) Pulteney 1790, 2: 55–57 (259)
Kastner 1977 (6) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46) Stearns 1970 (8)
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Pennell 1950 (52) Who Was Who in America (24)
118. Banister, John. 1907. Banister’s Catalogue of Virginia Plants. Edited by Ivar Tidestrom.
Washington, D.C.
Reprinting of Banister’s Catalogus from Ray (126) with brief preface by Tidestrom.
119. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1806. Some account of Mr. John Banister, the naturalist.
Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal 2(2): 134–139.
Barton was unable to determine a birth date for Banister and also gives inaccurate
accounts (quoted from Pulteney and an unnamed ‘‘descendant’’) of Banister’s death. Lists
Banister’s contributions to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Quotes
from Ray’s Historia Plantarum (126, 128) regarding Banister.
120. Ewan, Joseph. 1963. First fern records from Virginia: John Banister’s account of 1679–
1692. American Fern Journal 53: 138–144.
Lists seventeen ferns described by Banister.
121. Ewan, Joseph and Nesta Ewan. 1970. John Banister and his Natural History of Virginia.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
The definitive study of Banister, with chronology, biography and annotated reprints of
Banister’s major works. See especially chap. 13, ‘‘The Plant Catalogue,’’ p. 141–271. The
bulk of this chapter is devoted to a carefully edited and annotated transcription of
Banister’s Catalogus (from 126), compiled from multiple manuscript sources. Beautiful
reproductions of Banister’s drawings.
122. Ewan, Joseph and Nesta Ewan. 1973. John Banister, pioneer plantsman. Horticulture
51: 58–61.
Short article devoted to popular English garden plants introduced by Banister and to the
disposition of Banister’s works and collections.
123. Lewis, Ivey F. 1957. Seventeenth century science in old Virginia. Virginia Journal of
Science 8: 35–41.
General biographical sketches on some early Virginia scientists. Notes the inconsistency
between the various reports of Banister’s death.

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124. Lister, Martin. 1693. The extracts of four letters from Mr. John Banister to Dr. Lister,
communicated by him to the publisher. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London 17: 667–692.
Letters communicated to the Royal Society ‘‘to do right to the Memory of my Friend Mr.
Banister, who indeed was a very Learned and Sagacious Naturalist.’’ The writer expresses
a hope that Banister’s papers will be ‘‘carefully and speedily publish’d’’ and offers a few
fragments to give ‘‘a slight touch of what he [Banister] was doing.’’ Only the letter
fragment of April 19, 1689 concerns plants, giving a ‘‘Catalogue of the rest of the Figures
and Names of Plants then sent’’ in the form of Latin polynomials.
125. Petiver, James. 1707. Herbarium Virginianum Banisteri: Or a brief account of such
Virginia plants, as the Reverend Mr John Banister, that curious naturalist, sent the
designs of, some time since, to the Right Reverend Father in God, Henry Lord Bishop
of London. Monthly Miscellany, or, Memoirs for the Curious, Decas no. 7: 227–232.
Reproduced in facsimile in Ewan and Ewan (121).
Lists sixty-five Virginia plants by common names with brief descriptions.
126. Ray, John. 1688. Historia plantarum tomus secundus. Cum duplici indice; generali
altero nominum & synonymorum praecipuorum; altero affectuum & remediorum:
Accessit nomenclator botanicus Anglo-Latinus. Londini: typis Mariae Clark, prostant
apud Henricum Faithorne.
In the Praefatio, A2 verso, Ray mentions that Banister is planning to write a natural
history of Virginia and opines that no one is better qualified to do so. E Catalogo huc
transmisso Anno 1680. Quem composuit eruditissimus Vir & consummatissimus
Botanicus D. Johannes Banister Plantarum à seipso in Virginia observatarum is
published in the appendix, p. ‘‘1928’’ [1926]–1928. This is a list of 134 plants in Latin
polynomials, a few of the entries providing an English common name.
127. Ray, John. 1698. An account of a book. Museo de Piante rare della Sicilia, Malta, Corsica,
Italia, Piemonte e Germainia, &c. di Don Paolo Boccone, &c. with additional remarks by
Mr. John Ray, F.R.S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 20: 462–
468.
Beginning on p. 467, Ray notes the inadequate (and orthographically unusual) description
of ‘‘snecrut’’ in Boccore’s book. ‘‘But because he desires farther Satisfaction concerning this
Serpentaria Virgin. or Snake-root, I shall give him, and others that concur with him
in that Desire, a full and exact Description of the whole plant, drawn up and sent me by
a person that knew it very well, and was as well able to describe it, the Learned and most
Skilful Herbarist Mr. John Banister, whose unhappy and untimely Death cannot
sufficiently be deplored.’’
128. Ray, John. 1704. Historia plantarum tomus tertius: qui est supplementum duorum
praecedentium: species omnes vel omissas, vel post Volumina illa evulgata editas, praeter
innumeras fere novas & indictas ab Amicis communicatas complectens; cum synonymis
necessariis, et usibus in cibo, medicina, & mechanicis: Addito ad opus consummandum
generum indice copioso. Londini: Apud Sam. Smith & Benj. Walford.
In the Praefatio, p. iv, Ray laments Banister’s untimely death, which he attributes to a fall
while climbing a cliff. He notes that Banister lived in Virginia for many years, studying
and drawing its plants, and that he had not completed his proposed natural history of
Virginia prior to his death.
Benjamin Smith Barton

b. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1766; d. New York City, 1815.
Portrait: Kelly (45), also W. P. C. Barton (137).
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Handwriting: Barton (136) and Middleton (143).
Papers: Historical Society of Pennsylvania; American Philosophical Society; Boston Public
Library; Library of Congress.
Herbarium: PH.
Eponymy: Bartonia Mühlenberg ex Willdenow (Gentianaceae), Bartonia Pursh ex Sims
(Loasaceae), Bartonia Smith (Pontederiaceae).
Summary: Barton is strongly associated with Philadelphia and merits inclusion here on the
basis of his 1802 travels in Virginia (see 136). Most of the Southern specimens in his
herbarium were actually collected by Frederick Pursh, and his primary influence on
Southern botany was through Pursh and Nuttall.
Anon. 1821 (28) Darlington 1849 (159)

Barnhart 1909 (29) Drake 1876 (12)
Barnhart 1934 (532) Duychinck 1856 (13)
Bell 1955 (25) Ewan 1969 (39)
Brendel 1879 (32) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
Darlington 1843 (111) Gillispie 1970 (16)
Graustein 1967 (472) National Cyclopaedia 8 (20)
Harper, 1945 (183) Pennell 1950 (52)
Harshberger 1899 (42) Pennell 1936 (479)
Hooker 1825 (43) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Humphrey 1961 (44) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Johnson 1957 (18) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Kastner 1977 (6) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19) Stearns 1970 (8)
Kelly 1914 (45) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Who Was Who in America (24)
Mears 1978 (48)
129. Anon. 1798. [Review of] Collections for an essay toward a materia medica of the United
States. Medical Repository 2(1): 70–74.
Very favorable review and summary of Barton’s Collections (131). Notes the significance of
Barton as an American-born scientist addressing the flora of his native land.
130. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1793. Botanical description of the Podophyllum diphyllum of
Linnaeus, in a letter to Charles Peter Thunberg, M.D. Knight of the Order of Wasa,
Professor of Medicine and Botany in the University of Upsal, &c. &c. Transactions of the
Philosophical Society of America 3: 334–348.
Considers this plant allied to, but distinct from, the Linnaean genera Podophyllum and
Sanguinaria. Erects a new genus, Jeffersonia, named for Thomas Jefferson. ‘‘In the
various departments of this science [natural history], but especially in botany and zoology,
the information of this gentleman is equaled by that of few persons in the United-States.’’
See Graustein (141), regarding André Michaux’s intent to publish this species.
131. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1798. Collections for an essay towards a materia medica of the
United-States. 1st ed. Philadelphia: printed for the author by Way & Groff. 2nd ed. Part
First printed for the author by Robert Carr, 1801. Part Second printed for the author by
A. and G. Way, 1804. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: E. Earle, 1810. Reprinted in 1900 as Bulletin
of the Lloyd Library, Reproduction Series no. 1, with biography and portrait.
One of the earliest American works on materia medica. In the introduction to part I,
Barton discusses the earlier work of Schöpf, of which he is highly critical, suspecting
Schöpf of being influenced by the old doctrine of signatures, ‘‘one of the tyrants of the

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ancient schools.’’ Both parts are arranged by the medicinal effect of the plant discussed.
The Lloyd Library reprint consists of the 1798 edition of Part First and the 1804 edition of
Part Second.
132. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1803. Elements of Botany. Philadelphia: printed by William F.
M’Laughlin.
First botanical textbook printed in the United States. Largely devoted to Linnaean
taxonomy, but also has a chapter on physiology. Most plates by William Bartram. Went
through three additional American editions and one English (see MacPhail (142)). In 1836,
a ‘‘new edition, revised and condensed, with an account of the life and writings of the
author by William P. C. Barton’’ was published by R. Desilver of Philadelphia. The
‘‘account of the life and writings’’ is identical with the ‘‘Biographical sketch’’ (137), but
without the prologue.
133. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1807. Discourse on some of the principal desiderata of natural
history and on the best means of promoting the study of the science, in the United States.
Read before the Philadelphia Linnean Society, on the tenth of June, 1807. Philadelphia:
printed by Denham & Town.
Discusses six branches of natural history (zoology, botany, geography, mineralogy,
hydrography, and meteorology) and goals which should be set for the advancement of
each. With reference to botany, Barton states that this science has ‘‘been cultivated, with
more attention and success, in the United-States, than any other branch of Natural
History.’’ Lists genera which he feels need monographic treatment and comments on the
lack of knowledge of the cryptogams, grasses, and alpine plants of the United States. Also
discusses the need for a ‘‘geographical view’’ of the American flora.
134. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1809. Memorandum concerning a new vegetable muscipula.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 6: 79–81.
Begins with a few notes on ‘‘the irritable principle in vegetables’’ in general, with brief
reference to Dionaea muscipula. Recounts observations of fly-trapping behavior in
Asclepias syriaca, the common milkweed.
135. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1812. Flora Virginica: sive plantarum, praecipue´ indigenarum,
Virginiae historia inchoata. Pars Prima. Philadelphia: D. Heartt.
Aimed at updating and making more available the flora of Clayton and Gronovius (279).
Many descriptions are taken from this flora and others, but sources are carefully cited.
Mostly in Latin, but with English discussions of certain plants. This work is unfinished,
covering only the first four Linnaean classes, and may not have been formally published
[see MacPhail (142)]. Only two copies are known: those at the Library Company of
Philadelphia and at the Library of Congress. Available on micro-opaque from Readex
Microprint’s Early American Imprints, second series, no. 24760 (‘‘Photographed from an
imperfect copy: p. 25–32 wanting’’).
136. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1938. Journal of Benjamin Smith Barton on a visit to Virginia,
1802. Edited by W. L. McAtee. Castanea 3: 85–117.
Describes and reproduces a journal of travels from Maryland into Virginia and West
Virginia. One entry describes Barton’s first sighting of Jeffersonia. Photograph of a page
from journal.
137. Barton, William Paul Crillon. 1816. A biographical sketch read pursuant to appointment
before the Philadelphia Medical Society, at a stated meeting, on Saturday, sixteenth,
February 1810 [sic], of their late President, Professor Barton. The Port Folio, ser. 4.1
(April, 1816): 275–287.
Long, florid prologue, followed by a biographical sketch and a list of Barton’s works.
Reprinted in the 1836 edition of Barton’s Elements of Botany (132).
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138. Carson, Joseph. 1869. History of the medical department of the University of
Pennsylvania, from its foundation in 1765. With sketches of the lives of deceased
professors. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston.
Discussion of Barton from a medical standpoint is given on p. 125–133. Notes that despite
Barton’s medical qualifications ‘‘His reputation rests upon his success as a naturalist, and
cultivation of the branches of knowledge depending upon the natural sciences for their
elucidation.’’ Notes on students whom Barton influenced, including Baldwin and Nuttall.
139. Ewan, Joseph. 1983. From Calcutta and New Orleans, or, tales from Barton’s
greenhouse. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 127: 125–134.
Examines possible sources of exotic plants (Asian and western American) drawn by
Barton and Pursh.
140. Ewan, Joseph. 1986. One professor’s chief joy: a catalog of books belonging to Benjamin
Smith Barton. In Science and society in early America: Essays in honor of Whitfield J.
Bell, edited by Randolph Shipley Klein. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society.
Volume 166. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
A catalog of the 372 titles in the ‘‘largest natural history [book] collection in America
before 1815,’’ with notes on Barton’s collecting habits, sources of books, and his
annotations.
141. Graustein, Jeannette E. 1961. The eminent Benjamin Smith Barton. Pennsylvania
Magazine of History and Biography 85: 423–438.
A highly critical look at Barton, with quotes from many of his contemporary detractors,
such as Charles Caldwell, Henry Mühlenberg, Benjamin Rush, and Alexander Wilson.
Graustein especially notes Barton’s tendency to announce impossibly grandiose projects
which he proved unable to complete: ‘‘He looked toward the ultimate desiderata and
disdained the modest and toilsome steps which might eventually lead thereto.’’ ‘‘Most of
what he published,’’ she concludes, ‘‘was of a trivial nature both ipso facto and in
comparison with what he intended to do.’’
142. MacPhail, Ian. 1986. Benjamin Smith Barton and William Paul Crillon Barton. Lisle,
Illinois: The Morton Arboretum.
Annotated descriptive bibliography of ‘‘all monographic works in botany’’ of both writers.
143. Middleton, William S. 1936. Benjamin Smith Barton. Annals of Medical History, new
series, 8: 477–491.
Possibly the most complete single source on Barton, this paper quotes from a number of
contemporary sources, including the account of W. P. C. Barton and the writings of
Charles Caldwell, one of Barton’s medical students. Provides a facsimile of a letter in
Barton’s hand.
144. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1926. The elder Barton, his plant-collection and the mystery
of his floras. Bartonia 9: 17–34.
Substantial information on the Barton herbarium, which was actually collected mostly by
Pursh. The travels of both botanists are outlined. Lists new species described in Flora
Virginica (135) with Barton’s descriptions.
145. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1942. Benjamin Smith Barton as naturalist. Proceedings of
the American Philosophical Society 86: 108–122.
Discusses composition of Barton’s herbarium, including the Southern collections of Pursh.

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146. Smith, Edgar Fahs. 1924. Benjamin Smith Barton. Lancaster County Historical Society
Papers 28: 59–66.
A noteworthy early publication on Barton that offers a few details not found elsewhere.
These include a quote from Barton regarding the importance of his uncle, David
Rittenhouse, the astronomer, to his early education as well as many notes on Barton’s
Elements of Botany (132).
147. Youmans, William Jay. 1896. Benjamin Smith Barton. 1766–1815. Popular Science
Monthly 48: 834–840. Reprinted in his Pioneers of Science in America, p. 81–89. New
York: D. Appleton & Company.
Good summary, but glosses over Barton’s conflicts with Nuttall and Pursh.
John Bartram
b. Darby, Pennsylvania, 1699; d. Kingsessing, Pennsylvania, 1777.
Portrait: Stewart (171).
Handwriting: Buck & McLean (157).
Papers: Royal Society of London; American Philosophical Society; University of Pennsylvania;
Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Herbarium: BM, S, OXF.
Eponymy: Bartramia J. Hedwig (Musci, Bartramiaceae), Bartramia L. (Tiliaceae), Bartramia
R. A. Salisbury (Scrophulariaceae), Bartramia Ellis (Primulaceae).
Summary: John Bartram is generally regarded as the first American-born botanist. He
botanized throughout the eastern United States and maintained a nursery cum botanical
garden at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. He published little, but had a voluminous cor-
respondence which has been made available by Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley (156).
Anon. 1821 (28) Graustein 1967 (472)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Harshberger 1899 (42)
Barnhart 1909 (29) Hooker 1825 (43)
Barnhart 1917 (30) Humphrey 1961 (44)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Johnson 1957 (18)
Bell 1955 (25) Kastner 1977 (6)
Brendel 1879 (32) Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19)
Clokie 1964 (33) Kelly 1914 (45)
Crowley 1976 (34) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Dandy 1958 (37) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Darlington 1843 (111) National Cyclopaedia 7 (20)
Darlington 1849 (159) Pennell 1935 (51)
Desmond 1994 (65) Pennell 1950 (52)
Drake 1876 (12) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Elliott 1979 (14) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
Ewan 1969 (39) Stearns 1970 (8)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Totten 1956 (62)
Gillispie 1970 (16) Who Was Who in America (24)
Goode 1886 (2) Wilbert 1908 (63)
148. Anon. 1899. History of John Bartram. Meehan’s Monthly 9: 96.

Criticizes the use of the ‘‘Letter of a Russian Gentleman’’ as factual data in Bartram
biographies. Bartram, it is argued, was not the ‘‘ignoramus’’ depicted in this account by
Crèvecoeur, nor did he come to the study of botany as late in life as this ‘‘letter’’ implies.
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149. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1931. Significance of John Bartram’s work to botanical and
horticultural knowledge. Bartonia 12, supplement: 24–34.
Asserts that John Bartram’s greatest achievement was not his garden, but ‘‘his tireless
search among the wilds of Atlantic North America for plants, especially woody ones, hardy
in this climate, that might be desireable additions to the gardens of the Old World.’’ Lists
some of the plants sent to Collinson and also comments on Bartram’s pollination studies.
150. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1931. John Bartram’s first interest in botany. Bartonia 12,
supplement: 35–37.
Examines the validity of the story about Bartram’s ‘‘conversion’’ from farming to natural
history as related by Crèvecoeur in his Letters from an American Farmer (London: T.
Davies, 1782).
151. Bartram, John. 1942. Diary of a journey through the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.
Edited by Francis Harper. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new
series, 33, part 1.
Harper’s introduction discusses other early explorers in the same areas, including
Catesby, Walter, and the elder Michaux. Also gives a brief account of Harper’s own travels
along Bartram’s route. Good maps, site photos, and a facsimile of a page from the
manuscript.
152. Bartram, William. 1804. Some account of the late Mr. John Bartram, of Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia Medical & Physical Journal 1: 115–124.
Biography of the elder Bartram by the younger Bartram. Begins with some notes on
Bartram ancestry, and describes John Bartram’s personality and appearance. This
description is especially interesting in view of the confusion involving Bartram portraits.
Reprinted in Bartram (181).
153. Baxter, Samuel N. 1931. Restoration of plants in Bartram’s garden by the Fairmount
Park Commission of Philadelphia. Bartonia 12, supplement: 38–50.
Lists plants known to have been in Bartram’s garden in its early days.
154. Berkeley, Edmund. 1993. Benjamin Franklin and a ‘‘dear ould friend.’’ Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society 137: 399–405.
Discusses the friendship between Bartram and Franklin and their role in founding the
American Philosophical Society.
155. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, eds. 1982. The life and travels of John
Bartram from Lake Ontario to the River St. John. Tallahassee: University Presses of
Florida.
Very well-written, thoroughly-documented, yet readable account of the elder Bartram’s
travels.
156. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, eds. 1992. The correspondence of John
Bartram, 1734–1777. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Very large collection of John Bartram’s letters, indexed, and with a glossary of persons.
Reprints Bartram’s preface and appendix to Thomas Short’s Medicina Britannica, p. 780–
783.
157. Buck, William R. and McLean, Elizabeth P. 1985. ‘‘Mosses’’ in Lord Petre’s herbarium
collected by John Bartram. Bartonia 51: 17–33.
An annotated catalog of the specimens in the Petre herbarium, Volume XIII, mostly
bryophytes and vascular cryptogams. This may be the oldest bryological collection in the

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United States. Provides a good handwriting sample and a few specimen photographs (of
which the two Lycopodium photographs are reversed).
158. Condon, Adrienne. 1996. Transatlantic friends: the correspondence of Peter Collinson
(1694–1768) and John Bartram (1699–1777). Ph.D. thesis, University of South Florida.
While this is primarily a literary and psychological evaluation of the Bartram-Collinson
correspondence, the introductory chapters provide some useful contextual information
which readers are unlikely to gain from more scientifically-oriented treatments, such as
information on standards of letter-writing in the eighteenth century and the influence of
the correspondents’ Quaker faith on their means of expression.
* 159. Darlington, William. 1849. Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall with
notices of their botanical contemporaries. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston. Reprinted,
New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1967 as Supplement I of Classica Botanica
Americana, edited and with an introduction by Joseph Ewan.
This collection of the correspondence of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall is probably
the most valuable single published work of primary sources pertaining to botany in this
period. The list of correspondents, especially of Bartram, amounts to a nearly
comprehensive list of American and British botanists active at the time. Peter Collinson
accounts for the bulk of Bartram’s correspondence, alongside Col. William Byrd, Catesby,
Clayton, Dillenius, Gronovius, Jefferson, Kalm, and Alexander Wilson. Marshall’s letters
are less numerous and include correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks, John Fothergill,
Benjamin Franklin, S. G. Kramsch, and J. C. Lettsom, among others. Editorial material
by Darlington includes an introductory chapter entitled ‘‘Progress of Botany in North
America,’’ biographical sketches of both Bartram (p. 37–45) and Marshall, and
biographical footnotes (generally adapted from other sources, with acknowledgement)
on many of the correspondents. The sketch of John Bartram reproduces the ‘‘Letter from
Mr. Iw—n Al—tz, a Russian Gentleman; describing the visit he paid at my request to Mr.
John Bertram [sic], the celebrated Pennsylvania Botanist,’’ from Crèvecoeur’s Letters from
an American Farmer (London: T. Davies, 1782). Facsimiles of letters written by Bartram
and Marshall provide good handwriting samples. To the Hafner edition, Ewan adds
detailed chronologies of both botanists as well as indices to persons, plants, and ship
captains mentioned in the letters.
160. Ellis, John. 1770. The copy of a letter from John Ellis Esq.; F.R.S. to Mr. Wm. Aiton,
botanic gardener to her Royal Highness the Princess Dowager of Wales, at Kew, on
a new species of Illicium Linnaei, or starry aniseed tree, lately discovered in West
Florida. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 60: 524–531.
Recounts the sighting of Illicium floridanum by William Bartram in 1766. Quotes from
John Bartram’s journal (173): ‘‘Near here my son found a lovely sweet tree, with leaves
like the sweet bay, which smelled like sassafras and produces a very strange kind of seed-
pop [sic].’’ Notes that this plant was first discovered by ‘‘a negro servant of William Clifton,
Esq.; chief justice of West Florida, who was sent to collect specimens of all the rarer plants
by his master, at my [Ellis’s] request.’’
161. Ewan, Joseph. 1957. Analytical index to Darlington’s Memorials of Bartram and
Marshall (1849). Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 3: 263–
272.
Provides a much-needed index to Darlington’s work. Especially convenient for those
unable to find the Hafner reprint of Darlington’s Memorials (159).
162. Ewan, Joseph. 1967 . A brief appraisal of John Bartram. Plants & Gardens 23: 77–80.
Brief sketch of John Bartram, with some characteristically unflattering comments from
Alexander Garden. Also discusses Bartram’s 1792 catalog of plants offered for sale.
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163. John Bartram Association. 1904. Bartram’s garden, Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia: J. J.
McVey.
Portraits of both Bartrams. Some unusual photos of the interior of the Bartram house, also
a map of the garden marking the location of certain plants.
164. Kalm, Peter. 1937. Peter Kalm’s travels in North America; the English version of 1770.
Revised from the original Swedish and edited by Adolph B. Benson. 2 volumes. New
York: Wilson-Erickson Inc.
See especially p. 61–62 for Kalm’s assessment of Bartram. ‘‘He has shown great judgment
and an attention which lets nothing escape unnoticed. Yet with all these qualities he is to
be blamed for his negligence, for he did not care to write down his numerous and useful
observations. . .I, also, owe him much, for he possessed that great quality of communicat-
ing everything he knew. I shall therefore in this work frequently mention this gentleman.’’
See plates opposite p. 36 and p. 61 for photographs of Bartram’s birthplace in Darby and
the famous Bartram home at Kingsessing.
165. Lovell, John H. 1904. The beginnings of American science: The first botanist. New
England Magazine, n.s., 30: 753–767.
Semi-popular article providing an overview of the state of science in eighteenth-century
America and a good biographical sketch of John Bartram.
166. McLean, Elizabeth P. 1984. An eighteenth century herbarium at the Sutro Library.
California State Library Foundation Bulletin 6: 5–9.
Describes some Bartram specimens, including some types, in the Petre herbarium.
167. McLean, Elizabeth P. 1984. A preliminary report on the eighteenth century herbarium of
Robert James, eighth baron Petre. Bartonia 50: 36–39.
Essentially identical with the preceding article.
168. Manville, G. Christine. 1987. ‘‘Moss’’ collections of John Bartram and angiosperm
collections of James Cuninghame in Horti Sicci 332 of the Sloane Herbarium. Bartonia
53: 34–40.
List of ninety-four specimens, mostly of John Bartram, in the Sloane Herbarium.
169. Middleton, William S. 1925. John Bartram, botanist. Scientific Monthly 21: 191–216.
Much discussion of medicinal plants, with exerpts from Bartram’s correspondence. Also
a brief history of Bartram’s garden after his death with many photos of the house and one
of the famous Lady Petre pear tree. Illustration of Bartram coat-of-arms.
170. Schuyler, Alfred E. and Ann Newbold. 1987. Vascular plants in Lord Petre’s herbarium
collected by John Bartram. Bartonia 53: 41–43.
Lists the vascular plants in volumes XI and XII of the Petre herbarium.
171. Stewart, Robert G. 1967. Portrait of John Bartram identified. Garden Journal 17: 11–14.
Identifies a likely portrait of John Bartram and makes a case for John Wolloston as its
artist.
172. Swem, Earl Gregg. 1949. Brothers of the spade: Correspondence of Peter Collinson, of
London, and of John Custis, of Williamsburg, Virginia, 1734–1746. Worcester,
Massachusetts: The American Antiquarian Society.

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See Appendix II: Journeys of John Bartram in Virginia, 1737–1762. Lists the individual
excursions of Bartram during this time period with evidence from contemporary
correspondence to confirm dates.
173. Stork, William. 1769. A description of East-Florida, with a journal kept by John Bartram
of Philadelphia, botanist to His Majesty for the Floridas; upon a journey from St.
Augustine up the river St. John’s as far as the Lakes. With explanatory botanical notes.
3rd edition. London: W. Nicoll and T. Jefferies.
A work of promotional literature designed ‘‘to give Great-Britain the benefit that will arise
from assisting this infant colony.’’ Lists every possible advantage of East Florida, from its
strategic position ‘‘for the purpose of surprizing the Spanish ships in time of war,’’ to
listings of the crops which can be cultivated there. Bartram’s journal is printed at the end
of the book with abundant notes. The journal is not published in Stork’s first edition, 1766,
but appears in the second edition of the same year and all subsequent editions.
174. True, Rodney Howard. 1931. John Bartram’s life and botanical explorations. Bartonia
12, supplement: 7–19.
Introductory paper to ‘‘An account of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the
first botanic garden in the American colonies by John Bartram,’’ the proceedings of
a celebration held in Philadelphia, June 5–6, 1931. See p. 18–19 for notes on Southern
travels.
William Bartram
b. Kingsessing, Pennsylvania., 1739; d. Kingsessing, 1823.
Portrait: Herbst (197).
Handwriting: Bartram (179).
Papers: The Natural History Museum; American Philosophical Society; Historical Society of
Pennsylvania; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Herbarium: BM.
Summary: William Bartram was the son of John Bartram, above. He accompanied his father
on numerous botanical expeditions, including many in the Southeast. In addition to his
talents as a naturalist, he was an accomplished writer and artist who has left us many
beautiful descriptions, both verbal and pictorial, of the Southeastern flora and fauna. His
Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida (176) ranks among
those few works which have achieved renown in both the scientific and literary
communities.

Bell 1955 (25) Kastner 1977 (6)
Bragg 1910 (67) Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19)
Brendel 1879 (32) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Curtis 1883 (36) Mears 1978 (48)
Darlington 1849, 288–290 (159) Pennell 1935 (51)
Drake 1876 (12) Powell 1979 (21)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Pursh 1814 (499)
Elliott 1979 (14) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Ewan 1969 (39) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
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Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Stearns 1970 (8)
Gee 1918 (41) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Gillispie 1970 (16) Totten 1956 (62)
Goode 1886 (2) Barnhart 1965 (64)
Graustein 1967 (472) Who Was Who in America (24)
175. Bartram Trail Conference. 1979. Bartram heritage: A study of the life of William
Bartram by the Bartram Trail Conference, including the report to the Heritage,
Conservation, and Recreation Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Montgomery,
Alabama: The Bartram Trail Conference.
Chapters covering William Bartram’s life, his Southeastern travels, and conservation
plans for Bartram-related sites. Many site photos and information on Bartram’s library.
176. Bartram, William. 1791. Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West
Florida, the Cherokee Country, the extensive territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek
Confederacy, and the country of the Chactaws; containing an account of the soil and
natural productions of those regions, together with observations on the manners of the
Indians. Embellished with copper plates. Philadelphia: Printed by James & Johnson.
A classic both for its value to natural history and to literature. To many, this is the
essential work of eighteenth-century American natural history. See Barnhart (187) for
listing of subsequent editions and translations.
177. Bartram, William. 1803. Account of the species, hybrids, and other varieties of the vine
in North America. Medical Repository, 2nd series, 1: 19–24.
Describes four species and three varieties of grapes, with comparisons between Old and
New World species. Reprinted in Bartram (181).
178. Bartram, William. 1943. Travels in Georgia and Florida, 1773–1774: A report to Dr. John
Fothergill. Edited by Francis Harper. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, new series, 33, part 2.
Transcript of the report which contains much of the primary information that Bartram
used in writing his Travels (176). Includes maps of routes, site-photos, and many of
Bartram’s drawings. Reprinted in Bartram (181).
179. Bartram, William. 1958. The Travels of William Bartram, naturalist’s edition. Edited by
Francis Harper. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Edition of Bartram’s Travels through North & South Carolina. . . (176) aimed at the reader
who is more interested in natural history than in the work’s literary qualities. Harper
supplies an insightful introduction with information on the initial publication of the work
[summarizing Harper (183)] and its reception, as well as an ‘‘annotated index’’ to the main
text, with modern names of plants, animals, and localities where these can be determined.
180. Bartram, William. 1968. Botanical and zoological drawings, 1756–1788; reproduced
from the Fothergill album in the British Museum (Natural History). Edited and with an
introduction by Joseph Ewan. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
This beautiful volume contains large numbers of sketches by the younger Bartram,
including the famous Franklinia alatamaha painting and the sketch of alligators in the
St. John River. The ‘‘introduction’’ by Ewan amounts almost to a book in its own right and
is extremely valuable for Ewan’s insights into the historical context of Bartram’s
discoveries and writings.
181. Bartram, William. 1996. Travels and other writings. Edited by Thomas Slaughter. New
York: Library of America.

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Reprints Travels through North & South Carolina. . .(176), Travels in Georgia and Florida
(178), as well as eight short essays, of which two are botanical [Bartram’s essay on
American grapes (177) and the preface to the catalog of the Bartram garden (188); the
latter is actually by John Bartram, Jr.] and one is Wm. Bartram’s account of his father
(152). Additional features are a detailed chronology, a map of William’s travels, and
a glossary of scientific names.
182. Harper, Francis. 1939. The Bartram trail through the southeastern states. Bulletin of
the Garden Club of America (September): 54–64.
Account of Harper’s visits to various Bartram-related sites. Some comments on the then
recently-revealed manuscript version of the Travels (176) as sent to Fothergill (178).
183. Harper, Francis. 1945. Proposals for publishing Bartram’s travels. Library Bulletin of
Reproduces a broadside from the APS library announcing the printing of Bartram’s
Travels (176) by Enoch Story, probably in 1786. This work was not actually published
until 1791, and then by James & Johnson (this announcement is also reproduced). Harper
comments on the reasons for this delay and its impact on botanical nomenclature, as well
as the role of Benjamin Smith Barton in publication of the Travels.
184. Harper, Francis. 1953. William Bartram and the American Revolution. Proceedings of
Examines Bartram’s Revolutionary sympathies in light of his avowed pacifism and his
Quaker faith, and presents evidence suggesting possible covert military involvement
during the period of his Travels (176).
185. Stephens, George Myers. 1967. William Bartram’s venture into the Cherokee country,
1775. Asheville, North Carolina: The Stephens Press.
This 14 p. booklet is largely quoted from Bartram’s own published and unpublished
writings, but is valuable in providing a detailed, localized account of Bartram’s travels in
the South.
186. Stone, Whitmer. 1931. The work of William, son of John Bartram. Bartonia 12,
supplement: 20–23.
Brief note primarily concerned with William’s ornithological work, also mentioning his
relations with Benjamin Smith Barton.
Works Dealing With Both Bartrams

187. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1931. Bartram bibliography. Bartonia 12, supplement: 51–67.
Bibliography of the works of both Bartrams. Especially valuable for detailed edition
information on William’s Travels (176) and information on catalogs of Bartram’s garden.
188. [Bartram, John, Jr.] 1807. Catalogue of trees, shrubs, and herbacious plants, indigenous
to the United States of America; cultivated and disposed of by John Bartram & Son, at
their botanical garden, Kingsess, near Philadelphia: To which is added a catalogue of
foreign plants, collected from various parts of the globe. Philadelphia: Bartram &
Reynolds.
Lists plants by Latin names, with notes indicating such things as preferred soil type, light
requirements, etc. Preface reprinted in Bartram (181) apparently misattributed to
William Bartram. For notice of other extant catalogs from the Bartram garden, see
Barnhart (187).
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189. Cappon, Lester Jesse. 1974. Retracing and mapping the Bartram’s southern travels.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 118: 507–513.
While the real purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems and techniques of historical
cartography, using the Bartrams as a case study, there is substantial information here
about some primary Bartram sources and about the career of Francis Harper, a major
Bartram scholar.
190. Cutting, Rose Marie. 1976. John and William Bartram, William Byrd II, and St. John de
Cre`vecoeur: A reference guide. Boston: G. K. Hall.
Annotated bibliography listing references (both by and about) chronologically.
191. Earnest, Ernest. 1940. John and William Bartram: Botanists and explorers, 1699–1777,
1739–1823. Pennsylvania Lives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Well-written dual biography in a popular style with little documentation. Transcribes
much material from letters and journals. Portrait of John Bartram is of doubtful
authenticity.
192. Fagin, Nathan Bryllion. 1933. William Bartram, interpreter of the American landscape.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
This work is primarily interested in the literary and philosophical significance of William
Bartram’s writings, but the first chapter, ‘‘Life and Character,’’ provides some good
biographical information on both father and son. It also addresses some of the myths
which have grown up around the Bartrams (largely, it seems, as a result of the writings of
Crèvecoure). Extensive bibliography, with manuscript sources.
193. Fothergill, John. 1971. Chain of friendship: Selected letters of Dr. John Fothergill of
London, 1735–1780. Edited and with an introduction and notes by Betsy C. Corner and
Christopher C. Booth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press.
Transcripts of many letters to both John and William Bartram, as well as one photograph
of a letter to John, opposite p. 261.
194. Fox, Richard Hingston. 1919. Dr. John Fothergill and his friends: Chapters in eighteenth
century life. London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.
Two chapters are of special interest: XIII, ‘‘Botany in the eighteenth century: Peter
Collinson, John Bartram’’ and XIV, ‘‘Fothergill as botanist—his garden.’’ See especially
p. 159–166 for John Bartram and p. 185–191 for William Bartram.
195. Jenkins, Charles F. 1933. The historical background of Franklin’s tree. The Pennsylva-
nia Magazine of History and Biography 57: 193–208.
The story of Franklinia’s discovery by the Bartrams and its introduction into cultivation
by Collins and Fothergill. Describes subsequent sightings up to the last in 1790 by Dr.
Moses Marshall. Provides a facsimile of John Bartram’s journal entry regarding the
exploration of the Fort Barrington area.
196. Harper, Francis and A. N. Leeds. 1937. A supplementary chapter on Franklinia

alatamaha. Bartonia 19: 1–13.
Recounts post-Bartram searches for Franklinia, suggesting possible causes of extinction.
A good summary source for the abundant Franklinia literature.
197. Herbst, Josephine. 1954. New green world. New York: Hastings House Publishers.
A somewhat romanticized narrative biography.

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198. [Youmans, William Jay]. 1892. Sketch of John and William Bartram. Popular Science
Monthly 40: 827–839. Reprinted in his Pioneers of Science in America. New York: D.
Appleton & Co.
A good general source for John Bartram, drawn largely from Darlington’s Memorials
(159).
Louis Narcisse Baudry des Lozières

b. Paris, 1761; d. Paris, 1841.
Summary: Baudry des Lozières was a French naval officer who was stationed for a time in
Haiti and traveled in Louisiana. In addition to his travel works, he published an allegorical
history of Napoleon.
Hoefer 1936 (17)
199. Baudry des Lozières, Louis Narcisse. 1802. Voyage à la Louisiane, et sur le continent de
L’Ame´rique Septentrionale, fait dans les anneés 1791 à 1798. Paris: Dentu.
Generally of more interest to the anthropologist than the botanist, but contains some
observations on the flora of Louisiana. See especially pp. 170–173.
200. Baudry des Lozières, Louis Narcisse. 1803. Second voyage à la Louisiane faisant suite au
premier de l’auteur de 1794 à 1798. 2 volumes. Paris: Charles.
The first volume deals with Louisiana’s political and military history as well as problems
concerning black slaves and the American natives. Volume two is an odd assemblage of
topics, including a ‘‘Manuel Botanique,’’ p. 22–71. This is a glossary giving definitions for
botanical terms and listing scientific names and Linnaean classes for common plants.
Volume two also contains a chapter, ‘‘Le Coffre de Chiurgie,’’ discussing materia medica of
plant and other sources.
Edmund Bohun
b. Suffolk, England, 1672; d. Suffolk, England, 1734.
Papers: The Natural History Museum.
Herbarium: BM.
Summary: Edmund Bohun was among the army of amateur collectors employed by Sir Hans
Sloane and Sir James Petiver. He lived in Charleston with Robert Ellis from 1696–1701.
Barnhart 1917 (30) Goode 1886 (2)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Dandy 1958 (37) Stearns 1970 (8)
Desmond 1994 (65)
201. Bohun, Edmund. 1853. The diary and autobiography of Edmund Bohun, Esq. Author of
the ‘History of the Desertion’ of the throne by King James II, etc. etc., licenser of the press
in the reign of William and Mary, and subsequently Chief Justice of South Carolina:
With an introductory memoir, notes, and illustrations, by S. Wilton Rix. Beccles:
privately printed by Read Crisp.
The diarist is Edmund Bohun (1645–1699), the father of the botanical collector. Bohun
rarely refers to his son, but Rix’s introduction contains a long footnote, beginning on p.
xxv, with many quotes from the younger Bohun’s letters to Sir James Petiver, the London
apothecary for whom he collected. One of these mentions the loss of ‘‘two volumes of
plants, curiously preserved, in a hurricane that blowed down my friend’s house where they
were.’’
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Reverend Johann Martin Bolzius
(sometimes spelled ‘‘Boltzius’’)
b. Forst, Saxony, 1703; d. Ebenezer, Georgia, 1765
Papers: Archives of the Frankesche Stiftungen, Halle, Germany.
Summary: Bolzius was a Pietist Lutheran who served as senior minister at Ebenezer,
Georgia, a colony of Salzburger Protestant refugees. He was a churchman first and
foremost, but has the distinction of producing the first regional Georgia flora (205). He was
also known for establishing a thriving silk industry at Ebenezeer through the introduction
of mulberry trees.
Ewan 1969 (39) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)

Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)** Von Reck & Bolzius 1734 (509)
** Good treatment of ‘‘Boltzius’’ from an ecclesiastical and political point of view, but no mention
of his flora.
202. Bolzius, Johann Martin. 1963. August, 1748 in Georgia, from the diary of John Martin
Bolzius. Edited and translated by L. L. Tresp. Georgia Historical Quarterly 47: 204–215.
These entries cover a variety of subjects, mostly agricultural. Those of botanical interest
include description of a wild ‘‘tea’’ used by the colonists (Tresp suggests Ilex vomitoria) and
Bolzius’s statement that ‘‘For a long time I have been wishing for a Hortum botanicum,
plantis & arboris [sic] curiosis instructum [a botanical garden for teaching]; I do not,
however, have the means. . .’’
203. Bolzius, Johann Martin. 1963. September, 1748 in Georgia, from the diary of John
Martin Bolzius. Georgia Historical Quarterly 47: 320–332.
Discusses the success of silk culture at the Ebenezer orphanage, comments on the quality
of the native chestnuts, and describes ‘‘myrrh bushes’’ (Myrica cerifera) and the use of
their fruit in candle making.
204. Bolzius, Johann Martin. 1751. Reliable answer to some submitted questions concerning
the land Carolina, in which answer, however, regard is also paid at the same time to the
condition of the colony of Georgia. Edited and translated by K. G. Loewald, B. Starika,
and P. S. Taylor in William & Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 14(1957): 217–252 as ‘‘Johann
Martin Bolzius answers a questionnaire on Carolina and Georgia.’’
Response to a letter from a Herr von N. N. of Augsburg with questions regarding the
conditions in the New World. The bulk of these relate to slavery and the possible dangers
of slave revolts, but there are a fair number on agriculture and one asking about poisonous
plants, of which Bolzius mentions only the European nightshade.
205. [Bolzius, Johann Martin.] 1756. Nachrichten und Anmerkungen aus dem Pflanzenreiche
in Georgien, Von einem Prediger der Colonie Ebenezer, 1752. Hamburgishes Magazin
(1756): 468–518.
The earliest known local flora of Georgia. Plants are identified by polynomials, with
synonyms from Gronovius (279) and Catesby (245). Focuses on trees, but lists some shrubs
and herbs near the end.
206. Ewan, Joseph. 1969. Silk culture in the colonies, with particular reference to the
Ebenezer Colony and the first local flora of Georgia. Agricultural History 43: 129–141.
Provides a general history of silk culture in America, but is of more interest to the botanist
in that it brings to light ‘‘an almost entirely overlooked botanical paper published in
Hamburg enumerating eighty-seven plants, mostly economic or potentially useful species:
the report of the Reverend Bolzius of the Ebenezer colony in Georgia’’ (205). Lists the

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plants in Bolzius’s report, indicating those for which this was their first appearance in
print.
207. Strobel, Philip A. 1855. The Salzburgers and their descendants: Being the history of
a colony of German (Lutheran) Protestants who emigrated to Georgia in 1734, and settled
at Ebenezer, twenty-five miles above the City of Savannah. Baltimore, Maryland: T.
Newton Kurtz. Reprinted in facsimile, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1953, with
foreword, appendix, and index by Edward D. Wells, Sr.
Chapters 5 and 6 cover the life of Bolzius with many quotes from his letters. There is no
mention of his flora, but his role in the development of sericulture in Georgia is thoroughly
addressed. See p. 129–130 of the Wells edition for the planting of mulberry trees at
Ebenezer.
Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc

b. Paris, 1759; d. Paris, 1828.
Portrait: Rey (216).
Handwriting: Berland (208) and Burdet (209).
Papers: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Historical Library of the City of Paris
(see 16).
Herbarium: P, G, BHU, C.
Eponymy: Boscia Lamarck (Capparaceae), Boscia Thunberg (Rutaceae).
Summary: Bosc apparently first came to the United States in 1796 to care for André
Michaux’s garden at Charleston while Michaux was in France. He collected zoological and
botanical specimens in the Charleston area, but many of these he passed on to other
workers for publication. Most of his plant collections went to Michaux. Bosc published
abundantly on such diverse topics as intestinal worms, crustaceans, paleontology,
horticulture, and even the formation of glass.
Barnhart 1965 (64) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)

Brendel 1879 (32) Gillispie 1970 (16) **
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Hoefer 1936 (17)
Camus 1957 (450) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Ewan in Michaux 1974, xvii (429) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
** This article in Gillispie, written by Jean-François Leroy, is the only readily-available

English-language biography on Bosc.
208. Berland, Lucien. 1932. Voyages d’autrefois et insectes historiques. Livre du Centenaire
de la Socie´te´ Entomologique de France (1932): 157–166.
Brief but thorough biographical account of Bosc, although with an entomological rather
than botanical emphasis. Discusses the political persecution Bosc suffered in France and
his importance to insect taxonomy. Good handwriting sample.
209. Burdet, Hervé M. 1972. Cartulae ad botanicorum graphicem. Candollea 27: 307–340.
‘‘The first part of a card-index for autographic identification of past botanists.’’ Includes
a handwriting sample for Bosc.
210. Bosc, Louis Augustin Guillaume. 1807. Description de la morène a éponge. (Hydrocharis
spongia). Annales du Museúm d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 396–398, plate 30.
Describes a new species of Hydrocharis (Hydrocharitaceae) from Carolina, noting that this
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species is monoecious while the European species is dioecious. This plant is now known as
Limnobium spongia (Bosc) Steudel.
211. Bosc, Louis Augustin Guillaume. 1811. Mémoire sur quelques espèces de Champignons
des parties méridionales de l’Amérique septentrionale. Der Gesellschaft naturfor-
schender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesammten
Naturkunde 5: 83–89.
Names and describes, in French only, fourteen new species and one new genus of North
American mushrooms. Comments that a study of these mushrooms has been part of his
plans since his arrival in South Carolina, in part because Michaux was concentrating on
the woody flora.
212. Cuvier, Georges. 1829. Éloge historique de M. Bosc, lu a la séance publique de L’Academie
Royale des Sciences, le 15 Juin 1828. Me´moires du Museúm National d’Histoire Naturelle
18: 69–92.
Emphasizes Bosc’s devotion to the teachings of Linnaeus and his role as founder of the
Linnean Society which later became the Muséum National. Recounts the two years that
Bosc spent in the Carolinas and the political difficulties which led to his return to France.
An appendix lists articles contributed by Bosc to Les Annales de L’Agriculture Française.
213. Hellmayr, C. E. 1930. Louis Bosc, ornitologue oublié. (Notes historiques et bibliogra-
phiques.) Alauda 2: 122–132.
Provides information on Bosc’s parentage and a listing of his ornithological works. Notes
on his role in the foundation of the Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris.
214. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de. 1808. Bosc (L. A. G.). In his Encyclope´die me´thodique.
Botanique. 8: 716–718. Paris: Panckoucke, Liége: Plomteaux.
Brief but detailed summary of Bosc’s botanical accomplishments. Notable among the
writings on Bosc for its emphasis on botany rather than zoology or politics.
215. Quérard, Joseph-Marie. 1827. Bosc (L.-A.-Guil.). In his La France litte´raire, ou

dictionnarie bibliographique des savants, historiens et gens de lettres de la France,
ainsi que des litte´rateurs e´trangers qui ont ećrit en Française, plus particulie`rement
pendant les XVIIIe et XIXe sie`cles. Tome I. Paris: Chez Firmin Didot, Père et fils,
Libraires.
Listing of titles and memberships with a detailed bibliography.
216. Rey, Auguste. 1900–1901. Le naturaliste Bosc, un Girondin herborisant. Revue de

l’Histoire de Versailles et de Seine-et-Oise (1900): 241–277, (1901): 17–42.
Probably the most complete biographical account of Bosc’s very eventful life, focusing on
the political and romantic intrigues which marked his life in France during the
Revolution. Bosc’s stay in America is discussed on p. 22–29, with transcriptions of letters
which he wrote from Charleston, where ‘‘Je réside dans l’habitation de Michaux, au milieu
de plantes et d’êtres animés que j’anéantis souvents pour mon instruction.’’
217. Silvestre, A. F. de. 1829. Notice biographique sur M. Louis-Aug.-Guillaume Bosc,

membre de l’Institute et de la Société Royale et Centrale d’Agriculture. Me´moires de la
Socie´te´ Royale et Centrale d’Agriculture (1829): 81–107.
This article gives an unusually personal picture of Bosc, emphasizing his helpfulness to
others and his devotion to the cause of natural history over his own recognition. Notes that
Bosc’s major contributions to North American botany have come to us via Michaux, to
whom Bosc gave most of his plant collections.

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Samuel Boykin
b. Camden District, Claremont County, South Carolina, 1786; d. Columbus, Georgia, 1848.
Portrait: Virkus (219).
Herbarium: PH, GH, MO, NY, many lost in shipwreck (see 470, p. 257).
Eponymy: Boykinia Nuttall (Saxifragaceae), Boykinia Rafinesque syn. Boykiana Rafinesque
(nom. rej., Lythraceae).
Summary: Boykin was a physician in Milledgeville, Georgia. He collected in this area and
shared specimens with both William Baldwin and Nuttall. He is described by the former as
an ‘‘amiable and enterprising physician and naturalist’’ (see 111, p. 62).
Barnhart 1965 (64) Graustein 1967 (472)

Elliott 1821 (324) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324)
218. Nuttall, Thomas. 1834. A description of some of the rarer or little known plants
indigenous to the United States, from the dried specimens in the herbarium of the
Academy. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7: 61–115.
Describes Boykinia Nuttall and Polygala Boykini Nuttall. The latter plant was ‘‘discovered
by my friend Dr. Boykin, to whom, as a practical botanist, I take the liberty of dedicating
this species.’’
219. Virkus, Frederick Adams. 1925–1942. Samuel Boykin. In The abridged compendium of
American genealogy. A genealogical encyclopedia of the United States. 7 volumes.
Chicago, Illinois: F. A. Virkus & Co.
Brief biographical entry with portrait. Identifies Boykin as a ‘‘student of botany and
conchology, having discovered a number of plants and shells.’’
John William Gerard de Brahm

(sometimes Gerrard or Gerar; this and William sometimes reversed in order.)
b. Germany, 1717; d. Bristol Township, Pennsylvania, 1799.
Summary: De Brahm, like Bolzius, was a Protestant emigrant from Germany who settled in
Georgia. His primary interests were cartography and military engineering, but in the
course of his surveying work in South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida, he made many
observations on the flora, especially those plants useful to man.
Elliott 1979 (14)

National Cyclopaedia 24 (20)
Who Was Who in America (24)
220. DeBrahm, John William Gerard de. 1971. De Brahm’s report of the general survey in the
southern district of North America. Edited by Louis De Vorsey, Jr. Columbia: University
of South Carolina Press.
This is the only published version of the complete report of William de Brahm,
cartographer, military engineer, and alchemist, on his travels in the Southeast. De
Brahm provides floristic descriptions of both South Carolina and East Florida, noting that
Georgia is similar to the former. Plants are listed by common names, many of which are
ambiguous. De Brahm seems rather ahead of his time in that he discusses habitat types
and provides lists of plants based on the type of soil in which they occur. The editor’s
substantial introduction provides much biographical information (including proof of de
Brahm’s German, rather than Dutch, birth) and details about de Brahm’s stormy political
career.
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221. DeBrahm, William Gerard. 1974. The Atlantic pilot. A facsimile reproduction of the 1772
edition with introduction and index by Louis De Vorsey, Jr. Bicentennial Floridiana
Facsimile Series. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida.
Primarily useful for De Vorsey’s introduction, which contributes much to our biographical
knowledge of DeBrahm. The Atlantic Pilot itself is simply a published version of the East
Florida section of DeBrahm’s manuscript Report of the General Survey.
222. Morrison, Alfred J. 1922. John G. De Brahm. South Atlantic Quarterly 21: 252–258.
Scrapes together the few facts about De Brahm known at that time. Comments on De
Brahm’s later alchemical works Time An Apparition of Eternity and Apocalyptic Gnomon.
223. Mowat, Charles L. 1942. That ‘‘odd being,’’ De Brahm. Florida Historical Quarterly 20:
323–345.
General biographical account, focussing on De Brahm’s surveying work and on the
political squabbles in which he remained embroiled throughout most of his career.
John Brickell
fl. 1720s –1740s.
Summary: Very little is known about this John Brickell. His fame rests upon his largely
plagiarized Natural History of North Carolina (226) and has been perpetuated by his
frequent confusion with John Brickell (1748–1809) of Savannah, Georgia.
Allen 1951 (243) Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19)

Anon. 1821 (28) National Cyclopaedia 1 (20)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Powell 1979 (21)
Brendel 1879 (32) Simpson & Simpson 1977 (270)
Crowley 1976 (34) Simpson & Simpson 1981 (374)
Desmond 1994 (65) Wilson 1911 (263)
224. Adams, P. G. 1957. John Lawson’s alter-ego—Dr. John Brickell. North Carolina
Historical Review 34: 313–326.
Chronicles ‘‘one of the strangest and most successful literary thefts’’ in early American
literature. Gives parallel passages from Lawson and Brickell.
225. [Brickell, John?]. 1739. A catalogue of American trees and shrubs which will endure the
climate of England. London: Christopher Gray.
A broadside reproduced in Henrey (71). Features Georg Ehret’s drawing of ‘‘Magnolia
altissima &c.’’ (i.e., Magnolia grandiflora) surrounded by a list of plants. It should be
noted that the attribution to Brickell is based entirely on a reference in Watt’s Bibliotheca
Britannica (Edinburgh: A. Constable 1824). Desmond (65), considers this attribution
‘‘questionable.’’
226. Brickell, John. 1737. Natural history of North Carolina. Dublin, Ireland. Reprinted,
Murfreesboro, North Carolina: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968.
Largely plagiarized from Lawson’s New Voyage (390). Discussion ‘‘of the vegetables of
North Carolina,’’ limited mostly to forest trees of potential economic importance.
227. Simpson, Marcus B. Jr. 1985. Copperplate illustrations in Dr. John Brickell’s Natural
History of North Carolina (1737): Sources for the provincial map, flora, and fauna. North
Carolina Historical Review 62: 119–156.
Traces the ancestry of Brickell’s illustrations, many from classic Renaissance and other
pre-Linnaean works.

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John Brickell
b. County Louth, Ireland, 1749; d. Savannah, Georgia, 1809.
Papers: Academy of Natural Sciences.
Eponymy: Brickellia S. Elliott (Compositae), Brickellia Rafinesque (Polemoniaceae), Brick-
elliastrum R. M. King et H. E. Robinson (Compositae).
Summary: This John Brickell was an accomplished physician and naturalist who wrote on
subjects ranging from comets to rattlesnakes in the Medical Repository. His botanical
associates included Stephen Elliott, John Lyon, and Henry Mühlenberg.
Barnhart 1965 (64) Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324)

Crowley 1976 (34) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)
Darlington 1843 (111) Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19)
Desmond 1994 (65) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Ewan & Ewan 1963 (410) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Stafleu and Cowan (76) confuse this Brickell with the author of the Natural History of North
Carolina (226).
228. Brickell, John. 1797. [On Jeffersonia sempervivens (!).] Medical Repository 1(1): 573.
Description of the plant (now known as Gelsemium sempervirens) which Brickell named
for Thomas Jefferson, ‘‘who, in his immense stores of other knowledge, has added the
science of Botany.’’ ‘‘The woods are full of this delightful shrub, which is covered with
blossoms for many months in the year.’’
229. Brickell, John. 1803. Botanical intelligence from Dr. John Brickell, of Savannah, in the
State of Georgia; addressed to the Editors. Medical Repository 6(3): 327–328.
Brief notes on some plants found in Georgia, including the aquatic genera Brasenia
(Cabombaceae), Proserpinaca (Haloragaceae), and Samolus (Primulaceae) as well as
Kuhnia (Compositae) and Stellandria glabra (now Schisandra glabra, Schisandraceae),
a new plant which he describes as follows: ‘‘corolla and receptacle crimson; fruit scarlet;
antherae like golden stars set in a crimson field.’’
230. Britten, James. 1917. Journal of Botany 55: 117–118.

Brief note appended to a review of B. L. Robinson’s Monograph of the Genus Brickellia,
noting the findings reported in Robinson (232).
231. Price, Michael E. and Vivian Rogers-Price. ‘‘1996’’ [actually 1998]. Dr. John Brickell,
early Savannah naturalist. Tipularia 11: 9–13.
The best account so far of this little-known botanist. Discusses his attempt to name the
plant now designated Gelsemium sempervirens as Jeffersonia and his friendships with
Stephen Elliott and John Lyon. Quotes Henry Mühlenberg on Brickell’s significance: ‘‘he
has done a great deal in his time and I in particular am much indebted to him for good
observation and a number of fine specimens.’’
232. Robinson, B. L. 1916. The Doctors John Brickell. Rhodora 18: 225–230.
Recounts the discovery that there are two Drs. John Brickell who are generally not
distinguished in the literature.
George Marie Butel-Dumont

b. Paris, 1725; d. 1799.
Summary: Butel-Dumont is primarily known as a writer on political and economic matters,
but his early works resulting from his travels in Louisiana contain some floristic
observations.
Hoefer 1936 (17)
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233. Butel-Dumont, George Marie. 1753. Me´moires historiques sur la Louisiane. Paris: Cl. J.
B. Bauche.
Chapters dealing with plants (IV–VIII) are primarily concerned with those which can be
cultivated. Some descriptions of native plants, but without Latin names. Chapter XI
describes Spanish moss: ‘‘qui s’engendre dans les branches de presque tous les arbres de ce
pays. Les François l’ont appelleé par de´rision Barbe Espagnole, comme les Espangnols lui
ont donne´ par le meˆme motif le nom de Perruque Françoise.’’ The latter part of volume one
is devoted to Native Americans, while volume two covers ‘‘L’histoire de l’e´tablissement de
la Colonie.’’
234. Butel-Dumont, George Marie. 1755. Histoire et commerce des colonies Angloise, dans
L’Amerique Septentrionale. Londres: LeBreton.
Chapters are arranged regionally, north to south, each with a section on ‘‘Ses productions
naturelles,’’ which provides information on plants of economic value.
Luigi Castiglioni
b. Milan, Italy, 1757; d. Milan, Italy, 1832.
Portrait: Castiglioni (236), p. xli, note 108, mentions a portrait, but does not reproduce it.
Handwriting: Castiglioni (236), frontispiece.
Herbarium: Some specimens at MI, but all North American collections were lost. (See 236, p.
344)
Eponymy: Castiglionia Ruiz et Pavon (Euphorbiaceae).
Summary: Castiglioni was an Italian politician who, as part of his education, spent three
years travelling in the United States. He had some training in botany and compiled
annotated lists of plants during his travels, which he published in his Viaggio along with
accounts of his meetings with many prominent American political figures. His life after his
voyage was devoted primarily to Italian politics.
Anon. 1821 (28) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)

Barnhart 1965 (64) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Brendel 1879 (32) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
235. Anon. 1832. [Obituary of Luigi Castiglioni]. Flora 15: 574–575.

‘‘Am 22. Jun. d. J. starb zu Mailand der Ritter Ludw. Castiglioni, der als ein Mann von viel
seitiger Bildung, insbesondere als Botaniker und Numismatiker in der gelehrten Welt
rühmlich bekanut war. Unter der Napoleonishen Regierung und unter dem östreichischen
Szepter gleich angeseben, bekleidete er bei seinem Absterben das Amt des Präsidenten
der k. k. Akademie in Mailand, wie das des Directors des k. k. botanischen Gartens, und
war also Mitglied des Institutes und des Heroldenamtes gleich eifrig und thätig.’’ This
represents the reference in its entirety.
236. Castiglioni, Luigi. 1790. Viaggio negli Stati Uniti dell’America Settentrionale fatto negli
anni 1785, 1786 e 1787. Including his Transunto delle osservazioni sui vegetabili dell’
America Settentrionale. Published together as Luigi Castiglioni’s Viaggio: Travels in the
United States of North America, 1785–1787. Edited and translated by Antonio Pace.
Luigi Castiglioni’s Botanical Observations translated by Antonio Pace and edited by
Joseph and Nesta Ewan. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
Pace’s introduction recounts what is known of Castiglioni’s early life and examines the
reception and recognition of the Viaggio in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, listing
many references. The Botanical Observations begins with an essay ‘‘Luigi Castiglioni’s
Place in North American Botany’’ (presumably by the Ewans) which addresses the reasons
for Castiglioni’s slight impact on botanical nomenclature. The Observations consists of

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a catalog of plants, arranged alphabetically as Latin polynomials. Castiglioni’s sometimes
extensive annotations give medicinal uses, habitat information, and horticultural advice.
The three botanical plates of the original work are here reproduced, depicting Franklinia
alatamaha, Quercus pumila (syn. Q. ilicifolia), and Rhus vernix.
237. Faxon, C. E. 1891. Castiglioni’s travels in the United States. Garden and Forest 4: 110–
111.
An attempt to bring Castiglioni to the attention of botanists. Emphasizes Castiglioni’s
notice of the Asian-North American floristic patterns: ‘‘As an instance of his sagacity, it is
worthy of remark that he distinctly notes and repeatedly insists upon the affinities of our
plants with those of Japan and China.’’ Also notes the casual, graceful style of Castiglioni’s
writing and recommends the Viaggio to those who can read Italian. [The continued neglect
of Castiglioni noted by Li (238) was no doubt due in part to the lack of an English
translation.]
238. Li, Hui-Lin. 1955. Luigi Castiglioni as a pioneer in plant geography and plant
introduction. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 99: 51–56.
Credits Castiglioni as the discoverer of the floristic connection between eastern Asia and
eastern North America. Summarizes biographical data from Pace (241). Reproduces the
title page of the Viaggio and its three botanical plates.
239. Li, Hui-Lin. 1957. New plant names published by Luigi Castiglioni. Journal of the
Washington Academy of Sciences 47(1): 1–5.
Comments on Castiglioni’s very broad species definition which caused him to treat the
species of other writers as varieties. Lists all new names published by Castiglioni with
synonymy and notes.
240. Marrano, Howard R. 1950. Count Luigi Castiglioni: An early traveller to Virginia (1785–
1786). Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 58: 473–491.
Summary of Castiglioni’s Virginia travels. Little information on botany, but notes
Castiglioni’s refutation of Buffon’s theory of the inherent degeneracy of the New World
biota.
241. Pace, Antonio. 1946. The American Philosophical Society and Italy. Proceedings of the
One of the most complete biographical accounts of Castiglioni. See especially p. 392–396.
Includes notes on Castiglioni’s relations with George Washington and Benjamin Franklin
as well as a quote from a letter by Manasseh Cutler which refers to Castiglioni as ‘‘a
perfect master of Botany.’’
242. Saccardo, Pier Andrea. 1895. La botanica in Italia. Materiali per la storia de questa
scienza. Memorie del Reale Instituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 25(4). Venezia:
Presso la segreteria del R. Instituto nel Palazzo Loredan.
Entry for Castiglioni on p. 47. Brief note with vital dates and list of works.
Mark Catesby
b. Essex, England, 1682; d. London, 1749.
Handwriting: Allen (243).
Papers: Royal Society of London; American Philosophical Society; British Library.
Herbarium: BM, OXF, E.
Eponymy: Catesbaea L. (Rubiaceae).
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Summary: Mark Catesby explored in the Southeast between 1712 and 1719 and again from
1722 to about 1725. He is best known for the spectacular illustrations from his massive
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (245). His birds are
especially well-known, prompting many writers to compare him with John James Audubon.
Anon. 1821 (28) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
Barnhart 1917 (30) Gee 1918 (41)
Bell 1955 (25) Gifford 1975 (1)
Bragg 1910 (67) Gillispie 1970 (16)
Stafleu & Cowan (76) Goode 1886 (2)
Brendel 1879 (32) Graustein 1967 (472)
Clokie 1964 (33) Hooker 1825 (43)
Crowley 1976 (34) Johnson 1957 (18)
Dandy 1958 (37) Kastner 1977 (6)
Darlington 1843 (111) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Darlington 1849, 319–324 (159) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Dict. National Biography (11) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Barnhart 1965 (64)
Elliott 1979 (14) Smith 1821, 440–441 (354)
Ewan 1969 (39) Stearns 1970 (8)
Sterling et al. 1997 (22) Who Was Who in America (24)
Swem 1949 (172)
243. Allen, Elsa Guerdrum. 1951. The history of American ornithology before Audubon.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 41: 387–591.
One of the most thorough of Catesby sources. While focusing on his importance to
ornithology, it provides abundant biographical information including ancestry, parentage,
clarification regarding his often misquoted date of birth, and places of residence in
London. Also provides information on Catesby’s patrons and sponsors, as well as
a reproduction of an autograph letter.
244. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1920. Mark Catesby. In Nathaniel Lord Britton and Frederick
Millspaugh’s The Bahama Flora. New York: the authors, 1920.
Bibliographic summary of the editions of the Natural History (245).
245. Catesby, Mark. 1754. The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands:
containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects and plants: Particularly
the forest trees, shrubs, and other plants not hitherto described, or very incorrectly figured
by authors. Together with their descriptions in English and French. To which are added,
observations on the air, soil, and waters: with remarks upon agriculture, grain, pulse,
roots, &c. To the whole is prefixed a new and correct map of the countries treated of.
[Parallel title in French.] 2nd edition. Revised by Mr. Edwards. First edition issued
serially, 1729–1747. London: printed for C. Marsh, T. Wilcox, & B. Stichell.
This extremely influential work on the natural history of America is known more for the
beauty of the plates than for its scientific accuracy. John Bartram gave Catesby a back-
handed compliment when he said: ‘‘I have great value for thy books; and esteem them as
an excellent performance, and as an ornament for the finest library in the world’’ [quoted
from Ewan’s notes on the Beehive Press edition of Catesby (248)]. Few plates are devoted
entirely to plants, but most of the animal plates feature plants as backgrounds. Most of the
illustrations are prints from copper plates which Catesby etched himself, based on

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watercolors which he made during his travels. A few plates are based on works of John
White and one, the Magnolia altissima (syn. M. grandiflora) is by Georg Ehret.
246. Catesby, Mark. 1763. Hortus Britanno-Americanus: Or, a curious collection of trees and
shrubs, the produce of the British colonies in North America; adapted to the soil and
climate of England. With observations on their constitution, growth, and culture: And
directions how they are to be collected, packed up, and secured during their passage.
Embellished with copper plates neatly engraved. London: W. Richardson and S. Clark.
247. Catesby, Mark. 1767. Hortus Europae Americanus: Or, a collection of 85 curious trees
and shrubs, the produce of North America; adapted to the climates and soils of Great-
Britain, Ireland, and most parts of Europe, &c. Together with their blossoms, fruits, and
seeds; observations on their culture, growth, constitution and virtue with directions how
to collect, pack up, and secure them in their passage. Adorn’d with 63 figures on 17 copper
plates, large imperial folio. London: J. Millan.
The second entry is simply a re-issue of the first with a new title page. Provides
horticultural information on American trees and shrubs and commentary on taxonomic
practices. Most plates are modified from the Natural History (245).
248. Catesby, Mark. 1974. The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands,
containing two-hundred and twenty figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects and
plants. Edited and with an introduction by G. F. Frick; notes by Joseph Ewan.
Savannah, Georgia: Beehive Press.
A spectacular reproduction of the Natural History (245), with the text bound in a single
volume and the plates unbound. Frick’s introduction provides biographical information on
Catesby, including his early associations with John Ray, and the role of Samuel Dale
(uncle of Thomas Dale) and William Sherard in securing patrons for Catesby. Lists
editions of the Natural History. Ewan’s notes provide modern names for the organisms,
where possible, but some remain a mystery (e.g., the ‘‘Parrot of Paradise’’). Ewan also
contributes indices of both modern English and scientific names.
249. C[atesby], R.C. A history of the Catesbys: From 1086 to 1986. [Lacks imprint].
Brief but substantive biography of Mark Catesby on p. 60–62.
250. Feduccia, Alan, ed. 1985. Catesby’s birds of Colonial America. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press.
The editor’s introduction provides a good general discussion of Catesby, with detailed
treatment of the plates which Catesby copied from John White. Ornithological
contributions of Clayton (non Rev.), William Bartram, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas
Harriot are also discussed. Reproduces the text of the Natural History (245) with the bird
plates, some in color.
251. Frick, George Frederick. 1960. Mark Catesby: The discovery of a naturalist. Papers of the
Bibliographical Society of America 54: 163–175.
Discusses a copy of Catesby’s Natural History in the Pierpont Morgan Library, which con-
tains manuscript materials, some from Catesby himself, interfiled with the printed plates.
252. Frick, George Frederick and Raymond Phineas Stearns. 1961. Mark Catesby: The
colonial Audubon. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
The definitive scholarly work on Catesby. The first five chapters are devoted to biography,
while the later chapters examine Catesby’s contributions to science and the changing
ways in which his work has been viewed in the intervening centuries. ‘‘Check list of Mark
Catesby’s Published Works,’’ on p. 109–111, provides detailed bibliographic information on
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editions of the Natural History (245), while the ‘‘Selected Bibliography,’’ p. 112–113,
details many sources about Catesby, with manuscript locations. Some black and white
reproductions of Catesby’s watercolors.
253. Howard, Richard A. and George W. Staples. 1983. The modern names of Catesby’s
plants. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64: 511–546.
Traces the history of attempts to identify Catesby’s plants and provides systematically-
arranged lists of plants with notes on typification. Reproduces plates of two unidentified
plants.
254. Jones, L. H. 1891. Captain Roger Jones of London and Virginia. Some of his antecedents
and descendants. Albany, New York: Joel Munsell’s Sons.
Contains some genealogical notes on Catesby in the chapter on ‘‘The Catesby Family,’’ p.
117–121. The appendix reproduces three letters from Catesby to his niece, Mrs. Elizabeth
Jones née Cocke, as well as a ‘‘Copy of Contemporaneous Notice of Mark Catesby’s Death,
Apparently Taken from a London Paper,’’ and an entry on Catesby from Chamber’s New
American Encyclopedia.
255. McBurney, Henrietta. 1997. Mark Catesby’s natural history of America: The watercolors
from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle. London: Merrell Holberton.
A beautiful book, reproducing many of Catesby’s watercolors upon which the plates for his
Natural History (245) were based. The introduction by Amy R. W. Meyer discusses the
novelty of Catesby’s approach to natural history illustration and compares his work with
that of some of his predecessors. Some photographs of Catesby herbarium specimens are
featured, with their labels, but unfortunately the reproductions are too small to serve as
good handwriting samples.
256. Meyer, Amy R. W. and Margaret Beck Pritchard, eds. 1998. Empire’s nature: Mark
Catesby’s New World vision. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
A collection of essays which seeks to place Catesby within the larger context of European
colonization of the New World. The introductory essay by the editors provides an excellent
summary of Catesby’s life and works, while the subsequent essays address such topics as
the philosophical and economic factors which shaped Catesby’s perception of the New
World, Catesby’s impact on English gardens, and his views on colonialism. Chronology of
Catesby on p. xv–xviii.
257. Miller, W. H. 1948. Mark Catesby, an eighteenth century naturalist. Tyler’s Quarterly
History and Genealogical Magazine 29: 167–180.
Brief summary of Catesby’s work and its significance.
258. Mortimer, Cromwell. 1730. An account of Mr. Mark Catesby’s essay toward the natural
history of Carolina and the Bahama Islands, with some extracts out of the first three
sets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 36(415): 425–434.
This is the first of a series of reviews of Catesby’s work which appeared in the
Transactions as the individual parts of Catesby’s ‘‘curious and pompous Performance’’
were issued. There is little evaluation here, the reviews primarily consisting of simple lists
of the plants and animals depicted. See Stearn (260) for a complete listing of the Mortimer
reviews.
259. Pulteney, Richard. 1790. Catesby. In his Historical and biographical sketches of the
progress of botany in England, from its origin to the introduction of the Linnaean system.
Volume 2, 219–230. London: T. Cadell.
Limited biographical information, with lists of plants depicted by Catesby.

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260. Stearn, William T. 1958. Publication of Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina. Journal of
the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 3: 328.
Provides dates for the publication of the individual parts of the Natural History (245)
based on the times when reviews appeared in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (see Mortimer, 258). Citations are given for these reviews.
261. Stewart, Doug. 1997. Mark Catesby. Smithsonian 28: 97–103, 125.
A popular article promoting a traveling exhibition of Catesby’s works. Good reproductions
of paintings.
262. Wilbur, Robert L. 1990. Identification of the plants illustrated and described in Catesby’s
Natural History of the Carolinas, Florida and the Bahamas. Sida 14: 29–48.
Highly critical of Catesby’s work, calling his drawings ‘‘artistically crude and almost
completely devoid of significant botanical detail,’’ but notes their taxonomic importance,
since some Linnaean taxa were based on these drawings. Comments on each plant treated
by Catesby and provides a table comparing his own identifications with those of Ewan
(248) and Howard and Staples (253).
263. Wilson, Louis Round. 1911. A rare work of great interest: Catesby’s Natural History of
Carolina has been placed in the University Library. North Carolina Review, April 2,
1911.
General note on Catesby’s Natural History with comparisons to the contemporaneous
works of Brickell and Lawson.
Reverend John Clayton

b. Lancashire, England, 1657; d. 1725.
Handwriting: Berkeley and Berkley (264), Layton (269).
Papers: Royal Society of London.
Summary: This John Clayton was a minister (and something of a physician) in Virginia
during the late seventeenth century. He made observations on a wide variety of natural
phenomena in the New World and related them in letters to his friends in the Royal Society
of London. These were published in their Philosophical Transactions (266, 267). He was
very much a practical scientist and his botanical observations were generally made with
either medicine or agriculture in mind. He is often confused with John Clayton (1686?-
1773) in the literature.
Allen 1951 (243) Goode 1886 (2)

Browne 1943 (380) Lewis 1957 (123)
Crowley 1976 (34) Stearns 1970 (8)
Desmond 1994 (65)
264. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, eds. 1965. The Reverend John Clayton:
A parson with a scientific mind: His scientific writings and other related papers. Virginia
Historical Society Documents. Volume 6. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia for
the Virginia Historical Society.
The most authoritative single source on Clayton. Detailed biography followed by
transcriptions of Clayton’s complete scientific writings. Features facsimiles of manuscripts
and a map of Jamestown drawn by Clayton.
265. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, eds. 1968. Another ‘‘Account of
Virginia’’ by the Reverend John Clayton. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
76: 415–436.
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Reproduces an unsigned, undated letter from Clayton to Robert Boyle. This letter
apparently formed the basis for Clayton’s later published accounts in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society. Substantial botanical content, especially pp. 423–432.
Refers to the work of Banister and to Clayton’s own collections: ‘‘I had myselfe collected
about 300 [plants] wch were no [sic] Europeans & many not reducible to any genus of
plants Botanists have yet mentioned.’’
266. Clayton, John. 1693–1694. A letter from Mr. John Clayton Rector of Croston at
Wakefield in Yorkshire to the Royal Society, May 12, 1688, giving an account of several
observables in Virginia, and in his voyages thither, more particularly concerning the air.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 17: 781–789, 790–795, 17: 977–998; 18:
121–135. Reprinted in Berkeley and Berkeley (264).
This is a series of letters from Clayton to the Royal Society of London, containing primarily
climatological, geological, and zoological observations. In the last category, there is much
devoted to American birds and also an amusing account of jellyfish or ‘‘Carvels.’’ Clayton
also mentions a shipwreck on the way to America in which he lost many of his books and
scientific instruments.
267. Clayton, John. 1739. A letter from the Revd John Clayton (afterwards Dean of Kildare in
Ireland) to Dr. Grew, in answer to several queries relating to Virginia, sent to him by
that learned gentleman, A. D. 1687; communicated by the Right Reverend Father in God
Robert Lord Bishop of Corke, to John Earl of Egmont, F.R.S., Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society 41: 143–162. Also printed in Hoffman (268) and in Berkeley and
Berkeley (264). The latter reference features a facsimile of a page from the manuscript.
Concerned primarily with the medicinal practices of the American Indians and with the
virtues of the plants which they use. Frequently difficult to determine to what plant the
author is referring, since many are unnamed.
268. Hoffman, Bernard G. 1964. John Clayton’s 1687 account of the medicinal practices of the
Virginia Indians. Ethnohistory 11: 1–40.
Complete transcription of Clayton’s letter to Nehemiah Grew on native American
medicine, emphasizing vegetable materia medica.
269. Layton, Walter. 1926. The discoverer of gas lighting: Notes on the life and work of the
Reverend John Clayton, D. D., 1657–1725. London: Walter King, Ltd.
While mostly devoted to Clayton’s work with the distillation of coal, this small book
provides considerable genealogical and biographical information on Clayton. Reproduces
an autograph letter and three signatures.
270. Simpson, Marcus B., Jr. and Sallie W. Simpson. 1977. The Reverend John Clayton’s
letters to the Royal Society of London 1693–1694: An important source for Dr. John
Brickell’s Natural History of North Carolina, 1737. North Carolina Historical Review 54:
1–16.
While Brickell’s infamous plagiarizing was primarily from John Lawson, this article
shows that Rev. Clayton was also an unwitting contributor to Brickell’s Natural History
through his published letters to the Royal Society. Presents parallel texts from the two
documents and some information on Clayton.
271. Zirkle, Conway. 1959. John Clayton and our colonial botany. Virginia Magazine of
History and Biography 67: 284–294.
Discusses historical and bibliographic confusion surrounding the name ‘‘John Clayton.’’

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John Clayton
b. Fulham, England,1686 (or 1694?); d. Gloucester County, Virginia, 1773.
Herbarium: LINN, BM.
Eponymy: Claytonia L. (Portulacaceae).
Summary: This John Clayton was a planter in Virginia who collected plants and propagated
them in his own botanical garden. He was responsible for the content of the first major flora
of North America, although this was published under Gronovius’s name (279). Clayton is
confused with the Reverend of the same name in much of the literature [e.g., Stafleu and
Cowan (76) and Sterling et al. (22)].
Anon. 1821 (28) Goode 1886 (2)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Graustein 1967 (472)
Barton 1793 (130) Kastner 1977 (6)
Bell 1955 (25) Kelly 1914 (45)
Brendel 1879 (32) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Clokie 1964 (33) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Crowley 1976 (34) Pennell 1935 (51)
Darlington 1849, 406–412 (159) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Desmond 1994 (65) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Drake 1876 (12) Stearns 1970 (8)
Elliott 1979 (14) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Ewan 1969 (39) Swem 1949, 175–177 (172)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Who Was Who in America (24)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Wilbert 1908 (63)
272. Barton, Benjamin Smith. 1805. Biography I: Memorandums of the life and writings of
Mr. John Clayton, the celebrated botanist of Virginia. Philadelphia Medical and
Physical Journal 2: 139–145.
Good brief biographical sketch, with notes on Clayton’s personality and religious views.
Comments on the state of Clayton’s garden, which was ‘‘flourishing’’ at the time of this
article.
273. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley. 1963. John Clayton: Pioneer of
American botany. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Very readable, scholarly account of Clayton’s life, written by authors with strong botanical
leanings. Interesting not only for Clayton’s own life, but for the period of the Linnaean
revolution in botany in general. Thorough bibliography and notes.
274. Britten, James. 1898. Bibliographical notes. XV.—Gronovius’s Flora Virginica. Journal
of Botany 36: 264–267.
Emphasizes the point that Gronovius’s Flora refers to Clayton’s type specimens. Examines
two nomenclatural problems (Asclepias verticillata L. and Antennaria plantaginea Br.) on
which this has bearing.
275. Britten, James. 1909. John Clayton (1686–1773). Journal of Botany 47: 297–301.
Points out the error of the Dictionary of National Biography, which confuses the two John
Claytons.
276. Blake, S. F. 1918. Notes on the Clayton herbarium. Rhodora 20: 21–28, 48–54,
65–73.
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Thorough study of the Clayton specimens at the British Museum and summary of the
nomenclatural changes which they necessitate.
277. Clayton, Johannes. 1924. Letter of John Clayton to Linnaeus, 1748. William and Mary
Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2d ser., 4: 246–248.
Brief letter in Latin, apparently accompanying a shipment of seeds. Anonymous
biographical note after letter, mentioning that this is the only known letter from Clayton
to Linnaeus in the Linnean Society of London. This note also mentions a visit by the
author to the site of the Clayton estate in Matthews County, Virginia.
278. Frye, Harriet. 1990. The great forest: John Clayton and flora: A narrative biography of
America’s first botanist. Hampton, Virginia: Dragon Run.
Brief, popular account of Clayton’s life and works.
279. Gronovius, Johannes Fredericus. 1739, 1743. Flora Virginica exhibens plantas quas V.
C. Johannes Clayton in Virginia observavit atque collegit. Easdem methodo sexuali
disposuit, ad genera propria retulit, nominibus specificis insignivit, & minus cognitas
descripsit. Leiden: Cornelius Haak. Reprinted in facsimile, Jamaica Plain, Massachu-
setts: Arnold Arboretum, 1946. A second edition was published in Leiden, 1762, by
Gronovius’s son.
First major flora of North America. Latin descriptions with synonymy and occasional
English names. Based almost entirely on John Clayton’s work. ‘‘In reading this work, it is
a duty which we owe to merit to consider the volume as the labors of Clayton and not of
Gronovius, who kindly robbed the American botanist of the honour of his discoveries,
whilst he reapt the pecuniary profits of his toils’’ [Benjamin Smith Barton (130), p.335,
footnote].
José Francisco Corrêa da Serra

(sometimes ‘‘Correia’’ or ‘‘Correa,’’ sometimes ‘‘de Serra’’)
b. Serpa, Portugal, 1751; d. Caldas da Rainha, Portugal, 1823.
Portrait: Boudon (283), frontispiece; Carvalho (284) opposite p. 39.
Handwriting: Boudon (283) following p. XII.
Papers: Royal Society of London; The Natural History Museum.
Eponymy: Corraea J. E. Smith syn. Correa H. C. Andrews (nom. rej., Rutaceae), Correia
Vellozo ex Vandelli (nom. rej., Ochnaceae).
Summary: Corrêa da Serra was a Portuguese intellectual who left his homeland for England,
and later America, to escape the Inquisition. He was a friend of Thomas Jefferson and
Francis Walker Gilmer, accompanying the latter on botanical excursions. The Portuguese
government later named Corrêa da Serra as ambassador to the United States.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Drake 1876 (12)

Barnhart 1934 (532) Ewan 1969 (39)
Brendel 1879 (32) Harshberger 1899 (42)
Darlington 1843 (111) Short 1841 (59)
Davis 1938 (357) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Davis 1943 (360) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
Desmond 1994 (65)
280. Agan, Joseph Eugene. 1925. Corrêa da Serra. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and
Biography 49: 1–43.
Useful information on early life and influences, but little on botany. Mostly concerned with
Corrêa’s diplomatic career.

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281. Anon. 1823. [Obituary of Corrêa da Serra]. Flora 6: 672.
Lists titles and mentions his namesake, ‘‘Die Pflanze seines Namens aus der ersten
Ordnung der achten Klasse, Correa alba, grünet und blühet seit langer Zeit in
Glashäusern.’’
282. Almeida, Francisco de. 1824. Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. Correá de Serra. (Lue à
la Socie´te´ Philomatique de Paris le 17 Avril 1824). Paris.
Biography of Corrêa with an annotated bibliography of his published works.
283. Boudon, Léon. 1975. Jose´ Correâ da Serra, ambassadeur du royaume-uni de Portugal et
Bre´sil à Washington, 1816–1820. Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Centro Cultural
Português.
Detailed study of Corrêa’s later years as ambassador. Reproduces portions of a large
number of letters, including some correspondence with Gilmer and Jefferson, but nothing
of botanical interest. Good portrait and handwriting sample.
284. Carvalho, Augusto da Silva. 1954. O abade Correia de Serra. Memórias da Academia das
Cieˆncias de Lisboa. Classe de Cieˆncias 4: 7–223.
Authoritative biography with transcriptions of many letters and other relevant docu-
ments. See especially p. 51–60 for Corrêa’s American travels. Letters include correspon-
dence with Sir Joseph Banks and Robert Brown (secretary of the Linnean Society of
London). Letter to the Conde da Barca on p. 186–187 mentions visits with Jefferson and
Madison and his travels with F. W. Gilmer.
285. Correa da Serra, Jose Francisco. 1815. Reduction of all the genera of plants contained in
the Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis, of the late Dr. Muhlenberg to the
natural families of M. de Jussieu’s system. For the use of gentlemen who attended the
course of elementary and philosophical botany in Philadelphia, in 1815. Philadelphia:
Solomon W. Conrad.
List of familiar American genera arranged in the series and families of de Jussieu. In his
introduction, Corrêa justifies the work by noting the difficulty of finding books on the
natural system in America.
286. Davis, Richard Beale. 1955. The Abbé Correa in America, 1812–1820. Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, n.s., 45: 87–197.
‘‘It is the purpose of this study to examine Corrêa’s career in America and to indicate the
form, extent, and results of his years here. Though in general histories of the period his
name appears scarcely at all, while he resided in the United States and for many years
thereafter he was revered, quoted, and imitated by a remarkable number of citizens of
many occupations and interests.’’ The majority of the paper is made up of Corrêa’s
correspondence, in which Jefferson, Gilmer, Wistar, and John Vaughan (Librarian of the
American Philosophical Society) figure prominently. Of botanical interest are notes on his
early botanical training in Naples (p. 92), his trip through the southern United States
(p. 102–103), and his botanical correspondents (p. 112–115).
287. Ewan, Joseph. 1956. Correa de Serra and American botany. Rhodora 58: 45–48.
Review of Davis’s 1955 paper. Mentions Corrêa’s contact with William Bartram, a point
missed by Davis. Suggests that Corrêa may have met Wray, based on the fact that Wray,
Corrêa, and Nuttall (a mutual correspondent) were all in Augusta, Georgia in the autumn
of 1815.
288. Griffin, Martin I. J. 1903. Sketch of the Abbé Joseph Francis Corréa de Serra, A.D. 1750–
1824. Record of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 14: 129–140.
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Reprinted, 1905, as: Abbe Correa de Serra, the priest ambassador of Portugal to the
United States, ‘‘the most enlightened foreigner that ever visited this country,’’ the ‘‘most
extraordinary man living,’’ and ‘‘claimed as one of the fathers of our country.’’ American
Catholic Historical Researches 22: 30–43.
An odd assembly of biographical tidbits, primarily quotes drawn from other sources.
Includes the dedication to Corrêa from Brackenridge’s Views of Louisiana (Pittsburgh:
Cramer, Spear and Eichbaum 1814) and a letter of sympathy sent by Corrêa to Mrs.
Wistar upon her husband’s death. Many quotes from correspondence with Jefferson and
Gilmer. The 1905 version adds a few paragraphs near the end of the article relating some
of the Abbé’s political witticisms.
289. Henriques, Júlio A. 1923. Jose Francisco Correia da Serra. Boletim da Sociedade
Broteriana, 2nd series, 2: 84–125.
Summary, in Portuguese, of Corrêa’s life, especially useful for its annotated bibliography
of Corrêa’s works and account of his correspondence. More complete than Almeida (282).
290. Smith, Sir James Edward. 1832. Memoir and correspondence of the late Sir James
Edward Smith, M.D. Edited by Lady Smith. Volume 2. 198–234. London: Longman,
Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman.
Many letters by, to, and concerning Abbé Corrêa. Of special interest are some of the early
letters in which Corrêa relates his terror of the Inquisition which lead to his flight to
America under an assumed name. In the letter dated Boston, Nov. 18, 1813, Corrêa
comments on the state of botany in the United States: ‘‘Botany is still in her infancy in
America: some amateurs are scattered through this continent; and some European rather
travelling gardeners than real botanists are collecting plants and shrubs and trees for the
gardens of European rich men,—or for the nurseries.’’
Peter Custis
b. Deep Creek, Accomack County, Virginia, 1781; d. New Bern, North Carolina, 1842.
Papers: American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
Herbarium: PH.
Summary: Peter Custis was a physician and naturalist who is important to Southern botany
primarily for his participation in Thomas Jefferson’s exploratory expedition of the Red
River in Louisiana. He was a student of Benjamin Smith Barton, who suggested his name
for the expedition. Perhaps because few of his discoveries were published under his own
name, he was virtually ignored in the botanical literature for many years and was re-
discovered in the 1980s as the result of work by Dan Flores.
Barnhart 1926 (31)

Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
291. Custis, Peter. 1806. Observations relative to the geography, natural history, &c., of the
country along the Red-River, in Louisiana. In a letter to the Editor, from Mr. Peter
Custis, of Accomac-County, in Virginia. Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal 2(2):
43–50.
Letter from Custis to Benjamin Smith Barton describing the geology, flora (mostly woody),
and fauna of the Red River.
292. Ewan, Joseph. 1988. Benjamin Smith Barton’s influence on trans-Allegheny natural
history. Bartonia 54: 28–38.

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The title of this article is somewhat misleading, as the ‘‘influence’’ referred to is indirect,
through his students. See p. 31 for notes on Custis’s reports to Barton.
293. Flores, Dan L. 1984. Jefferson and Southwestern exploration: The Freeman and Custis
accounts of the Red River expedition of 1806. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
The Freeman and Custis Red River expedition was intended by Jefferson as a Southern
counterpart of the more famous Lewis and Clarke expedition. Introduction by Flores gives
the historical background of the Red River area. This is followed by the actual accounts of
Freeman and Custis assembled from various documents. The section on ‘‘The Natural
History Catalogues’’ contains plant lists created by Custis at various stages in the
expedition, all carefully annotated by Flores. Photographs, p. 246–7, of the two surviving
specimens from the expedition: Eustoma grandiflorum (Gentianaceae) and Veronicastrum
virginicum (Scrophulariaceae).
294. Flores, Dan L. 1984. The ecology of the Red River in 1806: Peter Custis and early
Southwestern natural history. Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88: 1–42.
An abbreviated form of the previous item (293).
295. Freeman, Thomas. 1806. An account of the Red River, in Louisiana, drawn up from the
returns of Messrs. Freeman & Custis, to the War Office of the United States, who explored
the same, in the year 1806. [Washington, D.C.]. Microopaque, Worcester, Massachusetts:
American Antiquarian Society, 1970. Early American Imprints, 2nd series, no. 10436.
This extremely rare piece of early Americana contains many observations on the flora of
Louisiana, especially the trees and the ubiquitous cane (Arundo donax). Pages 44–55
contain catalogs of the trees, shrubs, and ‘‘vegetables’’ (herbs) observed by Custis on the
expedition. Much of the remainder of the work deals with the Caddo Indians and the
expedition’s diplomatically disastrous encounter with Spanish forces.
296. MacRoberts, D. T.; B. R. MacRoberts; and M. H. MacRoberts. 1997. A floristic and

ecological interpretation of the Freeman and Custis Red River expedition of 1806.
Bulletin of the Museum of Life Sciences, Louisiana State University 12: 1–26.
Examines Custis’s plant list, providing modern synonyms when possible and attempting
to reconstruct some of the plant communities which characterized pre-settlement
Louisiana.
297. Morton, Conrad V. 1967. Freeman and Custis’ account of the Red River Expedition of
1806, an overlooked publication of botanical interest. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
48: 431–459.
General account of the expedition and the complex politics surrounding it. Provides photos
of the original map, a list of institutions with copies of the original report, and
transcriptions of the portions of botanical interest. See p. 437–8 for biographical
information on Custis.
Thomas Dale
b. Hoxton, England, 1700; d. Charleston, South Carolina, 1750.
Herbarium: BM.
Summary: Nephew of the better-known British naturalist Samuel Dale, to whom he sent
plant specimens while he was in South Carolina.

Clokie 1964 (33) Stearns 1970 (8)
Dandy 1958 (37) Waring 1964 (10)
Desmond 1994 (65)
DECEMBER 2002 57

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298. Allen, D. E. 1967. John Martyn’s Botanical Society: a biographical analysis of the
membership. Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles 6(4): 305–324.
Brief, but substantive account of Dale’s life on p. 310–11, summarizing many of the best
sources, such as Christy (301).
299. Bain, Robert, Joseph M. Flora, and Louis Decimus Rubin, Jr. 1979. Southern writers: A
biographical dictionary. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Quotes from Dale’s will that his ‘‘Collection of Dryed Plants as well as other Natural
Rarities . . . be packed up in a box and be sent to my good friend Dr. John Frederick
Gronovius at Leyden in Holland.’’ Also gives the dates of Dale’s three weddings.
300. Boulger, George Simonds. 1883. Samuel Dale. Journal of Botany 21: 193–197, 225–231.
Single reference on p. 228 to ‘‘the death of the two sons of his ‘nephew Dr. Thos. Dale,’ who
was resident in South Carolina.’’
301. Christy, Miller. 1918. Samuel Dale (c. 1659–1739), of Braintree, botanist, and the Dale
family: Some genealogy and some portraits. Essex Naturalist 19: 49–69.
See p. 53–56 for information on Thomas Dale’s early medical practice in London and
discussion of the circumstances under which he sailed for Charleston (apparently he had
alienated most of his family by involvement with an undesirable woman). Summary of
some of Dale’s letters from America.
302. Levernier, James A. and Douglas R. Wilmes, eds. 1983. American writers before 1800: A
biographical and critical dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Entry for Dale is primarily concerned with his medical, political, and literary accomplish-
ments, but provides basic biographical data and a number of references.
303. Seibels, Robert Emmet. 1931. Thomas Dale, M.D., of Charleston, S.C. Annals of Medical
History, n.s., 3: 50–57.
Mostly concerned with Dale’s translations of Latin medical texts, but provides substantial
biographical information, and a photograph of Dale’s house in Charleston.
Arthur Dobbs
b. Girvan, Ayrshire, Scotland, 1689; d. Town Creek, North Carolina, 1765.
Portrait: Rankin and Nelson (311), frontispiece.
Handwriting: Rankin and Nelson (311).
Papers: Linnean Society of London; Public Record Office, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Summary: Arthur Dobbs was a major figure in Irish politics who later moved to North
Carolina and became governor of that colony in 1753. His botanical contributions are not
well known and are not even mentioned in many biographical sources. He is credited with
the discovery of Venus’s flytrap (Dionaea muscipula, Droseraceae) and also made very
astute observations regarding the pollination of flowers by bees.

Darlington 1849 (159) Johnson 1957 (18)
Desmond 1994 (65) National Cyclopaedia 5 (20)
Dict. National Biography (11) Powell 1979 (21)
Drake 1876 (12) Who Was Who in America (24)
304. Clarke, Desmond. 1957. Arthur Dobbs Esquire, 1689–1765, Surveyor General of Ireland,
Prospector and Governor of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press.

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Well-written biography of Dobbs, although giving little attention to his interests in
natural history. An appendix lists his publications, but no mention is made of his
involvement with Venus’s flytrap.
305. Dobbs, Arthur. 1750. A letter from Arthur Dobbs Esq.; to Charles Stanhope Esq.; F.R.S.,
concerning bees and their method of gathering wax and honey. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society 46: 536–549.
Written in response to earlier observations by a M. Reumur, this letter is concerned with
the tendency of bees to remain species-specific in their foraging. Dobbs correctly identifies
the function of the sperm repository in the queen bee and introduces the idea of insect
pollination of plants with the assertion that ‘‘Providence has appointed the Bee to be very
instrumental in promoting the Increase of Vegetables.’’ Also details a theory regarding the
relationship of the hexagonal occuli of the bee to its tendency to build hexagonal
honeycomb cells.
306. Ellis, John. 1770. Directions for bringing over seeds and plants, from the east-indies and
other distant countries, in a state of vegetation: together with a catalogue of such foreign
plants as are worthy of being encouraged in our American colonies, for the purposes of
medicine, agriculture, and commerce. To which is added, the figure and botanical
description of a new sensitive plant, called Dionaea muscipula: or, Venus’s fly-trap.
London: L. Davis.
The section of this pamphlet describing Dionaea first appeared in 1768 in The St James
Chronicle; or the British Evening Post and appeared in at least two independent German
editions. The entire pamphlet is reproduced in facsimile, with its plate, in Nelson (309).
307. Ewan, Joseph. 1973. Annals of ‘the most wonderful plant in the world’ (Darwin). In:
Festschrift fur Claus Nissen, Weisbaden: Guido Pressler.
Brief history of Venus’s flytrap, with an extensive bibliography and a facsimile of the title
page of the German edition of Ellis’s De Dionaea Muscipula.
308. Nelson, E. Charles. 1989. Dionaea D. Solander ex. J. Ellis (Droseraceae): Notes on the
nomenclature and typification of Venus’s flytrap. Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society 99: 249–254.
Briefly discusses the history of the flytrap; also deals with the proper authority for the
name and the identity of a type specimen.
309. Nelson, E. Charles. 1990. Aphrodite’s mousetrap: A biography of Venus’s flytrap with
facsimiles of an original pamphlet and the manuscripts of John Ellis, F.R.S. With
a ‘Tipitiwitchet’ postscript by Daniel L. McKinley. Aberystwith, Wales: Boethius Press.
Account of the discovery of the famous Venus’s flytrap by Gov. Arthur Dobbs of Georgia
and its description by Ellis. Supplies both a transcription and photograph of Dobbs’ letter
to Collinson in which he first mentions the plant. Reproduces in facsimile John Ellis’s
pamphlet on directions for packaging plants for sea-voyages to which is appended
a description of the flytrap. McKinley’s postscript discusses the origin of ‘‘Tipitiwitchet,’’
the Indian name for the plant.
310. Grant, Verne. 1949. Arthur Dobbs and the discovery of the pollination of flowers by
insects. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 76: 217–219.
Short paper arguing that Dobbs discovered insect pollination fifty years prior to
Koelreuter.
311. Rankin, D. Helen and E. Charles Nelson, eds. 1990. Curious in everything: The career of
Arthur Dobbs of Carrickfergus 1689. . .1765. Carrickfergus: Carrickfergus & District
Historical Society in association with the Society for the History of Natural History.
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A collection of papers read at the Tercentenary celebration of the birth of Dobbs. The most
relevant is Nelson’s ‘‘Of Bees and Flytraps: The Natural History of Arthur Dobbs.’’ This
essay addresses Dobbs’ interests in astronomy, apiology, and botany. The volume also
provides a bibliography, exhibition catalog, and facsimiles of letters written by Dobbs.
John Drayton
b. Charleston, South Carolina, 1767; d. Charleston, 1822.
Portrait: Gee (41); also the National Cyclopaedia (20), Volume12. See also the editor’s preface
to Drayton (312), p. xiv-xv, for a listing of known portraits.
Handwriting: See facsimile of the title page of Drayton’s manuscript on p. xxxvii of Drayton
(312).
Summary: John Drayton was a Charleston lawyer and statesman who served as a member of
the South Carolina House of Representatives (1792–1798), Lieutenant Governor (1798–
1800), and Governor (1800–1802) of South Carolina. Following his gubernatorial term, he
was appointed by President James Madison to the position of federal judge of the U.S.
District Court in South Carolina. Other than the ‘‘Botanical Catalogue’’ in his View of South
Carolina, none of Drayton’s botanical observations was published until Margaret Babcock
Meriwether assembled them in The Carolinian Florist in 1943.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Johnson 1957 (18)

Barnhart 1965 (64) National Cyclopaedia 12 (20)
Bragg 1910 (67) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Drake 1876 (12) Stafleu & Mennega (77)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Stearns 1970 (8)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Who Was Who in America (24)
Gee 1918 (41)
312. Drayton, John. 1943. The Carolinian florist of Governor John Drayton of South Carolina,
1766–1822. With water-color illustrations from the author’s original manuscript and an
autobiographical introduction. Edited by Margaret Babcock Meriwether. Columbia: The
South Caroliniana Library of the University of South Carolina.
Assembled from Drayton’s manuscript ‘‘The Carolinian Florist, as Adapted (in English) to
the More Ready Use of the Flora Caroliniana of Thomas Walter,’’ and various other
manuscript sources, in an attempt to produce the book which Drayton intended to write.
Prefaced by a brief sketch by Drayton on the history of his family. The Florist itself is
closely modeled on Thomas Walter’s Flora Caroliniana (590), as acknowledged by
Drayton, but with additions which Drayton credits to André Michaux and Benjamin Smith
Barton.
313. Drayton, John. 1802. View of South Carolina. Charleston: W. P. Young.

Includes ‘‘Botanical Catalogue of the Most Remarkable Plants, Shrubs, and Trees
Indigenous to the State of South Carolina.’’ Focuses on economically useful plants.
Andrew Ellicott
b. Buckingham, Pennsylvania, 1754; d. West Point, Virginia, 1820.
Portrait: Mathews (317).
Handwriting: Mathews (317).
Summary: Ellicott is known primarily as an astronomer, mathematician, and surveyor. In
1796 he was appointed by President George Washington to survey the boundary between
the United States and Spanish Florida. It was during this expedition that he made the
botanical observations which warrant his inclusion in this bibliography.

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Bell 1955 (25) Morton 1967, 439 (297)
Drake 1876 (12) National Cyclopaedia 13 (20)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Who Was Who in America (24)
Elliott 1979 (14)
314. Alexander, Sally Kennedy. 1899. Sketch of the life of Major Andrew Ellicott. Records of
the Columbia Historical Society 2: 158–202.
Written by Ellicott’s great-granddaughter, this sketch gives many quotations from
Ellicott’s letters and journals. The article focuses primarily on Ellicott’s contributions to
the design of Washington, D.C.
315. Ellicott, Andrew. 1803. Journal of Andrew Ellicott. Philadelphia. Reprinted, Chicago:
Quadrangle Books, 1962.
The journal describes Ellicott’s journey down the Mississippi during the years 1796 to
1800. The focus is largely geographic and cartographic, but some observations on
vegetation are made, especially in the areas of Louisiana and West Florida. Pages 285–289
contain ‘‘a list of the indigenous plants, shrubby, and herbaceous, to be met with on the
Mississippi, along the boundary, and in the Floridas,’’ giving both common and Latin
names. Most plants are listed without comment, but some, such as bald cypress, Spanish
moss, and cane are described in more detail.
316. Ellicott, Andrew. 1830. Florida boundary. Message from the President of the United
States, transmitting the information. . . respecting the report of the Commissioners for
running the line between the United States and Florida, under the treaty of 1795. U.S.
Congressional Documents, 21st Congress, 1st session.
Information on the geography and vegetation of Louisiana and West Florida, ‘‘being
hastily thrown together from my notes.’’ The section on plant life is nearly identical to
p. 285–289 of his Journal (315).
317. Mathews, Catherine Van Cortland. 1908. Andrew Ellicott: His life and letters. New York:
Grafton Press.
Comprehensive account of Ellicott’s life, work, and writings. Portraits on frontispiece and
opposite p. 164. A facsimile of a page of Ellicott’s diary is featured opposite p. 236.
318. Stuart, Charles B. 1871. Lives and works of civil and military engineers of America. New
York: D. Van Nostrand.
‘‘Major Andrew Ellicott,’’ p. 17–35. Detailed genealogy beginning with Ellicott’s great-
grandfather who immigrated to America from Wales in 1731. Emphasizes Ellicott’s
associations with Jefferson, Franklin, Rittenhouse, and others of the American
Philosophical Society. Remarks on Ellicott’s fervent patriotism, which led him to suggest
in a letter to Jefferson that Americans should calculate longitude from Washington rather
than from Greenwich.
Stephen Elliott
b. Beaufort, South Carolina, 1771; d. Charleston, South Carolina, 1830.
Portrait: Hoch (327).
Handwriting: see frontispiece of this work.
Papers: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University;
Charleston Museum; Duke University.
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Herbarium: CHARL, PH.
Eponymy: Elliottia Mühlenberg ex S. Elliott (Ericaceae).
Summary: Elliott was among the leaders of the intellectual circle in Charleston and founder of
the Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina. He was also active in business
and politics, founding the Bank of South Carolina serving on the State Senate. His Sketch of
the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia (324) was a watershed work for Southern botany.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Elliott 1979 (14)

Barnhart 1917 (30) Gee 1918 (41)
Barnhart 1934 (532) Gifford 1975 (1)
Brendel 1879 (32) Hooker 1825 (43)
Darlington 1843 (111) Johnson 1957 (18)
Drake 1876 (12) Kastner 1977 (6)
Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Lanjouw & Strafleu 1954 (47) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Mears 1978 (48) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
National Cyclopaedia 4 (20) Waring 1964 (10)
Price & Rogers-Price 1998 (231)
319. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1901. Dates of Elliott’s Sketch. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club 28: 680–688.
Discusses the dates which should be used for Elliott’s work in questions of nomenclatural
priority. Also gives considerable bibliographic detail regarding the editions of the Sketch
(324). See corrected version of Barnhart’s table of dates in the Hafner reprint of Elliott.
320. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1933. The grave of Stephen Elliott. Journal of the New York
Botanical Garden 34: 161–162.
Announces the erection of a monument at the previously unmarked grave of Stephen
Elliott at St. Paul’s Churchyard in Charleston on February 26, 1933; photograph of
monument.
321. Britton, Nathaniel Lord. 1894. Notes on the herbarium of Stephen Elliott. Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club 21: 80-81.
Brief note on the location, availability, and names of collectors in the Elliott herbarium at
the Charleston Museum.
322. Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. 1885–1912. Biographical sketches of the graduates of Yale
College. New York.
Brief biographical sketch and annotated bibliography.
323. Elliott, Stephen. 1816. An address to the Literary and Philosophical Society of South
Carolina: by Stephen Elliott, Esq. President of the Society. Analectic Magazine 8: 154–173.
Transcript of a speech by Elliott in which he comments on the significance of
‘‘philosophical botany,’’ and natural history in general, to practical pursuits, emphasizing
the importance of systematics and the formation of natural history collections.
* 324. Elliott, Stephen. 1821, 1824. A sketch of the botany of South-Carolina and Georgia.
Charleston: J. R. Schenck. 2 Volumes. Reprinted in facsimile, New York: Hafner

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Publishing Company, 1971 as Volume 6 of Classica Botanica Americana, edited and with
an introduction by Joseph Ewan.
Entries give Latin names, common names, habitat information, and flowering times.
Generic and specific descriptions are given in parallel Latin and English. Arrangement is
according to the Linnaean system. Forty-eight grasses and sedges are figured at the end of
Volume I. Ewan’s introductory matter features a chronology of Elliott’s life, details of the
collections used in preparing the Sketch and their collectors, an updated version of
Barnhart’s table of dates (319) for the issuing of the various numbers, as well as an
alphabetical list of plants described as new in the Sketch.
325. Elliott, Stephen. 1829. [Review of] Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive
enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum, specierumque plantarum hucusque cognita-
rum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Auctore Aug. Pyramo de Candolle.
Southern Review no. 8: 466–498.
A philosophical essay discussing the nature and development of classification systems in
natural science. Beautifully written and no less provocative now than in 1829. Elliott
shares his thoughts on the meaning of science, its language, and its ultimate goals, with
some prophetic statements of how botany was to change in the future.
326. Gray, Asa. 1877. [On the dates of Elliott’s Sketch]. American Journal of Science, 3rd
series, 13: 81–82.
Notes the importance of dating the Sketch relative to Nuttall’s Genera. Bases dates on
Darlington’s Reliquiae Baldwinianae and on Elliott’s correspondence with Zaccheus
Collins.
327. Hoch, J. H. 1935. Stephen Elliott. Annals of Medical History, n.s., 7: 164–168.
Good overview of the life of Elliott, especially his involvement with the State Bank and the
Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina.
328. Lamson-Scribner, Frank. 1901. The grasses of Elliott’s Sketch of the Botany of South
Carolina and Georgia. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Agrostology. Circular
no. 29.
Detailed study of the grass specimens in Elliott’s herbarium at the College of Charleston,
as examined by the author and E. D. Merrill.
329. Moultrie, James. 1830. An eulogium on Stephen Elliott, M.D. & LL.D., professor of
natural history and botany in the Medical College of South Carolina. Charleston: A. E.
Miller.
A good biographical sketch, although Elliott’s botanical accomplishments are relegated to
the end (p. 25 ff.), with his political and business dealings receiving more extensive
treatment. Lists seventeen articles which Elliott published in the Southern Review,
a literary journal which he founded.
330. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1818. [Review of] A Sketch of the Botany of South-
Carolina and Georgia. By Stephen Elliott, Esq. &c. &c. Charleston. 1817. 5 Numbers,
8vo. each of 100 pages, with some plates: to be continued. American Monthly Magazine &
Critical Review 3(2): 96–101.
Very favorable review of the first five numbers of the Sketch (324). Rafinesque lists many
of the botanists who contributed to the Sketch and discusses all of the new genera which
Elliott creates. Criticizes Elliott for his occasional deviations from strict Linnaean
principles, but notes the superiority of the present work to the floras of Pursh (499) and
Walter (590).
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331. Ravenel, Henry William. 1883. Some North American botanists, VII. Stephen Elliott.
Botanical Gazette 8: 249–253.
Brief biography of Elliott with notes on the nature and importance of his Sketch (324).
332. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1894. Stephen Elliott. Garden and Forest 7: 201–202.
Biographical note on Elliott, emphasizing his use of live material in the preparation of his
Sketch (324). Related materials in this volume include a portrait of Elliott on p. 204,
a drawing of Elliottia racemosa on p. 205, and a discussion of that plant on p. 206.
333. Stafleu, Frans Antonie. 1972. U.S. Southern floras: Elliott’s Sketch. Taxon 21: 689–691.
Review of the Hafner reprint of Elliott’s magnum opus. Provides a brief history of the
Sketch (324) and discusses some of the bibliographic and taxonomic problems caused by its
serial publication.
334. Weatherby, C. A. 1942. A list of the specimens in Elliott’s herbarium. Rhodora 44: 249–
262.
Gives a history of Elliott’s herbarium and lists the types which the author and his wife
studied and photographed in 1941. Comments on the past and present curation of the
collection.
Robert Ellis
Herbarium: BM
Summary: Little is known about Robert Ellis except that he lived with Edmund Bohun in
Charleston, South Carolina and collected plants for James Petiver around 1700. Stearns
suggests that Ellis lost interest in collecting after his friends Bohun and George Franklin
returned to England in 1701 and 1703, respectively. He and Bohun seem to have been
instrumental in putting John Lawson in contact with Petiver [see Stearns (8), p. 305–306].
Barnhart 1965 (64) Desmond 1994 (65)

Bohun 1853 (201) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Dandy 1958 (37) Stearns 1970 (8)
Aloysius Enslen
(‘‘Mr. Enslin’’ of Barton)
d. 1810?
Herbarium: PH, W.
Eponymy: Enslenia Nuttall (nom. rej., Asclepiadaceae).
Summary: Enslen was employed by Prince Lichtenstein of Austria and shared his specimens
with Frederick Pursh. In a footnote to his description of the genus Enslenia, Nuttall (477)
referred to him as ‘‘an assiduous and practical botanist.’’

Barnhart 1965 (64) Mears 1978 (48)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Nuttall 1818, 1: 164 (477)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Pursh 1814, xii–xiii (499)
Graustein 1967 (472) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
George Franklin
(sometimes spelled Franklyn)
fl. early 1700s.

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Handwriting: Dandy (37).
Herbarium: BM.
Summary: George Franklin is yet another of the collectors employed by James Petiver in the
Charleston area, where he worked as an apothecary. Stearns (8, p. 295) states that he knew
Petiver in England before coming to South Carolina.

Dandy 1958 (37) Stearns 1970 (8)
Desmond 1994 (65) Waring 1964 (10)
John Fraser
b. Tomnacloich, Inverness, Scotland, 1750; d. London, 1811.
Portrait: Hooker (338), Core (35).
Papers: Royal Society of Arts.
Herbarium: LINN, BM, G.
Eponymy: Frasera T. Walter (Gentianaceae).
Summary: John Fraser collected in North America for the Czar of Russia in the late 1700s. He
maintained a nursery at Chelsea. He is sometimes confused in the botanical literature with
his son of the same name, who was also involved with the nursery and traveled with his
father in North America.
Barnhart 1909 (29) Britten 1921 (580)

Barnhart 1917 (30) Clokie 1964 (33)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Curtis 1883 (36)
Brendel 1879 (32) Darlington 1843 (111)
Darlington 1849 (159) Graustein 1967 (472)
Desmond 1994 (65) Greene 1890 (473)
Dict. National Biography (11) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Ewan 1969 (39) Loudon 1844, 1: 119–121 (413)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Totten 1956 (62)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
335. Anon. 1907. [On portraits of John Fraser]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London
119: 14–15.
Report on the exhibit of two portraits of John Fraser by John Hoppner and Sir George
Raeburn, the latter being the source of the portrait in Hooker (338). Reprints the
biographical note which accompanied the exhibit. Notes that Fraser was the owner of
Thomas Walter’s herbarium, which this author claims was ‘‘disposed of’’ by the Society in
1863.
336. Britten, James. 1899. Bibliographical notes. XXI.—Fraser’s catalogues. Journal of

Botany 37: 481–487.
Argues against the nomenclatural validity of nursery catalogs and addresses problems in
the genus Sideranthus (Compositae) from the Fraser nursery’s 1813 catalog (476).
Reproduces an undated broadside from ‘‘J. Fraser’s Nursery, Sloane Square, Chelsea.’’
This broadside lists more Southern plants than the 1813 catalog, including Cornus florida,
Cyrilla racemiflora, ‘‘Cypress, deciduous,’’ Lindera melissifolia, Yucca filamentosa,
Gordonia lasianthus, and four species of Nyssa.
337. Fraser, John. 1789. Short history of the Agrostis Cornucopiae; or, the new American
Grass: And a botanical description of the plant. London: the author.
A four-leaf promotional folio with a description and color print of the grass. Describes the
author’s trip to America to collect plants and his meeting with André Michaux. Some
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description of the American flora, with a good account of the Southeastern coastal plain.
Fraser claims to have added 200 new species and 30 new genera to the Flora Caroliniana
of Walter (590).
338. Hooker, William J. 1836. Biographical sketch of John Fraser, the botanical collector. In
his Companion to the Botanical Magazine 2. London: Edward Couchman.
Discusses discovery of Rhododendron catawbiense in 1799 and lists plants discovered and
introduced to cultivation by Fraser and his son. Reproduces the portrait by Raeburn.
339. Reveal, James L. 1968. On the names in Fraser’s 1813 catalogue. Rhodora 70: 25–54.
Summarizes the nomenclatural controversies surrounding Fraser’s catalog. Contends that
Nuttall is the true author and that authority should be given as ‘‘Nutt. in Fras.’’
Individually discusses the nomenclature of each species in the catalogue.
Anna Rosina Gambold, née Kleist

b. 1762; d. Springplace, Murray County, Georgia, 1821.
Summary: Anna Rosina Kleist taught at the Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies in
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Judging from the florid prose of W. C. Reichel (344), she seems to
have made natural history part of the curriculum. She married Brother John Gambold and
the couple moved to Springplace, Georgia as missionaries to the Cherokee. Mrs. Gambold
maintained a small botanical garden and published a list of plants for the Springplace area.
Barnhart 1965 (64) Mears 1978 (48)

Rafinesque 1836 (53)
340. Gambold, Anna Rosina. 1819. A list of plants found in the neighborhood of Connasarga
River, (Cherokee Country) where Springplace is situated; made by Mrs. Gambold, at the
request of the Rev. Elias Cornelius. American Journal of Science 1: 245–251.
A bare alphabetical list of plant names with a short appendix noting medicinal uses of
some of the plants. A footnote from the title states, ‘‘Copied partly from Manuscripts of the
late Dr. Muhlenberg, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania.’’
341. Higgins, George G. [1980?]. Anna Rosina Gambold. In Discovering our Moravian
foremothers: Biographical sketches of early Moravian missionary women. Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania: The Provincial Women’s Board of the Moravian Church.
Discusses Mrs. Gambold as a teacher and missionary with no reference to botany.
342. McKinley, Daniel. 1994. Anna Rosina (Kliest) Gambold (1762–1821), Moravian mis-
sionary to the Cherokees, with special reference to her botanical interests. Transactions
of the Moravian Historical Society 28: 59–99.
A thorough modern synthesis of the little that is known about Mrs. Gambold. Documents
references to her work in subsequent botanical literature, lists the botanical books in her
library, and provides information on her dealings with Mühlenberg and Schweinitz and on
Abbé Corrêa’s visit to her botanical garden. Reproduces a painting (not botanical)
attributed to Mrs. Gambold.
343. Reichel, Levin T. 1857. The Moravians in North Carolina. An authentic history.
Philadelphia. Reprinted, Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1968.
See p. 135 for notes on the ministry of Brother John Gambold and his first wife, ‘‘Anna
Rosina Kleist. . . [who] had been sixteen years teacher in the Female Academy at
Bethlehem, and was a very efficient help in the missionary labors of Br. Gambold.’’

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344. Reichel, William Cornelius. 1881. A history of the rise, progress, and present condition of
the Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies, at Bethlehem, Pa. with a catalogue of its
pupils. 1785–1858. By William C. Reichel. Revised and enlarged. With a continuation of
the history and catalogue to the year 1870. By William H. Bigler. 3rd edition with
continuation of catalogue to 1880. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co.
See p. 146–148 for comments on Sister Kleist as a teacher at Bethlehem: ‘‘As she
walked out in the fields, she taught her joyous flock the lessons of wisdom from the great
book of nature spread open before them. The flowers, the trees, the stones, the clouds, the
stars, –these were chapters in the manual she consulted for her teachings.’’
345. Schwarze, Edmund. 1923. History of the Moravian missions among Southern Indian
tribes of the United States. Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society. Special
Series, Volume 1. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Times Publishing Co., Printers.
Biographical footnote on p. 83–84 largely quoted from W. C. Reichel (344). Page 113
contains a long passage from Henry Steinhauer, a principal of the Young Ladies
Seminary, which refers to ‘‘between twelve and fourteen hundred specimens of dried
plants, besides near a hundred packets of seed,’’ sent to him by Sister Gambold. Perhaps
the greatest credit to Mrs. Gambold’s botanical abilities is the praise of the Abbé Corrêa da
Serra: ‘‘Judge of my surprise, in the midst of the wilderness, to find a botanic garden, not
indeed like that at Paris, or yours at Kew; but a botanic garden, containing many exotic
and medicinal plants, the professor, Mrs. Gambold, describing them by their Linnean
names’’ (p. 114).
Alexander Garden
b. Birse, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1730; d. London, 1791.
Handwriting: Kelly (45).
Herbarium: LINN.
Eponymy: Gardenia J. Ellis (Rubiaceae), Gardenia J. Colden (incertae sedis, possibly
Hypericaceae), Gardeniola Chamisso (Rubiaceae), Gardeniopsis Miquel (Rubiaceae).
Summary: Alexander Garden was a prominent physician in Charleston who kept up
a voluminous correspondence with other naturalists, especially Linnaeus. He supplied
Linnaeus with many specimens, both of plants and fish.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Goode 1886 (2)

Bell 1955 (25) Johnson 1957 (18)
Crowley 1976 (34) Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19)
Darlington 1849, 390–400 (159) Kastner 1977 (6)
Desmond 1994 (65) Kelly 1914 (45)
Dict. National Biography (11) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Elliott 1979 (14) Stearns 1970 (8)
Ewan 1969 (39) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Waring 1964 (10)
Gifford 1975 (1) Wilbert 1908 (63)
346. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley. 1969. Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles
Town. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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The most thorough single account of Garden, written in the Berkeleys’ characteristic
concise, lucid style. This biography is kind to Garden, who was known for a superior air
and sharp tongue.
347. Brasch, F. E. 1931. The Royal Society of London and its influence upon scientific thought
in the American colonies. Scientific Monthly 33: 337–355, 448–469.
This study is broader than its title indicates, providing short biographical sketches of
prominent scientists and a brief introduction to the history of scientific societies in
general. See especially p. 448–450 for Garden.
348. Denny, Margaret. 1948. Naming the Gardenia. Scientific Monthly 67: 17–21.
Tells the story of the various attempts to name a plant after Garden, illustrating the role
of virtuosi in eighteenth century science and science’s role in their personal and social
lives.
349. Denny, Margaret. 1948. Linnaeus and his disciple in Carolina: Alexander Garden. Isis
38: 161–174.
Study of the correspondence between Garden and Linnaeus.
350. Garden, Alexander. 1771. An account of the Indian Pink. Essays and Observations,
Physical and Literary 3: 145–153.
Primarily concerned with the medicinal virtues of the Indian Pink, Spigelia marilandica,
which he says acts as a gentle purgative and vermifuge. Provides a description and
illustration.
351. Jenkins, Pierre Gautier. 1928. Alexander Garden, M.D., F.R.S. (1728–1791); colonial
physician and naturalist. Annals of Medical History 10: 149–158.
An account based largely on the Linnaean correspondence [see Smith (354)]. Minimizes
Garden’s contempt for his fellow Americans and makes some unfounded assertions
regarding his role in the intellectual life of Charleston. (Garden would most likely have
said that there was none.)
352. Kitchin, Thurman Delna. 1938. American doctors in other fields: Alexander Garden
(1728–1791). Southern Medicine and Surgery 100: 621. Reprinted in his Doctors in Other
Fields. Charlotte, North Carolina: Journal of Southern Medicine & Surgery, 1938–1939.
Very brief biographical sketch without references.
353. Ramsay, David. 1858. History of South Carolina, from its first settlement in 1670 to the
year 1808. Newberry, South Carolina: W. J. Duffie.
Garden is discussed in the chapter ‘‘Biographical sketches of literary men and other
distinguished characters in South Carolina.’’ The sketch frequently refers to Garden’s
illness, described as ‘‘consumptive diathesis.’’ See also p. 63 in the ‘‘Medical History’’
chapter, which mentions Garden’s work with the pink root (350).
354. Smith, James Edward, ed. 1821. A selection of the correspondence of Linnaeus, and other
naturalists, from the original manuscripts. 2 Volumes. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees,
Orme, and Brown.
Roughly half of the first volume consists of materials relating to Garden. A biographical
memoir is given on p. 282–283; letters from Garden to Linnaeus occupy p. 284–342; and
correspondence between Garden and John Ellis p. 342–605. A foldout facsimile of exerpts
from two Garden autographs is located opposite p. 82. These letters are noteworthy for the
worshipful terms used toward Linnaeus and the generally derogatory attitude toward

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other naturalists, especially Catesby. Two of these letters, to Ellis, January 1761 and to
Linnaeus, June 1763, are transcribed in Taylor, 1998 (9).
Francis Walker Gilmer

b. Pen Park, Albemarle County, Virginia, 1790; d. Albemarle County, 1826.
Portrait: Davis (361).
Handwriting: Davis (361).
Papers: University of Virginia Library, Richmond; Library of Virginia, Richmond; Virginia
Historical Society, Richmond; Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore; Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C.
Summary: Gilmer was a young protégé of Thomas Jefferson and close friend of Corrêa da
Serra. He was an accomplished lawyer and politician and was offered the presidency of the
College of William and Mary at the age of twenty-eight. He seems to have viewed his
botanical interests as almost an embarrassment [see Davis (357)], but was often lured away
on botanical excursions by the Abbé Corrêa.
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Johnson 1957 (18)

National Cyclopaedia 19 (20) Who Was Who in America (24)
355. Bruce, Philip Alexander. 1920. History of the University of Virginia, 1819–1919: The
lengthened shadow of one man. 5 Volumes. New York: Macmillan.
See Volume 1, p. 342–376. Good biography of Gilmer, although rather judgmental by
modern standards, frequently referring to his ‘‘infirmity of will’’ and inability to focus his
energies on a particular goal. Makes brief note of his botanical travels in the Dismal
Swamp and the Charleston area with Corrêa and also refers to a ‘‘vague plan’’ for
a botanical school in the Alleghenies. (Corrêa’s response: ‘‘What in the deuce put you in the
mood of a rural establishment in the mountains, with herb hunting, and lectures, and do
nothing?’’)
356. Davis, John H. 1934. Francis Walker Gilmer: prodigy and prophet. Southwestern
Bulletin. History Number, new series, 21(3): 1–14.
Contains nothing on botany, but gives some details of Gilmer’s early education under
William Wirt and many political quotes from Gilmer.
357. Davis, Richard Beale. 1938. Forgotten scientists in old Virginia. Virginia Magazine of
History and Biography 46: 97–111.
Much biographical information on Gilmer and on his relations with Jefferson and Corrêa
da Serra. Reproduces a letter from Gilmer to his brother in which the writer attempts
a formal Latin description of a plant. Addresses the question of why Gilmer did not
publish, proposing that academic research was not viewed as desireable in early America.
Gilmer comments that ‘‘a merely literary or scientific man, is an insulated being, without
living conversation, & almost without sympathy in American society.’’
358. Davis, Richard Beale. 1939. Francis Walker Gilmer: Life and learning in Jefferson’s
Virginia. Richmond, Virginia: The Dietz Press.
Treats Gilmer as a case study of intellectual life in early-nineteenth-century America.
More concerned with Gilmer’s literary and legal accomplishments than with botany, but
discusses his travels with Corrêa da Serra on p. 89–92. See also p. 324–327 for his
translation of a Rousseau passage pertaining to botany. Portrait on frontispiece.
359. Davis, Richard Beale. 1942. An early Virginia scientist’s botanical observation in the
South. Virginia Journal of Science 3: 132–139.
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Annotated transcription of botanical information from Gilmer’s notebook (1815–1820),
located in the manuscript collection at Duke University. Lists plants which Gilmer
encountered in his Southern travels of 1815 and 1819.
360. Davis, Richard Beale. 1943. Forgotten scientists in Georgia and South Carolina. Georgia
Historical Quarterly 27: 271–284.
Recounts travels of Corrêa da Serra and Gilmer in Georgia and South Carolina in 1815.
Features a note from Jefferson introducing the pair to Governor Milledge of Georgia: ‘‘At
home in every science, botany is their favorite. As every plant of any singularity stays
them, their progress will be slow, and this letter will reach you by mail long before they
will reach your residence.’’ The same note refers to Gilmer as the ‘‘best educated young
man of our state.’’
361. Davis, Richard Beale, ed. 1946. Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and Francis Walker
Gilmer, 1814–1826. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
The only botanical reference in the correspondence is a letter from Gilmer to Jefferson
dated 18 August, 1817: ‘‘I inclose for Mrs. Randolph a few seeds of the plant which has
been dedicated to you, under the name Jeffersonia. It is not very beautiful but is curious,
and its name will I am sure recommend it to her piety. It grows in deep, shady bottoms like
the May apple (podophyllum peltatum). The seeds came from Harpers Ferry, where all the
regions of nature have conspired to do you honor.’’ Provides a portrait of Gilmer opposite
p. 30 and facsimiles of letters from both correspondents (p. 56, 118). Biography of Gilmer
p. 12–21.
362. Trent, William P. 1889. English culture in Virginia. A study of the Gilmer letters, and an
account of the English professors obtained by Jefferson for the University of Virginia.
Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, series 7, nos. 5–6.
Baltimore, Maryland: N. Murray, Publication Agent, Johns Hopkins University.
Material on Gilmer on p. 27–47. Rambling account with many interesting asides.
Transcription of a letter from Corrêa to Gilmer written on the former’s intended departure
for Brazil (he actually returned to his native Portugal).
363. [Wirt, William ?]. 1828. Biographical notice. In Gilmer, Sketches, essays, and trans-
lations, pp. iii–xi, Baltimore, Maryland: Fielding Lucas.
Most likely written by one of Gilmer’s early medical instructors, this sketch focuses on the
breadth of Gilmer’s learning and the tragedy of his early death. ‘‘It was curious,’’ the
author comments, ‘‘to hear a boy of seventeen years of age, speaking with fluency and even
manly eloquence, and quoting such names as Boerhaave, Van Helmont, Van Sweiten,
together with Descartes, Gassendi, Newton, Locke, and descanting on the system of
Linnaeus with the familiarity of a veteran professor.’’
Thomas Glover
Summary: Almost nothing is known about Thomas Glover other than that he published the
following Account of Virginia.
Goode 1886 (2)
364. Glover, Thomas. 1676. An account of Virginia, its scituation, temperature, productions,
inhabitants and their manner of planting and ordering tobacco &c. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society 11(126): 623–636. Reprinted 1904 as single volume,
sold by B. H. Blackwell.
A general description of the natural history and agricultural practices of Virginia. The
author lists forest trees, cultivated fruit trees, and also wild herbs. ‘‘There grow wild in the

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Woods, Plantane of all sorts, Yellow-Dock, Bur-dock, Solomon’s-seal, Egrimony, Centory,
Scabious, Groundsel, Dwarf-Elder, Yarrow, Purslan, and white Madien-hair the best that
ever I saw. Upon the sides of the Hills, Asarum; and on the Bay-side, Soldanella or Sea-
Scurvygraß in great plenty.’’
James Greenway
b. England, c.1703; d. Dinnwiddie County, Virginia, 1794.
Summary: Greenway was a physician and amateur botanist in Virginia. Fortunately, he was
visited by Luigi Castiglioni in 1786, who provided us with most of what little is known about
him. He was apparently well regarded by his contemporaries, since Henry Mühlenberg
suggested to Manasseh Cutler that Greenway be charged with the floristic treatment of
Virginia and Maryland in a proposed carving up of the United States into botanical
provinces [letter quoted in Graustein (472), p. 26]. Castiglioni mentions that he has
‘‘collected and named more than 600 plants.’’
Brendel 1879 (32)

Barnhart 1965 (64)
Desmond 1994 (65)
Barton 1793 (141)
Castiglioni 1790, 116 & 379 (Pace ed.) (236)
Graustein 1967 (472) [erroneously referred to as ‘‘John’’ in the index.]
365. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1943. What is Angelica triquinata? Rhodora 45: 298–303.
‘‘Memorandum regarding James Greenway,’’ p. 301–303. Quotes from the German
translation of Castiglioni’s Viaggio (see 236) regarding Greenway. Also discusses the
sources of a bibliographic rumor regarding ‘‘some forty volumes that deal with plants of
Virginia and North Carolina,’’ by Greenway and his alleged extensive correspondence
with Jefferson.
366. Greenway, James. 1793. An account of the beneficial effects of the Cassia Chamaecrista,
in recruiting worn-out lands, and in enriching such as are naturally poor: together with
a botanical description of the plant. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
3: 226–230.
Describes the practice in ‘‘Maryland, and on the Eastern-Shore of Virginia,’’ of sowing the
‘‘Eastern-Shore Bean’’ with oats to enrich the soil. Attributes this effect to ‘‘the quick
mouldering of the leaves and stalks of the bean plant.’’ Detailed descriptions of the plant
in Latin and English.
367. Greenway, James. 1793. An account of a poisonous plant, growing spontaneously in the
southern part of Virginia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3: 234–
239.
Latin and English descriptions of Cicuta venenosa (now Angelica venenosa, Apiaceae),
with notes on the poisoning of a young boy and comments on the hemlock of the ancient
Greeks.
368. Morrison, Alfred J. 1914. William Pitt Hunt and Thomas Pitt Hunt. William and Mary
Quarterly Historical Magazine 22: 193.
‘‘Mr. [Thomas P.] Hunt at one time owned Dr. Greenway’s copy (very much annotated by
Dr. G.), of Gronovius’s Flora Virginica [279]. This book he presented to the Library of
Congress. Mr. Greenway (General Winfield Scott’s grandfather) was a botanist of note,
and this text and notes should be completely edited.’’
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369. Southall, S. O. 1926. Greenways of Dinwiddie Co. Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and
Genealogical Magazine 8: 65–66.
Quotes from Castiglioni regarding his visit with Greenway and notes that Dr. Greenway
‘‘settled on some 780 acres of land in the Eastern part of Dinwiddie and near the Sussex
line. He married Miss Dixon and had issue.’’
Richard Wylly Habersham

b. Savannah, Georgia, 1786; d. Clarksville, Georgia, 1842.
Summary: Richard Wylly Habersham was a Savannah lawyer who provided plant specimens
to Stephen Elliott. From 1839 until his death, he served as a Representative from Georgia
in the U.S. Congress.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Rafinesque 1836 (53)

Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Who Was Who in America (24)
See also Elliott’s Sketch (324), Volume 1, under Andropogon melanocarpus, ‘‘collected by R.
Habersham, Esq. in the pine barrens between Fort Barrington on the Alatamaha and Jefferson
on the Satilla, Georgia.’’
370. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–1989. Bicentennial edition.
The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788 and the Congress of the
United States from the First through the One Hundredth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to
January 3, 1989, inclusive. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing
Office, 1989.
Brief listing of vital dates, education, and political appointments.
Thomas Harriot
(often Hariot)
b. Oxford, 1560; d. London, 1621.
Portrait: Simpson and Simpson (374).
Handwriting: Shirley (373).
Papers: The Natural History Museum; Pentworth House, Sussex.
Summary: Thomas Harriot is most remarkable for his mathematical, astronomical, and
linguistic studies, but he is given brief notice here because his Briefe and True Report of the
New Found Land of Virginia (371) includes some of the earliest descriptions of New World
plants made by a scientific observer.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Gillispie 1970 (16)

Browne 1943 (380) Goode 1886 (2)
Desmond 1994 (65)Lewis 1957 (123)
Dict. National Biography (11) National Cyclopaedia 7 (20)
Ewan 1969 (39) Stearns 1970 (8)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
371. Hariot, Thomas. 1588. A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia: Of the
commodities there found and to be raysed, as well marchantable, as others for victuall,
building and other necessarie uses for those that are and shal be the planters there; and of
the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by the English colony
there seated by Sir Richard Greinurle Knight in the year 1585. Which remained under the
gouernment of Rafe Lane Esquier, one of her Maiesties Equieres, during the space of
twelve monthes: As the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter

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Raleigh Knight, Lord Warden of the stanneries; who therein hath been fauoured and
authorised by her Maiestie and her letters patents. Directed to the aduenturers,
fauourers, and welwillers of the action, for the inhabiting and planting there: By
Thomas Harriot; servant to the abouenamed Sir Walter, a member of the Colony, and
there imployed in discouering. London.
Largely a vehicle of propaganda, attempting to convince readers of the economic potential
of ‘‘Virginia’’ (actually North Carolina), and to counteract the rumors of those who ‘‘by
reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not only spoken ill of their Gouernours;
but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe.’’ Discusses many plants of potential
economic significance, especially trees. These are referred to only by their indigenous
names and are therefore hard to identify. A second edition was published in 1590 as the
first part of Theodore De Bry’s America, accompanied by John White’s drawings of
Indians. Both editions have been reprinted many times, the first edition in The
Bibliographer 1, 1902 and more recently by the History Book Club, 1951. The De Bry
edition has been reprinted by J. Sabin & Sons, 1871; the Holbein Society, 1888; and Dover,
1972. The original ‘‘quarto Harriot’’ is very rare: a census of known copies is given by
Randolph G. Adams in his introduction to the History Book Club edition.
372. Shirley, John William, ed. 1981. A source book for the study of Thomas Harriot. New
York: Arno Press.
Collection of biographical sources on Harriot, arranged chronologically from 1898 to 1979.
Editor’s introduction discusses the wide diversity of opinion about Harriot throughout
history.
373. Shirley, John William. 1983. Thomas Harriot, a biography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
A good first stop in the voluminous literature about Harriot. Contains a vast bibliography,
covering manuscripts and Harriot holographs as well as secondary manuscript references
to Harriot and facsimiles of many documents.
374. Simpson, Marcus B. and Sallie W. Simpson. 1981. Thomas Hariot’s A Briefe and True
Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, 1588: an additional source for Dr. John
Brickell’s Natural History of North-Carolina, 1737. North Carolina Historical Review 58:
155–162.
Adds Harriot to the list of Brickell’s uncited sources for his Natural History. Presents
parallel passages from the two works. ‘‘As the list of known contributors grows even
longer, it seems likely that Brickell wrote most if not all of the Natural History while
sitting in a library in London or Dublin rather than while living in North Carolina.’’
Reproduces a portrait of Harriot.
Nicholas Herbemont
Herbarium: P.
Summary: Lived in Columbia, South Carolina and collected specimens for Stephen Elliott.
Barnhart 1965 (64) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)

Elliott 1821 (324)** Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
** See vol. 2, Preface, which thanks ‘‘Mr. N. Herbemont of Columbia, South Carolina, for many
specimens of rare plants, collected around Columbia and in the upper districts of Carolina.’’
James Jackson
b. Georgia, 1787; d. 1857.
Portrait: Hull (378).
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Herbarium: CHARL.
Summary: Little is known about James Jackson except that he lived in Louisville, Georgia,
taught at the University of Georgia, and supplied Stephen Elliott with some specimens from
the Louisville area.

Darlington 1843 (111) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Elliott 1821 (324)** Pennell 1935 (51)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Goode 1886 (2)
** See Volume 2, Preface, for mention of ‘‘Mr. James Jackson of Louisville, Georgia, from whom
he [Elliott] has received many new and many rare plants, and whose notes have always
rendered his specimens more valuable.’’
375. Coulter, Ellis Merton. 1928. College life in the old South. New York: Macmillan.
See p. 86–88 and 140 for some University gossip regarding Jackson.
376. Harper, Roland M. 1903. Phytogeographical explorations in the coastal plain of Georgia
in 1903. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32: 141–171.
See entry for Pentstemon [sic] dissectus Ell., where Harper reports the rediscovery of this
species after it had been ‘‘lost to science for seventy years or so.’’ Footnote, p. 166: ‘‘This
James Jackson, afterward a professor in the University of Georgia from 1798 to 1801, at
which time Louisville [the site given by Jackson for P. dissectus] was the capital of the
state.’’
377. Harper, Roland M. 1906. A phytogeographical sketch of the Altamaha Grit region of the
coastal plain of Georgia. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 17: 1–414.
Brief mention of James Jackson as the discoverer of Penstemon dissectus.
378. Hull, Augustus Longstreet. 1894. A historical sketch of the University of Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia: Foote & Davies.
Portrait of Jackson opposite p. 59.
Thomas Jefferson
b. Shadwell, Virginia, 1743; d. Monticello, Virginia, 1826.
Handwriting: Betts (379), opposite p. 2.
Papers: College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia; Library of Congress.
Eponymy: Jeffersonia Barton (Berberidaceae), Jeffersonia Brickell (Loganiaceae). See Barton
(130) and Price and Rogers-Price (231).
Summary: ‘‘It is probable that no two men have done so much for science in this country as
Jefferson and Agassiz—not so much by their direct contributions to knowledge as by the
immense weight they gave to scientific interests by their advocacy’’ [Goode (2), p. 88]. It is
primarily in this role as benefactor and advocate that Jefferson is noteworthy with respect
to Southern botany, although he was himself an avid horticulturist.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Graustein 1967 (472)

Bell 1955 (25) Johnson 1957 (18)
Darlington 1849 (159) Kastner 1977 (6)
Desmond 1994 (65) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)

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Elliott 1979 (14) Stearns 1970 (8)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Gillispie 1970 (16) Who Was Who in America (24)
Goode 1886 (2) Wilbert 1908 (63)
See also letter to William Bartram in Darlington’s Memorials (159) p. 477 and references cited
under Francis Walker Gilmer, Jefferson’s protege and son of his personal physician. For
Jefferson’s administrative role in the Freeman and Custis Red River expedition, see Flores (293)
and Chinard (451).
379. Betts, Edwin Morris, ed. 1944. Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book 1766–1824, with
relevant extracts from his other writings. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
22.
Abundantly annotated transcript of one of Jefferson’s notebooks. ‘‘This Garden Book
contains the most varied entries of all of Jefferson’s memorandum books. The book that
began as a diary of the garden became a written repository for numerous interests
of Jefferson.’’ The plant-related sections are largely horticultural, but Appendix V
reproduces the plant section of Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia (382), and
Appendix VII lists botanical, agricultural, and horticultural works in Jefferson’s library.
380. Browne, Charles A. 1943. Thomas Jefferson and the scientific trends of his time.
Chronica Botanica 8(3): 361–424.
Of special interest here are the sections on Jefferson’s library and on his Notes on the State
of Virginia (382). Reproduces a manuscript chart showing the organization of the scientific
books in Jefferson’s library. Pages 379–382 discuss Jefferson’s involvement in botany and
plant physiology.
381. Ewan, Joseph. 1976. How many botany books did Thomas Jefferson own? Bulletin of the
Missouri Botanical Garden, June 1976. 8 p., unnumbered.
A discussion of Jefferson’s botanical library prepared in consultation with Millicent
Sowerby, a noted Jefferson bibliographer. Gives brief sketches of botanists who sent
presentation copies to Jefferson, including Barton, F. A. Michaux, and Shecut.
382. Jefferson, Thomas. 1787. Notes on the State of Virginia. London: John Stockdale.
Reprinted, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955, edited and with
introduction by William Peden.
Contains Jefferson’s list of useful plants: ‘‘A complete catalogue of the trees, plants, fruits
&c. is probably not desired. I will sketch out those which would principally attract notice,
as being 1. Medicinal, 2. Esculent, 3. Ornamental, or 4. Useful for fabrication; adding the
Linnaean to the popular names, as the latter might not convey precise information to
a foreigner. I shall confine myself too to native plants.’’ Includes Jefferson’s Latin
description of the pecan [see True (384)].
383. Martin, Edwin Thomas. 1952. Thomas Jefferson, scientist. New York: Collier Books.
Small, popular work dealing with Jefferson’s scientific views and interests. See especially
p. 45–47 for botany.
384. True, Rodney H. 1916. Thomas Jefferson in relation to botany. Lancaster, Pennsylvania:
Press of the New Era Printing Co.
Address of the past president of the Washington Botanical Society. Reproduces botanical
notes and descriptions by Jefferson.
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385. True, Rodney H. 1936. Thomas Jefferson’s garden book. Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society 76: 939–945.
Summarizes the contents of the garden book found ‘‘some years ago’’ in the library of the
Massachusetts Historical Society. This work has since been published [see Betts (379)].
Matthias Kinn
(sometimes ‘‘Mathias Kin’’)
d. 1825.
Herbarium: PH.
Summary: Kinn maintained a nursery in Germantown, Pennsylvania, where he grew plants
that he collected on his botanical expeditions. Elliott, Mühlenberg, Nuttall, and Pursh all
profited from his specimens.
Barnhart 1926 (31) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)

Barnhart 1965 (64) Harshberger 1899 (42)
Core 1970 (35) Landreth 1858 (412)
Curtis 1883 (36) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Darlington 1843 (111) Mears 1978 (48)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477)
See also Nuttall (218), wherein Nuttall mentions that his new genus Boykinia was ‘‘discovered
by the late arduous and eccentric Prussian collector, Mr. Kinn.’’
Samuel Gottlieb Kramsch

b. Rudolstadt, Silesia, Prussia, 1756; d. Salem, North Carolina, 1824.
Summary: Kramsch was a German Moravian who came to the United States in 1783. He lived
in Pennsylvania until 1788, when he moved to Salem, North Carolina, where he served as
an instructor at the Salem Academy. He was an early instructor and botanical mentor to
von Schweinitz.
Barnhart 1934 (532) Mears 1978 (48)

Darlington 1849 (159)** Wilbert 1908 (63)
Graustein 1967 (472)
** See letters to Humphry Marshall in Darlington’s Memorials (159), p. 571–575; also entries
under Lewis David von Schweinitz, where mention is sometimes made of Kramsch as an early
teacher of Schweinitz.
386. Griffin, Frances. 1979. Less time for meddling: A history of Salem Academy and College,
1772–1866. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair.
Discusses Kramsch’s involvement with the Salem Academy, a school for girls established
by the Moravians in North Carolina. Chapter 3, ‘‘Nursery for Tender Plants,’’ details the
circumstances of Kramsch’s assignment to the school. Chapter 5, ‘‘The Kramsch Affair,’’
recounts the scandal following a discovery that Kramsch ‘‘in his associations with the
sisters and the children of the Girl’s Boarding School had behaved in a most improper and
objectionable manner.’’
387. Wilbert, Martin Inventius. 1908. Some early botanical and herb gardens. American
Journal of Pharmacy 80: 412–427.
Discusses many early gardens, including those of Bartram, Marshall, and Michaux, but
the article’s main interest lies in its discussion of a garden associated with Kramsch at

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a Moravian boys’ school in Pennsylvania. Describes Kramsch as ‘‘an ardent and ever
active botanist [who] is known to have had correspondence with botanists at home as well
as abroad.’’
John Lawson
d. North Carolina, 1711.
Herbarium: BM, some specimens illustrated in Stearns (8), leaf following p. 306.
Summary: Lawson was charged by the Lords Proprieters of North Carolina to make a survey
of the colony. While in North Carolina, he corresponded with James Petiver and sent him
natural history specimens. He expressed an interest ‘‘to make a strict Collection of all ye
plants I can meet withall in Carolina,’’ but was killed by the Tuscarora Indians before much
progress was made toward that goal. Unlike most of Petiver’s New World correspondents,
Lawson seems to have had some training in botany, possibly as an apothecary or the
apprentice of one in London.
Allen 1951 (243) Gee 1918 (41)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Goode 1886 (2)
Bragg 1910 (67) Kastner 1977 (6)
Desmond 1994 (65) Powell 1979 (21)
Duychinck 1856 (13) Stearns 1970 (8)
Elliott 1979 (14) Who Was Who in America (24)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Wilson 1911 (263)
See also brief mention of Lawson in Catesby’s letter to Linnaeus published in Smith (354).
388. Haywood, Marshall De Lancey. 1907. John Lawson. The North Carolina Booklet 6: 227–
237.
A colorful account of Lawson’s travels and his capture and execution by Indians. Provides
some bibliographic information on various editions of Lawson’s New Voyage (390) and on
its relationship to Brickell’s Natural History (226).
389. Kirkham, Edwin Bruce. 1967. The first English editions of John Lawson’s Voyage to
Carolina: A bibliographical study. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 61:
258–265.
Examines differences between various ‘‘editions’’ of Lawson’s New Voyage (390), finding
that many of these are in fact reprints differing only in the title page.
390. Lawson, John. 1709. A new voyage to Carolina; containing the exact description and
natural history of that country: Together with the present state threreof. And a journey of
a thousand miles, travel’d thro’ several nations of Indians. Giving a particular account of
their customs, manners, &c. London. First published in John Stevens’ A New Collection
of Voyages and Travels, London: J. Knapton, 1708. Reprinted many times under various
titles in both English and German. Especially useful is A new voyage to Carolina, edited
and with an introduction by Hugh Talmage Lefler, Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 1967.
Lawson’s account of North Carolina plants is devoid of Latin names, making identification
difficult. Most botanical observations are in the chapter on ‘‘The Natural History of
Carolina,’’ (p. 96–120 in the Lefler edition). Lefler adds an introduction with a listing of the
many editions of the work and facsimiles of title pages. Letters from Lawson to James
Petiver are transcribed in an appendix.
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391. Lindgren, W. H., III. 1972. Agricultural propaganda in Lawson’s A New Voyage to
Carolina. North Carolina Historical Review 49: 333–344.
Attempts to assess the veracity of the yield figures for crops given in Lawson’s book by
comparison with contemporary agricultural sources. Finds that the figures are probably
inflated.
392. Zirkle, Conway. 1958. The first recognized plant hybrid? Journal of Heredity 49: 137–
138.
Discusses a passage from Lawson which may be the first reference to a hybrid plant (an
oak which Lawson calls ‘‘Bastard Spanish’’).
Major John Eatton LeConte

(sometimes ‘‘Leconte’’ or ‘‘LeCompte’’)
b. near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, 1784; d. Philadelphia, 1860.
Portrait: LeConte (404), Rehn (405).
Handwriting: LeConte (403), e.g., second Gratiola plate.
Papers: Watercolors at University of Notre Dame, Indiana and American Philosophical
Society.
Herbarium: PH, G, P, NY.
Eponymy: Lecontia Torrey et Cooper (Berberidaceae), Lecontia Richard ex A.P. de Candolle
(Rubiaceae).
Summary: John Eatton LeConte is probably best known for his work on North American
lepidoptera (84), co-authored by J. A. Boisduval and illustrated by John Abbot. He served in
the United States Army from 1818 to 1831 and during this time explored East Florida. His
botanical works, published primarily in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New
York, include monographs on a number of important North American genera. His son, John
Lawrence LeConte, became a famous entomologist.

Brendel 1879 (32) Pennell 1935 (51)
Darlington 1843 (111) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Elliott 1979 (14) Scudder 1819, II: 655-6 (98)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Graustein 1967 (472) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
393. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1917. John Eatton LeConte. American Midland Naturalist 5:
135–138.
Begins with a brief genealogy of the LeContes in America. Lists Major LeConte’s botanical
publications, mostly in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Annals of
the Lyceum of Natural History of New York.
394. Graham, Mary. 1887–1889. Reminiscences of Major John E. LeConte. Pittonia 1: 303–
311.
A substantial biographical sketch based on the writer’s personal reminiscences of the
LeConte household. Mentions the influence of the LeConte brothers on John Torrey, the
Major’s large number of domestic cats, and his ‘‘discussion group’’ for natural history,
which included Washington Irving. Recounts his annual visits to the grave of his wife
in Norfolk, Virginia and his late conversion to Catholicism. Quotes abundantly from
Sharwood (406) with the justification that this was even then a ‘‘somewhat rare
document.’’

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395. Gray, Asa. 1883. Some North American botanists: IV. John Eaton LeConte. Botanical
Gazette 8: 197–199.
This brief sketch is colored by Gray’s friendship with LeConte and gives the reader a good
feeling for the latter’s personality. Gray also discusses eponymy and devotes the final
paragraph to Louis LeConte, John Eatton’s brother.
396. LeConte, John Eatton. 1820. Monographie des espèces du genre Paspalum, existantes
dans les États-Unis d’Amerique. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et
des Arts 91: 283–286.
Lists eighteen species of Paspalum (Gramineae), mostly from Georgia and the Carolinas,
with Latin descriptions.
397. LeConte, John Eatton. 1824. Observations on the North American species of the genus
Utricularia. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 72–79.
Enumerated eleven species of the genus Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) with English
descriptions and comments. Oddly, there is no mention of this plant’s insectivory.
Gratiola. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 103–108.
The philosophical introduction to this monograph eloquently describes the labors of the
systematic botanist and expresses frustration with those less careful members of the
profession: ‘‘I take up the small genus Gratiola, almost at random, and find extreme
difficulty in clearing it of confusion. Modern errors are heaped upon ancient, and our latest
writers instead of throwing aside as useless the indeterminate species of former botanists,
seem to delight in preserving them in the enumeration of what they please to term known
plants. The half of our botanical books consists of synonyms . . . and he who collects the
most of this rubbish, concludes that he has laboured most in the cause of science.’’ Lists
seven species of Gratiola (Scrophulariaceae) with English descriptions and comments.
Ruellia. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 140–142.
Describes four species of Ruellia (Acanthaceae), one of them new. Once again, LeConte
aims some darts at taxonomic ‘‘splitters.’’ Regarding R. oblongifolia, he says: ‘‘This species
very little resembles the others. It might be separated from Ruellia, and constitute
a distinct genus with more propriety than is perceptible in the many separations that have
latterly been made in several other genera. The only wonder is how it has escaped our new
genera manufacturers.’’
Viola. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 135–153.
Lists twenty-seven species of violets with descriptions and comments in Latin. ‘‘Fifteen
years of close attention to these plants, have not enabled me to say that I have extricated
them from the confusion into which they have been thrown, nor prepared me to overcome
the obstacles by which such an undertaking is surrounded.’’ Credits Schweinitz with
previous work on Viola.
401. LeConte, John Eatton. 1828. On the North American plants of the genus Tillandsia:
with descriptions of three new species. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New
York 2: 129–132.
Comments on the climate of East Florida and the unusual plants encountered there.
Enumerates five species of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae), three of them new. Latin
descriptions with comments in English. ‘‘I have preferred giving these descriptions in
Latin: the English language, already sufficiently harsh and inharmonious, can ill bear the
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introduction of words half English and half Latin (verba privigna); they only render it
more barbarous.’’
402. LeConte, John Eatton. 1830. Observations on the United States species of the genus
Pancratium. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 3: 142–147.
Discusses four species of Pancratium (Amaryllidaceae), noting that Elliott (324) lists only
two. Mostly based on Southern collections. Notes the probable identity of P. coronarium to
the P. fluitans of William Bartram’s Travels (176).
403. LeConte, John Eatton. 1917. Observations on the genera Viola, Utricularia, and
Gratiola: A reprint from the Annals of the Lyceum of New York (1824–1826), to which
are appended photographs of the hitherto unpublished plates of the author, destined to
illustrate these works. [Additional title page in Latin]. Edited by J. A. Nieuwland. Notre
Dame: Indiana University Press.
Consists of reprints of LeConte’s papers on Viola (400), Utricularia (397), Gratiola (398),
and (although not mentioned in the title), Ruellia (399). The plates depict 25 violets, ten
Utricularia, and seven Gratiola. Most of these have some handwriting on them, but
usually very small and faint.
404. LeConte, John Eatton. 1978. LeConte’s report on East Florida. Edited by R. Adicks.
Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida.
Reprint of LeConte’s ‘‘Observations on the Soil and Climate of East Florida’’ with
a substantial editorial introduction that provides biographical data, a discussion of the
conditions of LeConte’s Florida expedition, and comments on the general sketchiness and
inaccuracy of the report. Portrait on frontispiece.
405. Rehn, James A. G. 1954. The John Eatton Leconte Collection of paintings of insects,
arachnids, and myriapods. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98: 442–
448.
Some biographical information, but primarily concerned with the description of eight
volumes of insect watercolors at the American Philosophical Society.
406. Sharwood, William. 1862. John Eatton Le Conte. A necrology. In his Miscellaneous
Writings, vol. I. Philadelphia: H. O. Houghton.
A biographical memoir, emphasizing the diversity of LeConte’s accomplishments and his
breadth of knowledge. A supplement, apparently written somewhat later than the body of
the article, lists thirty-nine papers by LeConte, the majority of them zological.
Louis LeConte
(sometimes ‘‘Lewis’’; sometimes ‘‘Leconte’’ or ‘‘LeCompte’’)
b. near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, 1782; d. Liberty County, Georgia, 1838
Herbarium: NY.
Summary: Louis LeConte was the brother of Major John Eatton LeConte, treated above. He
was known to be interested in botany, but published nothing on his own, although he
supplied Georgia specimens to Stephen Elliott. Asa Gray, in his biography of Major LeConte
(395), notes that he spent most of his life on the LeConte family plantation in Liberty
County, Georgia and describes him as a ‘‘keen botanist and excellent observer.’’
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)


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Graustein 1967 (472) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Harshberger 1899 (42) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
See also references under Major John Eatton LeConte, above, especially Gray (395).
Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz

b. 1689; d. France, 1775.
Summary: Le Page du Pratz was an early explorer of Louisiana who collected plants and
made many observations on the natural history of the lower Mississippi Valley. He was
stationed in New Orleans as a colonial official. Besides his botanical observations, he is also
known for his intensive study of the Natchez Indians, whose shamans he credited with
curing him of various ailments.
Chinard 1957 (451) Johnson 1957 (18)

Goode 1886 (2) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
See also Flores (293), for the role of Le Page du Pratz’s Histoire (407) in inspiring the Freeman-
Custis Red River expedition.
407. Le Page du Pratz, Antoine Simon. 1758. Histoire de la Louisiane. Contenant la

dećouverte de ce vaste pays, sa description geógraphique: un voyage dans les terres,
l’histoire naturelle, les moeurs, coûtumes, et religion des naturels avec leur Origines; deux
voyages dans le nord du nouveau Mexique don’t un jusqu’à la Mer du Sud. 3 Volumes.
Paris. English translation by Joseph G. Tregle, Jr., Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
University Press, 1975. This work also served as a basis for the anonymously compiled
An Account of Louisiana, exhibiting a compendious sketch of its political and natural
history and topography, with a copious appendix containing several important
documents. New Bern, North Carolina: Franklin & Garrow, 1804.
A general work on the area of Louisiana, motivated by the writer’s concern that France
lacked sufficient knowledge of her foreign possessions. Book III is concerned with natural
history, discussing both agricultural and wild plants. Notable for the ecological concerns of
the writer: ‘‘The cypresses were formerly very common in Louisiana; but they have wasted
them so imprudently, that they are now somewhat rare.’’ Botanical descriptions are quite
perceptive, with a focus on useful plants. Various forest trees (for timber) and Myrica
cerifera (wax myrtle) are discussed at length.
Reverend Joseph Lord

b. Massachusetts?, 1672; d. 1748.
Herbarium: BM, photos of specimens in Stearns (8), leaf following p. 300.
Summary: Joseph Lord came to Charlestown, South Carolina as a missionary in 1695. From
1701 to 1711, Lord corresponded with Sir James Petiver and supplied him with botanical
specimens. Although Lord was not trained in natural history, he seems to have taken
a more active intellectual role in his collecting than did some of Petiver’s other collectors,
requesting that Petiver inform him of the names of the plants that he sent and lamenting
that he had only Culpepper’s English Physician and a borrowed copy of Gerrard’s Herbal to
aid him in his identifications.

Desmond 1994 (65) Smith 1986 (595)
Goode 1886 (2) Stearns 1970 (8)
408. Webber, Mabel Louise. 1920. Early letters from South Carolina upon natural history.
South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 21: 3–9.
Transcripts of two letters from Lord (recipient unclear, probably Sloane or Petiver) and
one from Hannah English Williams. Some biographical data on Lord.
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John Lyon
b. Gillogie, Forfarshire, Scotland, c. 1765; d. Asheville, North Carolina, 1814.
Papers: American Philosophical Society.
Herbarium: Main herbarium lost [or never existed—see Ewan’s introduction to Elliott’s
Sketch (324)]. Some specimens at BM, LIV, and PH, but it is unclear if these were collected
in the Appalachians or grown in Lyon’s nursery.
Eponymy: Lyonia Nuttall (Ericaceae), Lyonia Rafinesque (Polygonaceae), Lyonia S. Elliott
(Asclepiadaceae).
Summary: John Lyon was a nurseryman and plant collector who worked for William
Hamilton at his estate, ‘‘The Woodlands,’’ in Pennsylvania. Under Hamilton’s patronage,
Lyon made collecting trips into Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas between 1802 and 1814.
Henry Mühlenberg wrote to Stephen Elliott that ‘‘Mr. Lyon has a notable collection, chiefly
of southern plants’’ [quoted in Ewan and Ewan (410), p. 8].
Barnhart 1926 (31) Harshberger 1899 (42)

Curtis 1883 (36) Mears 1978 (48)
Desmond 1994 (65) Powell 1979 (21)
Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324) Price & Rogers-Price 1998 (231)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Graustein 1967 (472) Wilbert 1908 (63)
409. Dunbar, Gary S. 1964. Silas McDowell and the early botanical exploration of western
North Carolina. North Carolina Historical Review 41: 425–435.
See p. 427 for an excerpt from a manuscript in which McDowell describes his first meeting
with Lyon in 1812. ‘‘I shall never forget my astonishment at seeing this learned
Englishman devoteing [sic] so much time, care and attention in pressing, labelling and
arranging in his Herbarium what was to my view nothing but homely weeds!’’
410. Ewan, Joseph and Nesta Ewan. 1963. John Lyon, nurseryman and plant hunter, and his
journal, 1799–1814. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., 53: 1–69.
Annotated text of Lyon’s journal with detailed maps, index of persons associated with
Lyon (particularly his seed customers), and a reproduction of a seed catalog of 1812.
411. Harper, Francis. 1964. The grave of John Lyon. North Carolina Wildflower Preservation
Society Newsletter, October, 1964.
Announces the discovery of Lyon’s grave in Riverside Cemetery, Asheville, North
Carolina. Photograph of tombstone.
412. L[andreth, David, Jr.]. 1858. Review of The Plant Hunters; or, adventures among the
Himalaya Mountains, by Capt. Mayne Reid. The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural
Taste, new series, 13: 254–257.
In the course of a less-than-glowing review of Capt. Reid’s book, Landreth gives a brief
review of the great ‘‘plant hunters’’ of America, many of whom were personally known to
the author or his family. Lyon stored plants in the author’s father’s greenhouse and ‘‘at
one period acted as an amateur tutor to the writer of this sketch.’’ ‘‘Mr. Editor [Robert
Pearsall Smith],’’ Landreth writes, ‘‘you well remember the Magnolias, Halesias,
Stuartias, Virgilias, Gordonias, Pinckneyeas, and other then rare native trees and
shrubs, which decorated the old place—they were mainly the contributions of Mr. Lyon.’’

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413. Loudon, John Claudius. 1844. Arboretum et fruticetum Britannicum; or, the trees and
shrubs of Britain, native and foreign, hardy and half-hardy, pictorially and botanically
delineated, and scientifically and popularly described; with their propagation, culture,
management, and uses in the arts, in useful and ornamental plantations, and in
landscape-gardening; preceded by a historical and geographical outline of the trees and
shrubs of temperate climates throughout the world. 2nd edition. 8 Volumes. London:
printed for the author; and sold by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
See Volume 1, p. 122–123. Discusses a shipment of living plants which Lyon brought to
England in 1806. ‘‘This, it is believed, was by far the greatest collection of American trees
and shrubs ever brought to England at one time, by one individual.’’
James MacBride
b. Williamsburg County, South Carolina, 1784; d. Charleston, South Carolina, 1817.
Papers: Library of Congress
Eponymy: Macbridea Elliott ex Nuttall (Labiatae), Macbridea Rafinesque (Asclepiadaceae).
Summary: James McBride was a Charleston physician and close friend of Stephen Elliott. The
second volume of Elliott’s Sketch (324) is dedicated to him. He died at the age of thirty-three,
‘‘a victim to the fatigues and exposure of an extensive practice’’ [Elliott (324), v. 2, p. viii].
Barnhart 1917 (30) Kelly 1914 (45)

Barnhart 1965 (64) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19) Waring 1964 (10)
See also entry for Macbridea in Elliott (324) and the long dedicatory note in the preface to
Volume 2.
414. Macbride, James. 1818. On the power of Sarracenia adunca to entrap insects.
Transactions of the Linnean Society 12: 48–52.
Observations on the trapping of flies by Sarracenia adunca (now S. minor) and on the
nature of its leaves and their excretions. Reprinted in Taylor, 1998 (9).
415. Macbride, James 1818. Some account of the Lycoperdon solidum of the Flora Virginica,
the Lycoperdon cervinum of Walter. Transactions of the Linnean Society 12: 368–371.
Brief paper regarding a common Southern subterranean fungus, called Tuckahoe by the
Indians.
André Michaux
b. Satory, France 1746; d. Madagascar, 1802.
Portrait: Not known, although portraits of F. A. Michaux are sometimes incorrectly labeled as
André in the literature.
Handwriting: Savage and Savage (454), p. 66–67.
Papers: Academy of Natural Science; American Philosophical Society.
Herbarium: P.
Eponymy: Michauxia L’Heritier ex W. Aiton (Campanulaceae), Michauxia Salisbury
(Theaceae).
Summary: André Michaux was employed by the French government to explore North America
for timber resources suitable for the French Navy. He arrived in the New World in 1785 and
quickly established two gardens for the propagation and exportation of plants, one near
Hackensack, New Jersey, and a second in Charleston, South Carolina. While in America,
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Michaux explored an immense geographic area ranging from Florida to Lake Mistassini in
Canada.
Anon. 1821 (28) Curtis 1883 (36)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Darlington 1843 (111)
Barnhart 1909 (29) Darlington 1849 (159)
Barnhart 1917 (30) Drake 1876 (12)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Ewan 1969 (39)
Bell 1955 (25) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)
Bragg 1910 (67) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
Brendel 1879 (32) Gillispie 1970 (16)
Graustein 1967 (472) Raffeneau-Delile 1806 (507)
Hoefer 1936 (17) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Hooker 1825 (43) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Humphrey 1961 (44) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Johnson 1957 (18) Short 1841 (59)
Kastner 1977 (6) Spaulding 1904 (115)
Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Pennell 1935 (51) Totten 1956 (62)
Powell 1979 (21) Wilbert 1908 (63)
416. Akerly, Samuel. 1823. Eulogy on the elder Michaux: Pronounced at the celebration of the
birth-day of Linnaeus, at Prince’s Garden, Flushing. Minerva 2(10): 77–78.
Eulogy of ‘‘Andrew’’ Michaux, with special reference to his work on oaks. Critical of his
attempts to use the French natural system of classification rather than the traditional
Linnaean system.
417. Anon. 1803. [Review of] Histoire des cheˆnes de l’Amerique. Medical Repository 6(1): 64–
70.
Translates a portion of the introduction to the work in question and reproduces Michaux’s
chart of species and varieties. Laments the dominance of Europeans over Americans in the
study of American natural science: ‘‘And while our native citizens are ignorant or
incurious of the leafy tenants of their forests, the more enterprizing and industrious
sojourners from foreign countries discover, describe and arrange them, and teach us how
to understand them.’’
418. Beidleman, R. G. 1968. André Michaux: plant hunter in the wilderness. Horticulture 46
(May): 36–38, 49.
Translates a letter from Michaux describing the results of his shipwreck and his attempts
to salvage his specimens.
419. Coker, William Chambers. 1911. The garden of André Michaux. Journal of the Elisha
Mitchell Scientific Society 27: 65–73.
Describes a visit by Coker to Michaux’s garden at Ten Mile Station near Charleston.
Provides a photo of a huge Magnolia grandiflora likely to have been planted by Michaux.
420. [Coulter, John Merle]. 1883. Some North American botanists. III. André Michaux.
Botanical Gazette 8: 181–183.
Brief biography and summary of travels, emphasizing the vast extent of Michaux’s
journeys.

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421. Deleuze, [Joseph-Philippe-François]. 1804. Notice historique sur André Michaux.
Annales du Museúm d’Histoire Naturelle 15: 191–227. Translated as Memoires of the
Life and Botanical Travels of Andre Michaux in Annals of Botany (König & Sims) 1: 321–
355.
One of the earliest and most complete writings on André Michaux. Presents his life in
a continuous narrative, with much information on his Asian, as well as his American
travels.
422. Duval, Marguerite. 1977. La Plane`te des fleurs. Paris. Translated to English as The
King’s Garden by Annette Tomarken and Claudine Cowen with an introduction by
Henry Savage, Jr. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982.
Chapter 11, p. 126–140, is devoted to Michaux, emphasizing his role in horticulture and
his relations with Thouin and the Royal Gardens at Paris. Some notes on the Charleston
garden. Erroneously attributes a picture of sassafras to Michaux’s Histoire des Cheˆnes
(428).
423. Gray, Asa. 1842. Notes on a botanical excursion to the mountains of North Carolina, etc.;
with some remarks on the botany of the higher Alleghany Mountains (in a letter to Sir
W. J. Hooker, by Asa Gray, M.D.). Hooker’s London Journal of Botany 1: 1–13.
Gray introduces his account of his own journeys in the Alleghenies by discussing the
travels of his predecessors. This brief and very informative essay discusses William
Bartram, Fraser, Lyon, Pursh, Nuttall, McBride, and F. A. Michaux, but the lion’s share
is devoted to a detailed account of André Michaux’s explorations in the Southeast.
424. Gray, Asa. 1882. Flora of North America. Botanical Gazette 7: 139–143.
Discusses the North American floras of André Michaux (429) and Frederick Pursh (499),
especially the role of Louis Claude Richard in the writing of Michaux’s flora.
425. Jenkins, Charles F. 1991. Asa Gray and his quest for Shortia galacifolia. Arnoldia 51(4):
4–11.
Transcribes sections from Michaux’s journal regarding the discovery of Shortia in the
‘‘hautes montagnes de Carolinie,’’ and the story of Gray’s later search for it.
426. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de. 1792. Notice de quelques plantes rares ou nouvelles
observées dans l’Amérique Septentrionale, par M. A. Michaux; adressée à la Société
d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris par l’auteur; et rédigée, avec des observations. Journal
d’Histoire Naturelle re´digeé par MM. Lamarck, Bruguie`re, Olivier, Haüy et Pelletier 1:
409–419. Reprinted by Alfred Rehder, 1923, as ‘‘Michaux’s earliest notes on American
Plants.’’ Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 4: 1–7.
This is a simple list made by Michaux of American plants, many of them Southern.
Rehder’s reprinting omits Lamarck’s comments on the lists, but Rehder provides notes on
the nomenclature of many of the plants.
427. Lord, Clifton F., Jr. and Martha Jane K. Zachert. 1962. The botanical garden of Andre´
Michaux near Charleston, 1786–1802. Presented to the Section on Historical Pharmacy,
American Pharmaceutical Association Convention, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 27, 1962.
[Publisher unknown].
Observations regarding the ‘‘French Garden’’ which Michaux maintained at Charleston
and its role as a home-base for his explorations of the Southeast and Bahamas. Comments
on Michaux’s and Barton’s writings on native American medicinal plants.
428. Michaux, André. 1801. Histoire des cheˆnes de l’Amerique, ou Descriptions et figures
de toutes les espe`ces et varie´te´s de cheˆnes de l’Amerique Septentrionale, conside´reés sous
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les rapports de la botanique, de leur culture et de leur usage. Paris: l’Imprimerie de
Crapelet.
Describes 20 species of oaks in both French and Latin, listing synonyms. Illustrated with
stunning drawings by Redouté.
429. Michaux, André. 1803. Flora Boreali-Americana, sistens caracteres plantarum quas in
America septentrionali collegit et detexit Andreas Michaux. Paris: Lavrault. 2 Volumes.
Reprinted, New York: Hafner Press, 1974 as volume 3 of Classica Botanica Americana,
edited and with an introduction by Joseph Ewan.
Arranged according to the Linnaean system, despite Michaux being a student of Jussieu,
the developer of the ‘‘natural system.’’ Entries are entirely in Latin, with brief descriptions
and very general locality data (e.g., ‘‘in Canada’’). Beautifully illustrated by Redouté.
Ewan contributes to the Hafner reprint a translation of F. A. Michaux’s preface to the
Flora, a discussion of Michaux’s collections and the collections of others to which he refers,
a gazetteer of the Latinized place-names used in the Flora, and a chronology of Michaux’s
life.
430. Michaux, André. 1809. Quercus, or, oaks: From the French of Michaux, Histoire des
Chênes De L’Amerique. Translated and annotated by Walter Wade. Dublin, Ireland:
Graisberry and Campbell, Printers to the Right Hon. The Dublin Society.
English translation of Michaux’s Histoire des Cheˆnes (428), annotated with notes based on
the writings of F. A. Michaux, Catesby, and others. No illustrations.
431. Michaux, André. 1889. Portions of the journal of André Michaux. Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society 26: 1–145. Reprinted in English as André Michaux’s
Travels into Kentucky, 1793–96, in Early Western Travels 1748–1846, Volume 3, edited
and translated by R. G. Thwaites. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1904.
The APS publication features a biographical essay by C. S. Sargent (in English), with the
journal in the original French.
432. Morton, Conrad V. 1967. The fern herbarium of André Michaux. American Fern Journal
57: 166–182.
Brief biographical sketch followed by a study of the vascular cryptogams in the Michaux
herbarium in Paris. Discusses forty-one ferns and fourteen fern allies from the Flora
Boreali-Americana (429) and six additional plants in the herbarium that are not described
in the Flora.
433. Müller, Wilfried. 1958. André Michaux und die seltene Blume des Blue Ridge. Orion,
Illustrierte Zeitschrift für Natur und Technik 13(9): 725–728.
Brief article on Michaux’s American travels with illustrations of some associated plants
(e.g., Kalmia, Liriodendron, Shortia).
434. Rembert, David H., Jr. 1979. The Carolina plants of André Michaux. Castanea 44: 65–73.
Short history of André Michaux with lists of Carolina genera and species which he
authored. Also lists eponyms for both Michaux.
435. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1886. Some remarks upon the journey of André Michaux to
the high mountains of Carolina, in December 1788, in a letter addressed to professor Asa
Gray. American Journal of Science 32: 466–473.
Discusses the identity of a Magnolia species for which Michaux was searching on this trip.
Also includes notes regarding Epigaea repens and the rare Shortia galacifolia.

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436. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1915. Washington and Michaux. Rhodora 17: 49–50.
Entries from George Washington’s diary regarding a visit of Michaux to Mt. Vernon on
June 19, 1786 and the planting of some trees which Michaux sent as a gift.
437. Sayre, Geneva. 1975. Michaux, André (1746–1802). In her Cryptogamic exsiccatae—an
annotated bibliography of exsiccatae of algae, lichens, hepaticae, and musci. V.
Unpublished exsiccatae, 369. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 19(3): 277–423.
Notes on Michaux’s collections of cryptogams at the Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle in Paris. Also comments on Richard’s herbarium, which contains more
cryptogamic types from the Flora Boreali-Americana (429) than does Michaux’s.
438. Seaborn, Margaret Mills, ed. 1976. Andre´ Michaux’s journeys in Oconee County, South
Carolina, in 1787 and 1788. Walhalla, South Carolina: Oconee County Library.
Thoroughly documented and annotated translation of portions of Michaux’s journal with
notes on the present-day condition of sites. Photographs of sites and plants, including
Shortia galacifolia in flower. Reprinted in part in Taylor (9).
439. Uttal, Leonard J. 1984. Type localities of the Flora Boreali-Americana of André Michaux.
Rhodora 86: 1–66.
Index of plant species aimed at correcting erroneous locality data in the Flora (429). Each
entry gives volume and page number; key number for the IDC microfiche of Michaux’s
collections in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; locality data as given in
the Flora and the true locality as given on the type specimen. Adds twenty-one sites to
Ewan’s list in his introduction to the Hafner reprint of the Flora (429).
440. Williams, Charlie. 1997. Carolina 1796, ‘‘. . . d’un nouveau Magnolia.’’ Magnolia 32(2):
15–31.
Detailed account of André Michaux’s discovery of Magnolia macrophylla, with abundant
information on probable localities. Unfortunately published without the author’s
extensive bibliography.
441. Williams, Charlie. 1999. André Michaux and the discovery of Magnolia macrophylla in
North Carolina. Castanea 64: 1–13.
Examines the history of Magnolia macrophylla and its independent discovery by William
Bartram and André Michaux. Notes that Michaux did observe this plant in North
Carolina, although this fact is not mentioned in his Flora Boreali-Americana (429).
Relocates some of Michaux’s North Carolina stations for M. macrophylla.
François André Michaux

b. Satory, France, 1770; d. 1855.
Portrait: Savage and Savage (454), p. 198; Daguerrotype in Barnhart (29).
Handwriting: Burdet (442).
Papers: Hunt Institute, Pittsburgh; American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia; Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; University of Georgia, Athens; Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Summary: François André Michaux was the son of André Michaux. He accompanied his
father to America in 1785 and went with him on many of his collecting trips. He was also
charged with the care of his father’s garden in Charleston. He continued the work of his
father on North American woody plants, presenting his work in the multi-volume Histoire
des arbres forestiers de l’Ame´rique Septentrionale (446) which was later augmented by
Thomas Nuttall (see 447).
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Anon. 1821 (28) Hoefer 1936 (17)
Barnhart 1909 (29) Kastner 1977 (6)
Bell 1955 (25) Raffeneau-Delile 1806 (507)
Bragg 1910 (67) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Brendel 1879 (32) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Curtis 1883 (36) Short 1841 (59)
Darlington 1849, 477–478 (159) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Ewan 1969 (39) Totten 1956 (62)
442. Burdet, Hervé M. 1977. Cartulae ad botanicorum graphicem. X. Candollea 32: 165–206.
Handwriting sample for François André Michaux.
443. Durand, Elias. 1857. Biographical memoir of the late François André Michaux. American
Journal of Science and Arts, 2nd series, 24: 161–177.
Good, brief summary of F. A. Michaux’s life and works, and, to a lesser extent, those of his
father. No bibliography.
444. Gray, Asa. 1856. François André Michaux. American Journal of Science, 2nd series,
22 (64): 137–138.
Brief obituary of F. A. Michaux, with remembrances of ‘‘passing a day with him, a few
years ago.’’
445. MacPhail, Ian. 1983. Some North American ghosts of the nineteenth century: Barton’s
Prodromus Florae Pennsylvanicae and Michaux’s North American Sylva 1840. In From
Linnaeus to Darwin: Commentaries on the history of biology and geology: Papers from the
fifth Easter meeting of the Society for the History of Natural History, 28–31 March, 1983,
‘Natural History in the early Nineteenth Century.’ Edited by A. Wheeler and J. H. Price.
London: Society for the History of Natural History.
This paper discusses two bibliographic ‘‘ghosts,’’ i.e., works that exist only as citations in
the works of others. MacPhail traces the rumor of an 1840 edition of Michaux’s Sylva back
to an error in a book review by Asa Gray.
446. Michaux, François André. 1810–1813. Histoire des arbres forestiers de l’Ame´rique
Septentrionale, conside´re´ principalement sous les rapports de leur usage dans les arts et
de leur introduction dans le commerce, ainsi que d’ape`s les avantages qu’ils peuvent offrir
aux gouvernemens en Europe et aux personnes qui veulent former de grandes plantations.
24 parts, usually bound in 3 Volumes. Paris: L. Haussmann et D’Hautel.
Describes the trees of North America, illustrated by color-printed plates based on
paintings by Redouté. Some parts of this work were bound and sold separately with titles
like Histoire des Noyers de l’Ame´rique Septentrionale. Some of these ‘‘offprints’’ are listed
in MacPhail (453).
447. Michaux, François André. 1857. North American sylva; or, a description of the forest trees
of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. Considered particularly with respect to
their use in the arts and their introduction into commerce. To which is added

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a description of the most useful of the European forest trees. Illustrated by 156 colored
engravings. 5 Volumes. Philadelphia: Rice & Hart.
Three volumes by Michaux and two added later by Nuttall. This work began in 1817 as
a translation of the elder Michaux’s Histoire des Cheˆnes (428), later incorporating (in
English) the entire contents of Histoire des Arbes (446). Over the next few decades and
many editions, it grew into a magnum opus of American botany, incorporating the work of
three great naturalists. For details of this bibliographically complex work, see MacPhail
(453).
448. Michaux, François André. 1804. Voyage à l’ouest des monts Alle´ghanys, dans les e´tats de
l’Ohio, du Kentucky et du Tennesseé, et retour a Charleston par les hautes-Carolines;
Contenant des de´tails sur l’e´tat actuel de l’agriculture et les productions naturelles de ces
contreés, ainsi que des renseignemens sur les rapports commerciaux qui existent entre ces
Etats et ceux situe´s à l’est des montagnes et la Basse-Louisiane; Entrepris pendant l’an
x-1802, sous les auspices de Son Excellence M. Chaptal, Ministre de l’Inte´rieur. Avec
une carte tre`s-soigneé des e´tats du centre, de l’ouest et du sud des États-unis. Paris:
l’Imprimerie de Crapelet. Three English translations appeared in London in 1805 from
three different presses: Mawman, Phillips, and Crosby. See MacPhail (453) for details.
The translation used by Crosby is reprinted in facsimile in Early Western Travels 1748–
1846, Volume 3, edited by R. G. Thwaites (Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1904).
A wonderful book of travel-writing. The southeast is dealt with primarily in the later
chapters of the book (XXVIII–XXXII), although the first chapter recounts his visit to his
father’s garden outside of Charleston. Many observations on the flora and ecology of the
areas visited, especially regarding the woody plants. Of the early translations examined,
the Mawman appears to be the most complete, while the Crosby translation is rather
clumsy and careless with respect to plant names.
449. Schramm, Jacob Richard. 1957. Influence—past and present—of François André
Michaux on forestry and research in America. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society 101: 336–343.
Cites examples of Michaux’s thoughts on the early mass-deforestation of America.
Works Dealing With Both Michaux

450. Camus, Aimée. 1957. Contribution Française a l’étude des graminées de l’Amérique du
Nord au XVIIIe siècle et dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. In Les Botanistes
Française en Ame´rique du Nord avant 1850, 107–121. Paris: Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique.
Features a ‘‘list of grasses of Canada and the temperate United States collected, studied
and described by the French from 1700 to 1850’’ with biographical notes on the collectors.
Lists grasses named after each botanist at the specific and varietal levels.
451. Chinard, Gilbert. 1957. André and François André Michaux and their predecessors: An
essay on early botanical exchanges between America and France. Proceedings of the
Provides information on a number of minor French explorers such as Charlevoix and Le
Page du Pratz. Considers the role of men such as Jefferson and Franklin in the trans-
Atlantic plant trade and lists some plants (including poison ivy) which were made
available through European nursery catalogs.
452. Hunt, Kenneth W. 1947. Charleston woody flora. American Midland Naturalist 37: 670–
756.
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Introductory matter to this flora provides a brief botanical history of Charleston, with
special reference to the Michaux. Discusses the plants still occurring at the Michaux
garden site as well as efforts to establish a memorial.
453. MacPhail, Ian. 1981. Andre´ and François Andre´ Michaux. Lisle, Illinois: The Morton
Arboretum.
Annotated descriptive bibliography of all monographic works by the Michaux printed
before 1900.
454. Savage, Henry, Jr. and Elizabeth J. Savage. 1986. Andre´ and François Andre´ Michaux.
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Comprehensive narrative account of both botanists. Extensive bibliography with notes on
the manuscript sources used. Many illustrations, including photographs of plants in the
Charleston garden and of Redouté’s plates from the Histoire des Cheˆnes (428), Flora
Boreali-Americana (429), and North American Sylva (447).
455. Schramm, Jacob Richard. 1956. Memorial to F. A. Michaux at the Morris Arboretum,
University of Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 100: 145–
149.
Written for the centenary of Michaux’s death. General account of the work of both
Michaux and a discussion of the bequest left to the Society by F. A. Michaux. Also
describes plans for a proposed ‘‘Michaux Quercetum’’ in the Morris Arboretum.
456. True, Rodney H. 1937. François André Michaux, the botanist and explorer. Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society 78: 313–327.
Despite the title, this paper contains substantial information on the elder Michaux as well.
Also discusses the Michaux fund of the APS and the Michaux Memorial Grove in Fairmont
Park.
John Mitchell
b. Whitechapel Parish, Lancaster County, Virginia, 1711; d. London, 1768.
Handwriting: Smith’s Correspondence of Linnaeus (354).
Papers: The Natural History Museum; Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew; Royal Society of
London.
Herbarium: BM, LINN, OXF, G.
Eponymy: Mitchella L. (Rubiaceae).
Summary: John Mitchell was a polymath who was accomplished in botany, medicine, and
cartography. He also wrote papers on such matters as human racial differentiation,
electricity, and yellow fever. He seems to have been subject to considerable biographical
confusion, probably in part due to his common name. His major botanical contribution was
his Dissertatio brevis (463), which includes a section ‘‘Nova Plantarum Genera,’’ that
describes thirty new genera of Virginian plants.

Barnhart 1965 (64) Goode 1886 (2)
Bell 1955 (25) Johnson 1957 (18)
Brasch 1931, 460–461 (347) Kastner 1977 (6)
Brendel 1879 (32) Kelly 1914 (45)
Clokie 1964 (33) Lamson-Scribner 1893 (46)
Crowley 1976 (34) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Darlington 1849, 363–67 (159) Pennell 1935 (51)
Desmond 1994 (65) Rogers & Saunders, 1984 (58)

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Dict. National Biography (11) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Drake 1876 (12) Stearns 1970 (8)
Ewan 1969 (39) Who Was Who in America (24)
See also Smith (354), p. 442–451, for four letters from Mitchell to Linnaeus.
457. Berkeley, Edmund. 1972. Dr. John Mitchell: the first Virginia-born scientist; a lecture
given in the Klein Theater on October 26, 1971. E. Lee Trinkle Library, Mary
Washington College, Occasional Papers no. 5.
A brief biographical sketch from a speech made on the opening of an exhibition of items
from Mitchell’s library.
458. Berkeley, Edmund and Dorothy Smith Berkeley. 1974. Dr. John Mitchell: The man who
made the map of North America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
The most current and complete source on Mitchell. Confirms both his birth in Virginia and
his education in Edinburgh under the botanist Charles Alston. See p. 47–53 for Mitchell’s
work on Virginian pines. Notes that Catesby intentionally avoided pines in his Natural
History (245) because he expected Mitchell to publish on them. Translates many passages
from Mitchell’s Dissertatio (463).
459. Carrier, Lyman. 1921. Dr. John Mitchell, naturalist, cartographer, and historian.
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1918. 1: 199–219.
Discusses Mitchell’s map and gives brief accounts of some of his chemical and electrical
studies. Lists the plant names proposed by Mitchell in 1841 and traces their subsequent
changes (some are still in use). Argues in favor of Mitchell’s authorship of A New and
Complete History of the British Empire in America (London, 1756), The Contest in
America, and American Husbandry (London: J. Bew, 1775).
460. Dorman, John Frederick and James F. Lewis. 1968. Doctor John Mitchell, F.R.S., native
Virginian. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 76: 437–440.
A careful study, well-supported by primary documents, arguing for Mitchell’s birth in
Virginia in 1711. Questions the frequent assertion that Mitchell was educated at
Edinburgh or Leyden.
461. Hornberger, Theodore. 1946. The scientific ideas of John Mitchell. Huntington Library
Quarterly 10: 277–296.
Mitchell is presented as ‘‘a case study in the intellectual connections among the colonies
and between the colonies and Europe.’’
462. Jones, Gordon W. 1968. The library of Doctor John Mitchell of Urbanna. Virginia
Magazine of History and Biography 76: 441–443.
A presumptive list of books which Mitchell must have owned based on his use of specific
page references in the papers written while he was in Virginia. Lists twenty-nine books,
nine of them specifically botanical.
463. Mitchell, John. 1748. Dissertatio brevis de principiis botanicorum et zoologicorum deque
novo stabiliendo naturae rerum congruo cum appendice aliquot generum plantarum
recens conditorum et in Virginia observatorum. Nurimbergae: Wolfgangi Schwarzkopfii.
The earliest American theoretical work on taxonomy. Discusses the use of experimental
cross-breeding in the definition of genera. An appendix lists thirty genera of Virginia
plants with descriptions and synonyms. See Berkeley and Berkeley (458), for translations
of some key passages.
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464. Thatcher, Herbert. 1931–33. Dr. John Mitchell, M.D., F.R.S., of Virginia. The Virginia
Magazine of History and Biography 39: 126–135, 206–220; 40: 48–62, 97–110, 268–279,
335–346; 41: 59–70, 144–156.
An extremely thorough treatment of Mitchell, both from a botanical and a biographical
viewpoint. Paints a vivid picture of the scientific world in which Mitchell worked.
Thomas Nuttall
b. Settle, Yorkshire, England 1786; d. Nutgrove near Wigan, England, 1859.
Portrait: Pennell, (479)—three portraits showing Nuttall at different ages.
Papers: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia; Gray Herbarium, Harvard.
Handwriting: Nuttall (477), Hafner reprint and Nuttall (478).
Herbarium: BM, PH.
Eponymy: Nuttallia Rafinesque syn. Nuttallae Rafinesque, Nuttallia Torrey (all Loasaceae),
Nuttallia Barton (Malvaceae), Nuttallia K. P. J. Sprengel (Leguminosae), Nuttallia Torrey
et A. Gray ex W. J. Hooker et Arnott (Rosaceae).
Summary: Thomas Nuttall is most famous for his contributions to Western botany, but he also
made excursions in Georgia and the Carolinas between 1815 and 1817 as well as earlier
explorations in the southern Mississippi Valley. He learned botany under Benjamin Smith
Barton, who sent him on a number of collecting trips, often into hostile Indian territory.
Anon. 1821 (28) Drake 1876 (12)

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Duychinck 1856 (13)
Barnhart 1934 (532) Ewan 1969 (39)
Bell 1955 (25) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)
Brendel 1879 (32) Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
Carson 1869 (138) Gillispie 1970 (16)
Clokie 1964 (33) Harshberger 1899 (42)
Darlington 1843 (111) Hooker 1825 (43)
Desmond 1994 (65) Humphrey 1961 (44)
Dict. National Biography (11) Johnson 1957 (18)
Kastner 1977 (6) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Landreth, 1858 (412) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Short 1841 (59)
National Cyclopaedia 8 (20) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Pennell 1950 (52) Wilbert 1908 (63)
See also Ewan (292), for notes on Nuttall as a student of Barton; William Baldwin (110), on some
grasses which Nuttall apparently ‘‘stole’’ from him; Reveal (339) and Britten (336), for
information regarding the 1813 nursery catalog presumably written by Nuttall; and Nuttall’s
autobiographical note in Volume 4 of F. A. Michaux’s North American Sylva (447).
465. Anon. 1860. Biographical sketch of the late Thomas Nuttall. Gardener’s Monthly 2: 21–
23.
Mostly concerned with Western travels, but discusses Nuttall’s first acquaintance with
Barton. Portrait on frontispiece ‘‘drawn on stone expressly for the Gardener’s Monthly.’’
466. Beidleman, R. G. 1960. Some biographical sidelights on Thomas Nuttall, 1786–1859.


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A miscellany of biographical information on Nuttall, with notes on his travels in England,
his career at Harvard, and a letter of 1821 showing evidence of depression. Features
photographs of a life mask of Nuttall at Harvard’s Gray Herbarium and of Nuttall’s grave
at Christ Church, Eccleston. Ends with translations of obituary notices from the Socie´te´
Botanique de France and the German botanical journal Flora.
467. [Durand, Elias]. 1860. Biographical notice of the late Thomas Nuttall. Proceedings of the
Some biographical information on Nuttall’s early life, including the story of how he met
Barton when he mistook a common Smilax for a Passiflora. Emphasis on Western travels.
468. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1942. Some early botanists of the American Philosophical
Society. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 86: 63–71.
Discusses a number of early American botanists; see p. 65–67 for Nuttall. Drawn
primarily from Durand’s account (467), and the questionable remembrances of Mrs. Asa
Gray.
469. Graustein, Jeannette E. 1952. Audubon and Nuttall. Scientific Monthly 74: 84–90.
Notes on the interactions between these two great naturalists, whose meetings seem to
have escaped the notice of the biographers of both. Primarily ornithological in focus.
Quotes a passage from Richard Henry Dana’s Two Years Before the Mast (New York: T.Y.
Crowell & Co., 1840) describing Nuttall as he disembarked at San Diego during his
Western travels.
470. Graustein, Jeannette E. 1954. Nuttall in 1815. Rhodora 56: 253–257.

Briefly summarizes what is known about Nuttall’s eastern travels, noting that these are
less well documented than his western journeys. Transcribes a letter to A. B. Lambert
in which Nuttall recounts his pre-1818 southern travels. Nuttall mentions meeting both
‘‘Dr. Baldwyn’’ and Thomas Wray.
471. Graustein, Jeannette E. 1956. Nuttall’s quarrel with Pursh. Rhodora 58: 20–22.
Explains that the source of Nuttall’s resentment of Pursh was an incident in which Pursh
published a description of the new genus Bartonia based on collections and notes which
Nuttall had shown him in confidence. This was especially galling to Nuttall as his
agreement with Barton prevented him from publishing any other species from his early
travels.
* 472. Graustein, Jeannette E. 1967. Thomas Nuttall, naturalist: Explorations in America

1808–1841. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
The most comprehensive single source on Nuttall and one of the best on early nineteenth-
century American botany in general. Highly readable, with abundant notes. Unfortu-
nately, there is no unified bibliography. See especially Chapter 7, ‘‘Southern Expeditions,’’
for Nuttall’s travels in the South and Chapter 3, section 3, ‘‘North American Botany in
1808,’’ for notices of Nuttall’s contemporaries and the general state of the field. The plates
following p. 210 include an engraved portrait and a photograph of one of his specimens.
See map p. 46–47, which traces Nuttall’s travels prior to 1818.
473. Greene, Edward L. 1890. Reprint of Fraser’s Catalogue. Pittonia 2: 114–119.

Reproduces the catalog of 1813 from a copy in the Library of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia on which Nuttall had made slight corrections. Notes that this
may be Nuttall’s earliest publication, although it is without his name. Many names are
encountered here for the first time, but as most are without descriptions, they had no
nomenclatural priority and for the most part these plants now bear the names that Pursh
gave them in his flora (499).
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474. McKelvey, Susan Delano. 1955. Botanical exploration of the trans-Mississippi West, 1790–
1850. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
See Chapter VI, p. 139–149 for biographical information on Nuttall and notes on his
Genera (477) and its reception.
475. Naudin, Charles. 1861. Notice biographique sur Thomas Nuttall. Flore des Serres et des
Jardins de l’Europe. 14(2nd series, Volume 4): 52–55.
Identical in content to the anonymous article in Gardener’s Monthly. Poor copy, reversed,
of the portrait.
476. [Nuttall, Thomas]. 1813. A catalogue of new and interesting plants, collected in Upper
Louisiana, and principally on the River Missourie, North America, for sale at Messrs.
Fraser’s Nursery for Curious American Plants, Sloane Square, King’s Road, Chelsea,
London. London: J. Williams, printer.
As the name suggests, this catalog is largely of western North American plants, but some
Southern species are included, e.g., Pinckneya pubens, Rhododendron catawbiense,
various Magnolias, and four unnamed species of Sarracenia.
* 477. Nuttall, Thomas. 1818. Genera of North American plants, and a catalogue of the species,
to the year 1817. 2 Volumes. Philadelphia: printed for the author by D. Heartt. Reprinted
in facsimile, New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1971, as Volume 7 of Classica
Botanica Americana, edited and with an introduction by Joseph Ewan.
Notable not only for its breadth, but for its complete lack of Latin descriptions. Nuttall
wrote entirely in English and used the Linnaean system (by then already becoming
outmoded in Europe) in the interest of making his work useful to Americans. In the
Hafner edition, Ewan, as always, provides a fascinating introduction, commenting on the
importance of Nuttall’s Genera, the current locations of Nuttall’s collections, and listing
other collectors whose specimens Nuttall used in his work. Ewan also provides a gazetteer
of Nuttall’s place-names and a chronology of Nuttall’s life through 1818. Facsimile of
a page from the manuscript opposite the original title page.
478. Nuttall, Thomas. 1951. Nuttall’s travels into the Old Northwest. An unpublished 1810
diary. Edited by J. E. Graustein. Chronica Botanica 14: 1–88.
The editor’s introduction features a facsimile of a page from the diary and some
biographical notes on Nuttall. Graustein credits Durand (467) and the article in
Gardener’s Monthly (465) as the sources of many of the common errors regarding
Nuttall’s life. Appendix III lists the plants seen by Nuttall during the travels described in
the diary.
479. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1936. Travels and scientific collections of Thomas Nuttall.
The most extensive source on Nuttall prior to Graustein. For travels in the South, see
especially p. 20–25. Some noteworthy documents appended, including the terms of
agreement between Nuttall and Barton regarding the former’s travels, directions for
Nuttall written by Barton, and excerpts from a Barton manuscript entitled ‘‘Miscellaneous
facts concerning the first discovery of the genus of Bartonia accompanied with a drawing
of one of the species.’’ Pennell’s account of the relations between Nuttall and Barton is
more sympathetic to Barton than that of Graustein.
480. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1937. An English obituary account of Thomas Nuttall.
Quotes extensively from an article entitled ‘‘Thomas Nuttall, the Naturalist,’’ written by
Nuttall’s nephew, T. J. Booth, which appeared in The Settle Chronicle and North

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Ribblesdale Advertiser. The article was discovered in the files at Kew Gardens by Dr.
Jepson and contains unique information on Nuttall’s youth in England.
481. Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1819. [Review of Nuttall’s Genera]. American Monthly
Magazine and Critical Review 4: 184–196.
Trenchant review by a contemporary botanist. While acknowledging the Genera as
‘‘superior in many respects to any other [flora] yet published on either side of the Atlantic
Ocean,’’ Rafinesque criticizes Nuttall for not using the natural system of classification, for
ignoring the Flora Ludoviciana of Robin and Rafinesque, and, ironically, for creating too
many new names (a botanical vice for which Rafinesque himself was notorious). Features
many pages of commentary on the nomenclature of individual genera and species.
482. [Sims, John.] 1812. Bartonia decapetala. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, or Flower-Garden
Displayed 36: plate 1487.
The scene of the crime described in Graustein (471). Notes that ‘‘living plants have been
brought to this country by Mr. Thomas Nuttall,’’ but also states that, ‘‘for the above
generic and specific characters, and indeed the whole communication, we are indebted to
Mr. Frederick Pursh, author of a new Flora of North-American plants [499], now in the
press.’’
483. Smith, C. Earle, Jr. and John W. Thieret. 1959. Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859): An
evaluation and bibliography. Leaflets of Western Botany 9: 33–42.
Provides some biographical data to supplement Pennell’s 1936 account (479) and
comments on Nuttall’s place in North American botany as a whole. Chronological
bibliography of Nuttall’s published works.
484. Youmans, William Jay. 1896. Thomas Nuttall. 1786–1859. In his Pioneers of Science in
America, 205–214. New York: D. Appleton & Company.
Brief sketch based primarily on Durand (467).
Augustus Gottlieb Oemler

Herbarium: PH, CHARL.
Portrait: Simpson (99).
Eponymy: Oemleria H. G. L. Reichenbach (Rosaceae).
Summary: Oemler was a pharmacist in Savannah, Georgia. He was a close friend of John
Abbot and seems to have instructed Abbot in Linnaean botany. He was a correspondent of
William Baldwin and is frequently mentioned in the latter’s exchange with Henry
Mühlenberg (Darlington (111)).

Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Simpson 1984 (99)
See generally the references cited under John Abbot, with whom Oemler was closely associated.
Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph Palisot de Beauvois

b. Arras, France 1752; d. Paris, 1820.
Portrait: Merrill (485).
Papers: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia; Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneve.
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Herbarium: Most American specimens lost. Some at G, GH, P.
Eponymy: Belvisia Desvaux (Barringtoniaceae), Palisota H. G. L. Reichenbach ex Endlicher
(Commelinaceae).
Summary: Palisot de Beauvois was a French botanist with a special interest in the
reproduction of cryptogams. He came to the United States in 1791 as an experienced
collector, having already assembled herbaria of African and Haitian plants. These
collections were destroyed by fire during a slave revolt in Haiti in 1793. Most of his North
American collections were lost in a shipwreck as they were being transported back to
France. During his stays in the United States, he was based in Philadelphia, where he
attended meetings of the American Philosophical Society.

Brendel 1879 (32) Ewan 1969 (39)
Camus 1957 (450) Ewan in Michaux 1974, xviii (429)
Hoefer 1936 (17) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Kastner 1977 (6) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
485. Merrill, Elmer Drew. 1936. Palisot de Beauvois as an overlooked American botanist.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 76: 899–909. Reprinted without the
portrait or bibliography in Merrilleana, Chronica Botanica 10(1946): 280–286.
Outlines the unfortunate botanical career of an important botanical explorer. ‘‘The
obscurity of his name in the botanical literature . . . is due to the tragic loss of his Haitian
and most of his United States collections.’’ Reproduces a portrait from a print at the Gray
Herbarium and provides bibliographic information on Beauvois’s rare Flore d’Oware et
Benin, as well as a bibliography of Beauvois’s works.
486. Niles, Cornelia D. and Agnes Chase. 1925. A bibliographic study of Beauvois’
Agrostographie. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 24: i–xix,
135–214.
Abridged translation and analysis of Beauvois’ Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie
(1812). Chase remarks that this is ‘‘a very important work, its importance being due
principally to its innumerable errors, less so because of its scientific value.’’ Biographical
sketch on p. 210–214 contains notes on Beauvois’ bizarre theories of reproduction in
cryptogamic plants.
487. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph. 1793. First memoir of observa-

tions on the plants denominated cryptogamick. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society 3: 202–213.
Argues that the rule omne vivum ex ovo extends to all living things, even the cryptogams,
whose mode of reproduction was unknown and assumed by many to be spontaneous. This
paper is concerned specifically with demonstrating the existence of sexual organs in
mosses. Palisot de Beauvois’s interpretations of the moss capsule are rather far from the
mark (he interprets the spores as pollen and claims to observe seeds inside the base of the
capsule), but the paper does contains some novel observations on the movements of the
peristome and its possible role in dispersion.
488. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph. 1795. Memoir on the subject of

a new plant, growing in Pennsylvania, particularly in the vicinity of Philadelphia, by Mr.
Beauvois. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4: 173–177.
Description of the common aquatic weed Heterandra (Pontederiaceae). This was
previously described as Bartonia by Smith, but Beauvois rejects this name on the general

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principle that names of persons should not be applied to plants. Classes the new plant
with Pontederia in Jussieu’s natural system and gives a table of distinguishing
characteristics of the two genera.
489. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph. 1801. Extrait d’un voyage chez

les Creecks et chez le Chérokées. Lu à l’Institut National dans la séance publique du 15
messidor. Dećade Philosophique, Litte´rare et Politique (20 messidor): 94–103.
Discusses numerous plants used medicinally by the Creek and Cherokee, especially those
used for venereal diseases such as ‘‘cette plante tant vantée . . . connue sous le nom
vulgaire de cardinale à fleurs bleues, et que Linneus, d’après ses vertus supposée, appelle:
lobelia siphilitica.’’ Also discusses use of hickory, walnut, and Liriodendron for venereal
disease. For fevers, the Indians use ‘‘une forte décoction d’une espèce de solidago à odeur
de fenouil.’’ Lists snakebite cures, including Polygala senega, Prenanthes alba, and
various Lactuca species. Discusses ginseng, but notes that this is only used recreationally
by the Indians: ‘‘mâcher la racine par pure fantaisie.’’
490. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph. 1818. Description d’un aggréga-

tion de pierres observée dans la Caroline du Nord, États-Unis d’Amérique, et connue
dans le pays sous la dénomination de mur naturel (natural wall). Me´moires de
l’Acade´mie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut de France 3: 109–120.
Recounts Palisot de Beauvois’s stay with a M. William Sharp in Salisbury, North Carolina
and his visit to an unusual geologic site in that area. Also describes the coastal plains
around Wilmington with notes on Venus’s flytrap, or ‘‘attrapemouche’’ (p. 112).
491. Thiébaut de Berneaud, Arsenne. 1821. Éloge historique de A. M. F. J. Palisot de

Beauvois: Discours qui a remporte´ le prix de la Socie´te´ pour l’encouragement des sciences,
des lettres et des arts d’Arras. Paris: Impr. de d’Hautel.
Excellent summary of Palisot de Beauvois’s travels and works. Bulk of the material
pertaining to his American travels on p. 34–50. An even-handed treatment, not giving
preference to any particular geographic region or branch of science, but rather
emphasizing Beauvois’s extreme diversity of talents and experience. Gives notice (within
text) of all of Beauvois’s published writings.
Frederick Traugott Pursh

(Originally ‘‘Friedrich Traugott Pursch’’)
b. Grossenhain, Saxony, Germany, 1774; d. Montreal, Canada, 1820.
Papers: Hunt Institute.
Herbarium: BM, OXF, MANCH, C.
Eponymy: Purschia Post et O. Kuntze syn. Purshia A. P. de Candolle ex Poiret (Rosaceae),
Purshia K. P. J. Sprengel (Boraginaceae).
Summary: Frederick Pursh succeeded John Lyon as gardener at William Hamilton’s estate,
‘‘The Woodlands,’’ near Philadelphia. He was also employed by Benjamin Smith Barton to
make plant collections toward a new North American flora which was to incorporate the
Pacific findings of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Pursh collected mostly in the Northeast,
but did collect in Virginia in 1806. His Flora Americae Septentrionalis (499) is most
significant for its wide geographic coverage and its role as a precursor to Nuttall’s Genera of
North American Plants (477).
Anon. 1821 (28) Humphrey 1961 (44)

Barnhart 1909 (29) Kastner 1977 (6)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Mears 1978 (48)
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Brendel 1879 (32) Pennell 1926 (144)
Clokie 1964 (33) Pennell 1935 (51)
Curtis 1883 (36) Pennell 1950 (52)
Darlington 1843 (111) Rafinesque 1818 (330)
Desmond 1994 (65) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Elliott 1979 (14) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Short 1841 (59)
Gray 1882 (424) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Harshberger 1899 (42) Who Was Who in America (24)
Hooker 1825 (43) Wilbert 1908 (63)
492. Anon. 1827. Biographische Notizen. Flora 10: 192.

A half-page biographical sketch of Pursh which seems to be the source of the idea that he
was born in Siberia.
493. Anon. 1868. Botanical news. Journal of Botany 6: 256.

Brief note on the discovery of Pursh’s diary by Mr. Thomas P. James, secretary of the
American Philosophical Society.
494. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1904. The date of Pursh’s Flora. Torreya 4: 132–136.
Uses bibliographic and citation data to show that Pursh’s Flora (499) was issued near the
beginning of 1814.
495. Ewan, Joseph. 1979. Frederick Pursh’s Prospectus of an Expedition to New Mexico and
California (1814?). Huntia 3: 83–86.
Discusses Pursh’s prospectus for a westward expedition with Nuttall. Reproduces the
manuscript (housed at the British Museum) in full.
496. Ewan, Joseph. 1952. Frederick Pursh, 1774–1820, and his botanical associates.
Contains much information on Pursh’s herbarium as well as a detailed biography and
reproductions of some of Pursh’s maps.
497. Penhallow, D. P. 1897. A review of Canadian botany from 1800 to 1895. Transactions of
the Royal Society of Canada, 2nd series, 3(4): 3–14.
Discusses efforts by the Botanical Society of Montreal and the Natural History Society of
Montreal to move Pursh’s remains from an obscure grave to the Mount Royal Cemetery
and to provide a monument. This was accomplished in 1878.
498. Pursch, Carl August. 1827. Nekrolog von Friedrich Pursh. Flora 10: 491–496.
A notice written by Pursh’s brother, Carl August Pursch to correct the common error of
Pursh’s Siberian birth.
* 499. Pursh, Frederick. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or, a systematic arrangement
and description of the plants of North America: Containing, besides what have been
described by preceeding authors, many new and rare species, collected during twelve
years travels and residence in that country. 2 Volumes. London: White, Cochrane & Co.
Reprinted in facsimile, Vaduz: J. Cramer, 1979 as Volume 104 of Historiae Naturalis
Classica, edited and with an introduction by Joseph Ewan.

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Preface discusses visits with Humphry Marshall and William Bartram, with some notes
on Clayton’s herbarium. Descriptions are in Latin with some notes in English. Ewan’s
introduction features notes on the flora’s publication, biographical sketches of collectors of
specimens in Pursh’s collections, a gazetteer of place-names in the flora, a chronology of
Pursh’s life, and a detailed catalog of new species proposed in the flora.
500. Pursh, Frederick. 1869. Journal of a botanical excursion in the northeastern parts of the
states of Pennsylvania and New York during the year 1807. Edited by P. T. James.
Philadelphia: Brickloe & Marot. Reprinted, Port Washington, New York: Ira J. Friedman
Inc., 1969. Edited by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp.
While obviously not relevant to southeastern botany, this source is valuable for insights
into Pursh’s personality. The Friedman edition retains Pursh’s quirky language and
spelling and Rev. Beauchamp provides notes on the Journal and on the planned 1912
Flora of Onondaga County, to which this volume was intended as a prelude.
501. Stearn, William T. 1943. The date of publication of Pursh’s Flora Americae Septen-
trionalis. Rhodora 45: 415–416.
Examines the dating of Pursh’s flora (499) relative to contemporaneous taxonomic works.
Concludes that the flora became available between December 1813 and February 1814.
Alire Raffeneau-Delile
b. Versailles, France 1778; d. Montpellier, France, 1850.
Portrait: Motte (506).
Handwriting: Burdet (504).
Papers: Institut de Botanique, Montpellier. Includes the copy of Michaux’s Flora (429)
discussed in Motte (506).
Herbarium: G, P.
Eponymy: Delilia Sprengel (Compositae), Raffenaldia Godron (Cruciferae), Lilaea Humboldt
et Bonpland (Najadaceae).
Summary: After cutting his botanical teeth by collecting in Egypt, Raffeneau-Delile came to
the United States in 1803 as a French consul in Wilmington, North Carolina. He later
moved to Philadelphia, where he studied medicine under Benjamin Smith Barton, and then
to New York, where he completed his studies under David Hosack. He succeeded A. P. de
Candolle as professor of botany at the Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier in 1819 and
remained there for the rest of his life. He apparently planned a revision of Michaux’s Flora
Boreali-Americana (429), his copy of the book bearing extensive annotations.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Ewan 1969 (39)

Barnhart 1926 (31) Gillispie 1970 (16)
Barnhart 1965 (64) Hoefer 1936 (17)
Curtis 1883 (36) Shear & Stevens 1921 (562)
Duval 1977, 149 (422) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
502. Anon. 1850. [Obituary of Delile]. Flora 33: 704.

‘‘Am 5. Juli starb zu Montpellier, über 70 Jahre alt, Alire Raffeneau Delile, Professor der
Botanik an der Universität zu Montpellier, Director des dortigen botanischen Gartens,
Ritter der Ehrenlegion und Mitglied vieler gelehrten Gesellschaften.’’ Refers to Delile’s
Egyptian works, but not to his American studies.
503. Anon. 1850. [Obituary of Delile]. Botanische Zeitung 8: 759.

A more complete entry than that appearing in Flora (502). In addition to his Egyptian
travels, this note refers to his ‘‘Reise nach Nordamerika gemacht wo er sich drei Jahre
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aufheilt und bis nach Nord-Carolina sammelte.’’ Also mentions the naming of Lilaea for
Delile.
504. Burdet, Hervé M. 1974. Cartulae ad botanicorum graphicem. IV. Candollea 29: 207–240.
‘‘Fourth installment of a card-index for autographic identification of past botanists.’’
Samples of Delile’s handwriting on p. 233–234.
505. Joly, N. 1859. Éloge historique d’Alyre Raffeneau Delile, professeur de botanique a la
faculté de médecine de Montpellier, membre de l’Institut d’Égypte, correspondant de
l’Institut de France, etc. Me´moires de l’Acade´mie Impe´riale des Sciences, Inscriptions et
Belles-lettres de Toulouse 5th series, 3: 63–93.
The definitive source on Delile. His stay in America is discussed on p. 68–70, and
a chronological list of his works is given on p. 93–98.
506. Motte, Jean. 1957. Matériaux inédits, préparés par Delile pour une flore de l’Amerique
du Nord. In Les Botanistes Français en Ame´rique du Nord avant 1850, 51–82. Paris:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Part I gives a detailed overview of the admittedly scant information on Delile, including
his stay in Wilmington, North Carolina and his dealings with Benjamin Smith Barton and
David Hosack in Philadelphia. Part II describes Delile’s careful annotations in his copy of
Michaux’s Flora Boreali-americana, which he apparently made with a mind toward
publishing a corrected edition. The remainder of the article, from p. 68, is a calendar of
Delile-related documents and manuscripts, with transcriptions and some photographs of
documents. Unfortunately, no letter from Delile is photographed, so there is no
handwriting sample.
507. Raffeneau-Delile, Alire. 1806. Extrait d’une lettre de M. Delile, membre de l’Institut
d’Égypte, à M. Deleuze. Annales du Museúm d’Histoire Naturelle 8: 476–477.
Describes the gardens of Dr. Hosack in New York, mentioning that he cultivates many
Southern plants: ‘‘Le cyprès de Caroline (cupressus disticha. L.), le gordonia lasianthus,
les magnolia, les chênes, les moyers, etc., y sont multipliés en proportion de leur utilité.’’
Also comments on the work of both Michaux.
Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck

b. c.1711; d. Barmstedt, Germany, c. 1798.
Handwriting: plates in Hvidt (508).
Papers: Royal Library of Copenhagen.
Summary: As a young man, Von Reck was a companion of Bolzius in leading the emigration of
Lutheran refugees from Salzburg to settle in Georgia. He often quarreled with Rev. Bolzius,
who considered him ‘‘hot-headed and incautious in his impulses and resolutions’’ [Bolzius’s
diary, quoted in Hvidt (508), p. 20]. He was a talented artist and left many excellent
illustrations of plants and of Indians. At the age of twenty-seven, he became involved in an
embarrassing public fight with one of the colonists. This incident, combined with a severe
fever, prompted him to return to Germany, where he pursued a career in law, never
returning to the New World.
Strobel 1953 (207)
508. Hvidt, Kristian, ed., with the assistance of Joseph Ewan, George F. Jones, and William
C. Sturtevant. 1980. Von Reck’s voyage: Drawings and journal of Philip Georg Friedrich
von Reck. Savannah, Georgia: Beehive Press. Reprinted 1990 by the Beehive
Foundation.

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Editor’s introduction gives historical background for the coming of the Salzburgers to
Georgia and the founding of the Ebenezer colony near Savannah, as well as basic
information on the life of von Reck. The second section of the book presents the journal of
von Reck’s second voyage to Georgia, while the third section contains beautiful
reproductions of von Reck’s drawings with their captions transcribed in German and
English and notes on the probable identities of the species figured. These drawings were
numbered as ‘‘figures’’ by von Reck, and the editors here aim to ‘‘create the book which von
Reck intended to publish but never did.’’ See the Notes at the end for valuable
bibliographic information on both published and unpublished sources.
509. Reck, Philip Georg Frederich von and Johann Martin Bolzius. 1734. An extract of the
journals of Mr. Commissary Von Reck, who conducted the first transport of Saltzburgers
to Georgia: and of the Reverend Mr. Bolzius, one of their ministers. Giving an account of
their voyage to and happy settlement in that Province. London: Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge. Reprinted in Peter Force’s Tracts and Other Papers 4(5).
Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith, 1963.
Von Reck’s journal describes a garden in Savannah ‘‘for making Experiments, for the
Improving of Botany and Agriculture,’’ as well as brief mention of elements of the flora
around Ebenezer, including ‘‘Myrtle Trees, out of which they extract, by boiling the
Berries, a green Wax, very proper to make Candles with’’ (Myrica cerifera) and an
‘‘Abundance of China Roots’’ (Panax ginseng?). Bolzius’s journal begins on p. 17 and is
concerned mostly with a meeting with James Oglethorpe and with observations about the
Indians.
510. Urlsperger, Samuel. 1735. Ausführliche Nachricht von den saltzburgischen Emigranten,
die sich in America niedergelassen haben. Worin, Nebst einem Historischen Sorbericht
von dem ersten und andern Transport derfelben, Die Reise-Diaria Des Ko¨niglichen Groß-
Britannnischen Commissarii und der benden Salzburgeschen Prediger wie auch eine
Beschreibung von Georgien imgleichen verschiedene hierzu gehörige Briefe enthalten.
Vol. 2, 1733–1734. Halle, Germany: Verlegung des Wäysenhauses. Translated to English
as A detailed report on the Salzburger emigrants . . . by George Fenwick Jones, Athens,
Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1968.
The most convenient collection of some often-reprinted documents pertaining to von Reck
and Bolzius. These include ‘‘The Travel Diary of the Two Pastors Messrs. Boltzius and
Gronau,’’ ‘‘The Travel Diary of Pastor Boltzius from Ebenezer to Charleston and Back,’’
‘‘The Travel Diary of Commissioner von Reck, when he went from Ebenezer in Georgia to
the Northern Regions of America and from there back again to England, Holland, and
Germany,’’ and von Reck’s ‘‘Short Report on Georgia and the Indians There.’’
Unfortunately, there is little of interest here to the botanist, as these writings focus
primarily on community business.
Claude César Robin

Summary: Robin explored Louisiana and West Florida during the period 1802–1806,
describing his experiences in his Voyages dans l’inte´rieur de la Louisiane, which includes
a ‘‘Flore Louisianaise.’’ Almost nothing is known about Robin other than what he published
regarding his own travels.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Pennell 1935 (51)

Barnhart 1965 (64) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Brendel 1879 (32) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Drake 1876 (12)
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511. Fournier, Paul. 1932. Voyages et dećouvertes scientifiques des missionnaires naturalistes
Français a travers le monde pendant cinq sie`cles XV e à XX e sie`cles. Encyclopédie
Biologique X. Paris: Paul Lechevalier & fils.
Overview of the scientific accomplishments of French missionaries in the New World. Very
little on North America, but does mention Robin: ‘‘Le voyageur Claude C. Robin qui, de
1802 à 1806, parcourut la Louisiane, l’ouest de la Floride, la Martinique et Saint-
Domingue, rapporta des plantes recueillies dans la Louisiane méridionale, particulière-
ment aux environs de la Nouvelle-Orléans et dans le district des Attakapas, et publia en
1807, à la suite de son curieux de voyage, une petite flore louisianaise.’’
512. Monaghan, Frank. 1933. French travellers in the United States, 1765–1932. New York:
New York Public Library.
The entry on Robin, p. 81, discusses the frequent confusion between C. C. Robin and an
Abbé Robin who also explored in North America and wrote Nouveau Voyage dans
l’Ame´rique Septentrionale en l’anneé 1781 (Philadelphia and Paris: Chez Moutard, 1782).
513. Robin, Claude César. 1807. Voyages dans l’inte´rieur de la Louisiane, de la Floride
occidentale, et dans les isles de la Martinique et de Saint-Domingue pendant les anneés
1802, 1803, 1804, 1805 et 1806. Contenant de nouvelles observations sur l’histoire
naturelle, la geógraphie, les moures, l’agriculture, le commerce, l’industrie et les maladies
de ces contreés, particulie`rement sur la fie`vre jaune, et les moyens de les pre´venir. En
outre, contenant de qui s’est passe´ de plus inte´ressant, relativement à l’e´tablissement des
Anglo-Ame´ricains à la Louisiane. 3 Volumes. Paris: Chez F. Buisson.
The first volume covers Robin’s travels in the West Indies while the second volume and the
first part of the third are concerned with Louisiana and West Florida. Robin comments on
the great diversity of oaks in America and addresses the problem of the rapid deforestation
already decimating parts of the South. Robin provides colorful, if not especially scientific,
descriptions of many southern plants, such as Sarracenia species, water lilies, magnolias,
and a plant which he names ‘‘Josephine,’’ apparently a shrubby, white-flowered legume.
His ‘‘Flore Louisianaise’’ begins on p. 313. It consists of descriptions of plants, in French,
arranged according to the ‘‘natural system’’ of Jussieu.
514. Robin, Charles-César. 1817. Florula Ludoviciana; or, a flora of the state of Louisiana,
translated, revised, and improved, from the French of C. C. Robin by C. S. Rafinesque.
New York: Wiley. Reprinted, New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1967 as Volume 5 of
Classica Botanica Americana, edited and with an introduction by Joseph Ewan.
A ‘‘revision’’ of the second half of volume 3 of Robin’s Voyages (513) by a writer who never
actually visited Louisiana. Bears almost no relation to the original work. In the preamble,
Rafinesque scolds Pursh for neglecting Robin’s plants, and Robin for not having provided
them with proper names. Rafinesque intends through this ‘‘revision’’ to bring Robin’s work
to the English-speaking public and to correct its lack of Latin nomenclature. ‘‘The result of
this labour consists in the enumeration of more than 400 species, whereof 196 are new,
and in the introduction of 30 new genera besides several . . . which had not yet been
introduced in the North-American Flora.’’ Ewan’s introduction provides background
information on Rafinesque (but little, unfortunately, on Robin) and a listing of new plant
names in the Florula.
Bernard Romans
b. Holland, c. 1720; d. 1784?
Portrait: unknown (see Diamont (515), p. 8)
Handwriting: Phillips (516), Diamont (515, p. 122).
Papers: American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia; British Historical Manuscripts
Commission; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Linnean Society of London; New
York Historical Society; Public Records Office of London.

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Herbarium: lost in shipwreck [see Diamont (515), p. 24].
Summary: Romans was an engineer and cartographer who performed surveys in Florida
under J. W. G. de Brahm. His Concise Natural History of East and West Florida includes
lists of Florida plants.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Elliott 1979 (14)

Desmond 1994 (65) Johnson 1957 (18)
Drake 1876 (12) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
See also Servies and Servies, Bibliography of Florida (27), and especially entries 503 and 513, for
bibliographic information on the often-reprinted works of Romans.
515. Diamant, Lincoln. 1985. Bernard Romans: Forgotten patriot of the American Revolution:
Military engineer and cartographer of West Point and the Hudson Valley. Harrison, New
York: Harbor Hill Books.
A wonderfully readable account of Romans’ life and works, providing abundant factual
information and insights into the personality (kindly summarized by the author as
‘‘difficult’’) of this colorful botanist and cartographer. While it emphasizes his political and
cartographic activities, botany is given fair time, although it is poorly indexed. Pages 19–
25 are especially rich in botanical information, with notes on Romans’ correspondence
with John Ellis (in which he suggests that Ellis assist in funding a botanical garden in
Pensacola) and an excerpt from a letter of Alexander Garden to Ellis in which he gives his
personal (uncomplimentary) evaluation of Romans. A letter from Peter Chester, Governor
of West Florida, mentions ‘‘Mr. Romans’ draughts of flowers, etc. and a specimen of the
jalup which he has lately discovered within the province.’’ The jalup (or jalap), Mirabilis
jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae), was used as a purgative, and Romans petitioned for a royal
monopoly on its export. Bibliographical notes on p. 149–154 are extremely useful.
516. Phillips, Philip Lee. 1924. Notes on the life and works of Bernard Romans. Deland,
Florida: The Florida State Historical Society. Reprinted in facsimile, Gainesville:
University Presses of Florida, 1975, with introduction and index by John D. Ware.
A biographical note (p. 45–51) provides basic information as well as a photograph of
a document written by Romans (a note of debt for two hogsheads of rum). Detailed
descriptions of the ‘‘two whole sheet maps’’ which were intended to accompany the Concise
Natural History (517) are provided on p. 18–23. Reproductions of these maps were also
intended to accompany the release of the present work, but were missing from the copy
here examined. Text of Romans’ ‘‘An attempt towards a short description of West Florida’’
(from his 1772 map) included as an appendix. Ware’s substantial introduction to the
reprint features a biography of Phillips, with notes on his manuscript and changes made
for the published version. A biography of Romans occupies p. xl–lxxxvi of the introduction.
For Romans’ botanical activities, see especially p. liv–lix.
517. Romans, Bernard. 1775. A concise natural history of East and West Florida; containing
an account of the natural produce of all the southern part of British America, in the three
kingdoms of nature, particularly the animal and vegetable. Likewise, the artificial
produce now raised, or possible to be raised, and manufactured there, with some
commercial and political observations in that part of the world; and a chorographical
account of the same. To which is added, by way of appendix, plain and easy directions to
navigators over the bank of Bahama, the coast of the two Floridas, the north of Cuba, and
the dangerous Gulph Passage. Noting also, the hitherto unknown watering places in that
part of America, intended principally for the use of such vessels as may be so unfortunate
as to be distresed by weather in that difficult part of the world. By Captain Bernard
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Romans. Illustrated with twelve copper plates, and two whole sheet maps. Volume 1. [all
published]. New York. Reprinted, New Orleans: Pelican Publishing Co., 1961 and
Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962.
Contains lists of plants organized by habitat type. Uses pre-Linnaean polynomial plant
names with parallel English translations (see p. 15–33). Includes copper plates (only ten of
the twelve promised in the extended title), of which only one (Avena aquatica Sylvestris) is
botanical. This work is meant as a supplement to a huge map of the Floridas, described in
Phillips (516) from the Library of Congress. The map measured 12" 3 7"; Romans referred
to it as ‘‘an ornamental Piece of Furniture,’’ and it is now very rare, if not unique. Paul
Revere was the engraver of the maps. The bulk of the work is devoted to customs of Native
Americans, especially the Choctaws. The introduction to the University of Florida edition,
written by Rembert W. Patrick, provides biographical information, drawn mostly from
Phillips (516) and some notes on Romans’ views on politics and agriculture.
Johann David Schöpf

b. Wunsiedel, Bavaria, 1752; d. Ansbach, Bavaria, 1800.
Herbarium: M, PH.
Eponymy: Schoepfianthus H.G.A. Engler ex E. De Wildeman (Olacaceae), Schoepfiopsis Miers
(Olacaceae), possibly also Schoepfia Schreber (Olacaceae).
Summary: In Germany, Schöpf studied medicine and natural history at the University of
Erlangen and forestry in Prague and Vienna. He came to the United States in 1777 as
physician to a regiment of ‘‘mercenaries’’ from Ansbach, in the pay of the British army. He
traveled throughout eastern North America and produced a two-volume set recounting his
travels (524) as well as a treatise on American materia medica (523).
Barnhart 1917 (30) Brendel 1879 (32)

Goode 1886 (2) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Johnson 1957 (18) Who Was Who in America (24)
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Wilbert 1908 (63)
518. Hoffmann, Fred. 1898. Fragmentary notes from the reports of two early naturalists on
North America. Pharmaceutical Review 16: 260–265, 296–302.
This article gives brief accounts of the travels of both Schöpf and Peter Kalm. The Schöpf
section is drawn from the Travels (524), with page number references to that work.
519. Morrison, Alfred James. 1910. Dr. Johann David Schoepf. German American Annals,
n.s., 8: 255–264.
Thorough biographical sketch with summary and criticism of Schöpf’s Travels (524). No
doubt of more value prior to Morrison’s publication of a complete English translation (see
524).
520. Müller-Jahncke, Wolf-Dieter. Johann David Schoepf (1752–1800); a German physician

as a botanist in North-America. Marburg/Lahn, Germany. [No date given].
Overview of Schöpf’s career, emphasizing his medical writings, including his Materia
medica (523).
521. Peters, Hermann. 1895. Johann David Schöpf—Ein deutscher Naturforscher des vorigen
Jahrhunerts in Nordamerika. Pharmaceutische Rundschau 13: 151–156.
A more complete treatment than Hoffmann’s article, but entirely in German.

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522. Ratzel, Friedrich. 1891. Schöpf, Johann David. In Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 32:
350–352. Leipzig, Germany: Duncker & Humblot, 1875–1912.
Concise but fairly detailed account of Schöpf’s life and travels.
523. Schöpf, Johann David. 1787. Materia medica Americana. Erlangen: Joh. Jac. Palmii.
Reprinted in Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy, and Materia Medica,
no. 6; Reproduction Series no. 3, 1903.
Plants are arranged according to the Linnaean sexual system, with information on
geographic range and medicinal qualities as well as a brief Latin description. The
introduction to the Lloyd Library reprint provides biographical information on Schöpf
with comments on his significance to botany. The Materia Medica Americana is asserted
to be ‘‘the rarest of American works bearing on the subject of our medicinal plants.’’ The
copy at the Lloyd Library may be the only one extant.
524. Schöpf, Johann David. 1788. Reise durch einige der mittlern und südlichen Vereinigten
nordamerikanischen Staaten nach Ost-Florida und den Bahama-Inseln unternommen in
den Jahren 1783 und 1784. Erlangen: Johann Jacob Palm. English translation by A. J.
Morrison published as Travels in the Confederation (1783–1784), Philadelphia, 1911.
Extracts from the Morrison translation printed in Bulletin of the Lloyd Library 16
(Botany Series 2): 1–38 and in Taylor (9). Reprinted in full, New York: Bergman, 1968.
Fascinating account of the author’s North American travels. The second of the two
volumes contains his observations on the Southern states, with observations on the flora,
generally providing Latin names.
525. Standley, Paul C. 1919. A neglected Solidago name. Rhodora 21: 69–70.
Provides a brief biography of Schöpf and notes on his Travels (524) in the context of that
publication’s effect on the nomenclature of a species of goldenrod.
526. Toepffer, Adolph. 1924. Johann David Schöpf: A pioneer of American botanical
exploration. Torreya 24: 57–58.
Brief biographical sketch which also lists some of Schöpf’s collecting locales.
527. Williams, George Huntington. 1894. Johann David Schoepf and his contributions to
North American geology. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 5: 591–593.
Good biographical sketch with a discussion of Schöpf’s works, especially those pertaining
to geology.
Lewis David von Schweinitz

(sometimes ‘‘de Schweinitz’’)
b. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1780; d. Bethlehem, 1834.
Portrait: Johnson (538), Shear and Stevens (562).
Handwriting: Shear (560).
Papers: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; New York Botanical Garden; University
of Michigan; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Herbarium: PH and many others [see Stafleu and Cowan (76)].
Eponymy: Schweinizia Walpers orth. var. of Schweinitzia S. Elliott ex T. Nuttall (Pyrolaceae),
Schweinitzia Greville (Fungi, Hymenogastrales), Schweinitzia Massee (Fungi, Helotiales),
Schweinitziella Spegazzini (Fungi, Dothidiaceae).
Summary: Schweinitz is best known as the father of North American mycology, but also
published on liverworts and the difficult angiosperm genera Viola and Carex. From 1812 to
1821 he was head of the Moravian school at Salem, North Carolina (his great-grandfather
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was Nicholas Lewis Count Zinzendorf, who founded the Moravian sect). While in North
Carolina, he assembled a considerable herbarium (vascular and cryptogamic), sharing
specimens with Stephen Elliott.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Hooker 1825 (43)

Barnhart 1909 (29) Humphrey 1961 (44)
Clokie 1964 (33) LeConte 1826 (400)
Elliott 1979 (14) Pennell 1935 (51)
Ewan 1969 (39) Pennell 1950 (52)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Graustein 1967 (472) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Harshberger 1899 (42) Wilbert 1908 (63)
528. Anon. 1834. Obituary.—‘‘Died at Bethlehem, Pa., (the place of his birth) early in
February last, the Rev. Lewis D. De Schweinitz . . .’’ American Journal of Science and
Arts 26: 218.
Brief obituary notice with a partial listing of works.
529. Anon. 1886. A sketch of the life and scientific work of Lewis David von Schweinitz.
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 3: 9–26.
Discusses Schweinitz’s great-grandfather, Count Zinzendorf, who was founder of the
Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian Brothers. Thorough biography with tabular listing of
published works ‘‘arranged by Mr. Johnson,’’ and some information on manuscripts,
including a three-volume Synopsis Fungorum Americanum qui Ludovicus David de
Schweinitz innotuere, secundum systema Fries, then in the possession of one of
Schweinitz’s sons.
530. Arthur, Joseph Charles. 1883. The interpretation of Schweinitzian and other early
descriptions. American Naturalist 17: 77–78.
Examines some apparent discrepancies between Schweinitz’s written descriptions and his
actual specimens in light of the poor quality of Schweinitz’s microscope.
531. Arthur, Joseph Charles. and Guy Richard Bisby. 1918. An annotated translation of the
part of Schweinitz’s two papers giving the rusts of North America. Proceedings of the
Philosophical Society of America 57: 173–292.
Descriptions of North American rusts translated from Schweinitz’s Synopsis Fungorum
Carolinae Superioris (552) and Synopsis Fungorum Americae Boreali (558), and annotated
with comments based on study of Schweinitz’s herbarium. Discusses the state of fungal
taxonomy prior to Schweinitz and speculates about the books he may have owned and the
conditions under which he worked.
* 532. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1934. Botanical correspondents of Schweinitz. Bartonia 16:
19–36.
Brief biographical sketches of both European and American botanists who corresponded
with Schweinitz.
533. Benedict, Don M. 1934. Lewis David von Schweinitz, the mycologist. Bartonia 16:
12–14.

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Very brief article with some observations on Schweinitz’s first published work, Conspectus
Fungorum in Lusatiae Superioris agro Niskiensi Crescentium (Leipzig, 1805), and
a review of Arthur and Bisby’s observations on the Schweinitz fungal herbarium.
534. Benedict, Don M. 1934. Schweinitz’s botanical library. Bartonia 16: 14–19.
This paper goes a long way toward answering the questions about Schweinitz’s library
raised by Arthur and Bisby (531). Details the history of Schweinitz’s library, listing
ninety-one books and their locations if known.
535. Berkeley, Miles Joseph and Moses Ashley Curtis. 1856. A commentary on the Synopsis
Fungorum in America Boreali Media Degentium, by L. D. de Schweinitz. Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2nd series, 3: 205–224.
Analysis of specimens from Schweinitz’s collections in the Sir William Hooker Herbarium
at Kew and in the personal collections of John Torrey.
536. Bynum, Flora Ann L. 1975. Lewis David von Schweinitz: Father of American mycology.
In The three forks of Muddy Creek, edited by F. Griffin, Volume 2. Winston-Salem, North
Carolina.
General account of Schweinitz’s life and works. Seems to be largely drawn from the 1934
articles in Bartonia (532–534, 544, 545, 549). Black and white reproductions of plates from
Conspectus Fungorum Lusatiae, drawn and engraved by Schweinitz.
537. Fries, Adelaide Lisetta. 1947. Reverend Lewis David de Schweinitz (editorial sketch). In
her Records of the Moravians in North Carolina 7: 3569–3572.
General sketch, with notes on the Schweinitz materials at the Salem Moravian Archive.
538. Johnson, Walter Rogers. 1835. A memoir of the late Lewis David von Schweinitz, P.D.,
with a sketch of his scientific labors. Philadelphia: W. P. Gibbons.
Excellent biography and the source for most subsequent accounts. Rather florid in style:
‘‘He seems to have been, in truth, a very child of Flora, and with the vernal breath of that
divinity to have inhaled all the benign influences with the beauty, simplicity and grandeur
of Nature’s truth are every where fitted to inspire.’’ Many comments on Schweinitz’s
personality: ‘‘Humour, wit, anecdote and repartee were always at his command,’’ but,
‘‘unlike most persons of German descent . . . he was entirely insensible to the charms of
music.’’ Appendix with a listing of Schweinitz’s publications and a table listing the
numbers of genera and species, new and previously described, for each paper.
539. Kellerman, W. A. 1886. Sketch of De Schweinitz. Journal of Mycology 2: 31–34.

Based almost entirely on Johnson (538).
540. Lehman, E. A. 1904. Sketch of Rev. Lewis David de Schweinitz. The Wachovia Moravian
13 (142): 4–6.
‘‘Read before the Annual Meeting of the Wachovia Historical Society, Oct. 27, 1904.’’
Comments on the great age of Schweinitz’s family, ‘‘which easily runs back to 1300.’’ A
nostalgic, regional account with little scientific detail.
541. McVaugh, Rogers, Michael R. McVaugh, and Mary Ayers. 1996. Chapel Hill and Elisha
Mitchell the botanist. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The Botanical Garden Foundation.
See ‘‘Mitchell and Schweinitz,’’ p. 6–9. Discusses the importance of Schweinitz as
a botanical mentor to Mitchell and reproduces excerpts from their correspondence and
entries from Mitchell’s field notes which refer to Schweinitz.
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542. Morgan, Andrew Price. 1884. Some North American botanists. IX. Lewis David de
Schweinitz. Botanical Gazette 9: 17–19.
Very cursory account of Schweinitz’s life with some inaccuracies.
543. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1931. Gift of Schweinitz record books. Bartonia 13: 50–52.
Recounts the donation of some Schweinitz manuscripts to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia by Mr. Eugene A. Rau of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The papers
include a list of correspondents, an undated ‘‘list of American fungi in my collection,’’
a Flora Nazaretheana by Kramsch, and a Flora Salemitana covering Stokes, Surry,
Guilford, Rockingham, and Rowan Counties, North Carolina, by Schweinitz.
544. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1934. The botanist Schweinitz and his herbarium. Bartonia
16: 1–8.
Largely drawn from Johnson (538), but notes that the ‘‘partial flora of Nazareth and its
vicinity,’’ which Johnson attributes to Schweinitz, is probably by Kramsch.
545. Pennell, Francis Whittier. 1937. More unpublished works of Schweinitz. Bartonia 19: 49.
Account of the discovery of Schweinitz’s herbarium catalog and the manuscript Synopsis
Plantarum Americanum at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
546. Rogers, Donald P. 1944. On the dates of publication of Schweinitz’s Synopses. Mycologia
36: 526–531.
Uses bibliographic and historical arguments to establish a date of the latter half of 1822
for the publication date of Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae Superioris (552). Also cautions
against the frequently misquoted date of 1834 for Synopsis Fungorum Americae Boreali
(558).
547. Rogers, Donald P. 1977. L. D. de Schweinitz and early American mycology. Mycologia 69:
223–245.
One of the most substantial recent sources on Schweinitz. Mentions Samuel Kramsch as
a teacher of Schweinitz. A manuscript Flora Nazaretheana (referring to Nazareth,
Pennsylvania) by Kramsch was found in Schweinitz’s papers. Rogers quotes church
records regarding botanical trips taken with both Kramsch and Elisha Mitchell in North
Carolina. The paper ends with some important bibliographic observations about
Schweinitz’s mycological works.
548. Sayre, Geneva. 1975. Schweinitz, Lewis David von (1780–1834). ‘‘de Schweinitz.’’ In her
Cryptogamic exsiccatae—an annotated bibliography of exsiccatae of algae, lichens,
hepaticae, and musci. V. Unpublished exsiccatae. Memoirs of the New York Botanical
Garden 19(3): 277–423.
Notes on Schweinitz’s cryptogamic collections, including a volume of southeastern
hepaticae annotated by W. S. Sullivant and housed in the Farlow Herbarium at Harvard.
549. Schallert, P. O. 1934. Schweinitz’ collecting-ground in North Carolina. Bartonia 16: 8–

12.
Provides current data on the localities where Schweinitz collected in the area of Salem.
Also lists botanists who have collected in that area after Schweinitz.
550. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1821. Specimen florae Americae Septentrionalis cryptoga-
micae sistens: Muscos hepaticos huc usque in Am. Sept. observatos. Raleigh, North
Carolina: printed by J. Gales.
English preface by the author notes the lack of work in cryptogamic botany done in the
United States and solicits specimens for his collection. This preface also lists books which

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he consulted during the preparation of the present work, giving clues to the composition of
his library. Seven genera of liverworts are listed with their ‘‘essential characters’’ on p. 6
and the body of the work lists 76 species, 37 of them new to science. Latin descriptions
with English notes and discussion.
551. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1822. Attempt of a monography of the Linnean genus Viola,
comprising all the species hitherto observed in North-America. American Journal of
Science 5: 48–81.
A noble attempt to elucidate a difficult genus. Notes the variability of species, especially V.
palmata, and credits John LeConte with introducing him to V. striata. Ends with
a synoptic table of thirty species with brief Latin descriptions.
552. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1822. Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris, secundum
observationes Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesell-
schaft zu Leipzig 1: 20–132. Reprinted, Vaduz, Germany: J. Cramer, 1976 as Bibliotheca
Mycologica Bd. 49, edited by D. F. Schwaegrichen.
Listing of genera and species of fungi found in North Carolina with brief notes on
frequency and habitat. Latin throughout, with two plates of illustrations.
553. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1823. On two remarkable hepatic mosses found in North
Carolina. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 361–370.
Descriptions of Sphaerocarpus terrestris and Targonia (nov. gen. Carpobolus) orbicularis.
Latin descriptions with extensive discussion in English. Engravings by the author.
554. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1824. An analytical table to facilitate the determination of
the hitherto observed North American species of the genus Carex. Annals of the Lyceum
of Natural History of New York 1: 62–71.
Essentially a dichotomous key to the American species of Carex (Cyperaceae). ‘‘The object
of the annexed table is to enable botanists to ascertain readily if any American species of
Carex, which they wish to determine, has been described or not.’’
555. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1825. A monograph of the North American species of Carex.
Edited by John Torrey. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 1: 283–373.
Describes 113 species of Carex and recounts the history of American treatments of Carex
through Nuttall.
556. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1825. Description of a number of new American species of
Sphaeriae. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 5: 3–17.
‘‘Supplementary to my Synopsis of Carolinian Fungi’’ (552). Describes twenty new species.
557. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1832. Remarks on the plants of Europe which here become
naturalized in a more or less degree, in the United States. Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History of New York 3: 148–155.
A listing of introduced species classed by the degree of their introduction (‘‘generally
naturalized,’’ ‘‘partially spread,’’ and ‘‘introduced only in the vicinity in which they are or
were cultivated’’). In many cases he gives his own observations on the plant’s spread.
Regarding Lamium amplexicaule, for instance, he notes that ‘‘in Carolina I traced its
spread onward for more than fifty miles in ten years.’’ An important early contribution to
plant geography.
558. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. 1832. Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media
degentium. Secundum observationes Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz. Transactions of
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the American Philosophical Society, new series, 4: 141–318. Reprinted, Codicote,
Hertsfordshire: Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd. & Hafner Publishing Co., 1962. Gives original
date as ‘‘1834.’’
Schweinitz’s final publication and magnum opus. Lists 3098 species of fungi, of which
Schweinitz himself had discovered 1203. This latter group is listed on p. 309–318: ‘‘Index et
specierum a me primum in America detectarum.’’ The work is primarily a list of fungi,
although sometimes limited geographical data is given.
559. Shear, Cornelius Lott. 1902. Lewis David von Schweinitz. A biographical sketch. Plant
World 5: 45–47.
Brief biography with list of published works. One of the rather few sources that mentions
Kramsch in relation to Schweinitz’s early botanical interests, which were ‘‘increased and
developed under the direction of Mr. Kramtch [sic].’’
560. Shear, Cornelius Lott. 1949. Schweinitz-Fries letters. Mycologia 41: 456–461.
Transcribes a letter from Schweinitz to Elias Fries and Fries’ reply. These are transcribed
in the original languages (German and Latin, respectively) and in English translation.
Photographs show the opening and closing of both letters.
561. Shear, Cornelius Lott. and Neil E. Stevens. 1917. Studies of the Schweinitz collections of
fungi. Mycologia 9: 191–204, 333–344.
A good summary of the early biographical sources. Two photographs of Schweinitz’s
microscope on leaves following p. 204. Information on some Schweinitz manuscripts,
including a flora of Salem, North Carolina, dated 1821 and an index to his herbarium of
1822.
* 562. Shear, Cornelius Lott. and Neil E. Stevens, eds. 1921. The correspondence of Schweinitz
and Torrey. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 16: 119–300.
Transcribes all known letters (seventy-one) between Schweinitz and Torrey, dating from
1819–1833 and touching on many botanical matters (especially sedges and cryptogams)
and on many prominent contemporary botanists. The editors have provided a bibliography
of works cited in the letters and biographical notices of persons mentioned.
563. Stuckey, Ronald L. 1979. Type specimens of flowering plants from eastern North
America in the herbarium of Lewis David von Schweinitz. Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 131: 9–51.
‘‘An annotated catalog of 185 specimens that represent possible types of phanerogams
described from eastern North America by Schweinitz or his contemporaries.’’ Many of
these types represent southern plants, including several Viola and Carex species.
Biographical sketch and overview of career on pp. 10–13. Footnotes on p. 10 address the
spelling of Schweinitz’s name (‘‘de’’ versus ‘‘von’’) and the place of his burial, with
a transcription of the epitaph. Photographs of two sheets of Viola specimens collected and
mounted by Schweinitz.
564. [Youmans, William Jay]. 1894. Sketch of L.D. von Schweinitz. Popular Science Monthly
44: 833–840. Reprinted in his Pioneers of Science in America, 167–176. New York: D.
Appleton & Company, 1896.
Thorough treatment of Schweinitz’s ancestry, life, and works, with notes on Schweinitz’s
sons and on his personality and health.

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John Linnaeus Edwards Whitridge Shecut
b. Beaufort, South Carolina, 1770; d. Charleston, South Carolina, 1836.
Portrait: Waring (569), p. 239.
Eponymy: Shecutia Nieuwland (Fungi, Sphaeropsidales).
Summary: Shecut was a physician in Charleston, South Carolina, and was prominent in the
civic life of that city. Along with Stephen Elliott, he helped to found the Literary and
Philosophical Society of South Carolina. He published a single volume of a proposed multi-
volume Flora Carolinaeensis and many works on issues of public health in South Carolina,
especially the yellow fever. He was interested in medical applications of electricity and was
also the author of two novels.
Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Gee 1918 (41)

Barnhart 1917 (30) Gifford 1975 (1)
Darlington 1843 (111) Kelly & Burrage 1928 (19)
Elliott 1979 (14) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
See also Ewan (381), for notes on the reception of Shecut’s Flora (567), including Thomas
Jefferson’s opinions. Ewan also comments on a possible falling out between Elliott and Shecut,
based on the former’s failure to reference the Flora in his Sketch (324).
565. Gordan, John D. 1964. Doctors as men of letters: English and American writers of
medical background. An exhibition in the Berg Collection. New York Public Library
Bulletin 68: 574–601.
Lists authors in the Berg Collection of works by writers who had received medical
training. See p. 582 for the entry on Shecut, whose novel Ish-noo-ju-lut-sche: or The Eagle
of the Mohawks, is in the Collection. Erroneously states that Shecut came to America as
a child.
566. Nieuwland, J. A. 1916. Critical notes on new and old genera of plants.—VIII. American
Midland Naturalist 4: 379–386.
Proposes the name Shecutia as a replacement for Libertiella Speg. & Roum, ‘‘in honor of
John Shecut a botanist who wrote a flora of the Carolinas.’’
567. Shecut, John Linnaeus Edwards Whitridge. 1806. Flora Carolinaeensis, or a historical,
medical, and economical display of the vegetable kingdom; according to the Linnaean, or
sexual system of botany. Volume 1. [all published]. Charleston, South Carolina: John
Hoff, printer.
The most unusual feature of this flora is the amount of space devoted to explanatory
material. Fourteen introductory chapters contain descriptions of the Linnaean classes and
orders, topically arranged glossaries of terms, a classification of plants by medicinal use,
and even a poem ‘‘A View of the American Forest in Autumn,’’ by the author, who was
known for his literary as well as his scientific skills. [The poem and a portion of the
introduction are reprinted in Taylor (9).] The remainder of the work presents a dictionary-
style alphabetical list of plants, with common names and their Linnaean classification.
Features plates which illustrate the floral characteristics of the Linnaean classes and the
various types of leaves.
568. Shecut, John Linnaeus Edwards Whitridge. 1819. Medical and philosophical essays.
Charleston, South Carolina: A. E. Miller.
Mostly devoted to yellow fever and its possible relationship to ‘‘the electric fluid.’’ The first
essay, ‘‘Topographical, historical and other sketches of the City of Charleston, from its
first settlement to the present period,’’ contains background information about the
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development of Charleston and some information on the city’s early gardeners. An excerpt
from this work is printed in Taylor (9).
569. Waring, Joseph Ioor. 1964. John Lewis [sic] Edward [sic] Whitridge Shecut. In his A
History of medicine in South Carolina, 1670–1825, 303–310. Columbia: South Carolina
Medical Association.
One of the most extensive sources on Shecut, quoting from many of his unpublished letters
and his Medical and Philosophical Essays, but, strangely, not citing the article by Willis
(570). Discusses not only Shecut’s medical and botanical activities, but also his literary
and theological writings.
570. Willis, E. 1906. John Linnaeus Edwards Whitridge Shecut. Bulletin of the Charleston
Museum 2(4): 27–32.
Provides basic biographical information, but is largely concerned with Shecut’s role in the
history of the Charleston Museum (via the Antiquarian Society of Charleston, later the
Literary & Philosophical Society of South Carolina, which he founded; see also Stephen
Elliott). Reproduces a long passage from Shecut’s Medical and Philosophical Essays (568)
on the state of the Society and its natural history collections.
William Strachey
b. Lesnes, England, 1572; d. Camberwell, England, 1621.
Summary: Strachey came to the New World as part of a relief expedition to Jamestown,
Virginia. He reached the colony in 1610 after a harrowing shipwreck, his account of which
is supposed to have been the inspiration for the shipwreck in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.
His observations on Virginia were published long after his death as The Historie of Travaile
into Virginia Britannia (572).

Drake 1876 (12) Stearns 1970 (8)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15)
571. Culliford, S. G. 1965. William Strachey, 1572–1621. Charlottesville: University Press of

Virginia.
Examines the connections between Strachey and some of the literary personages of his
age, including Shakespeare and John Donne. Notes that Strachey’s Historie (572) is
essentially a compilation, largely drawn from the accounts of José de Acosta and Richard
Willes. No discussion of Strachey as a scientific observer.
572. Strachey, William. 1849. The historie of travaile into Virginia Britannia: Expressing the
cosmographie and comodities of the country, togither with the manners and customes of
the people. Gathered and observed as well by those who went first thither as collected by
William Strachey. Edited by R. H. Major. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society.
Based on the manuscript from the British Museum. Chapter X presents a general
description of the economic resources of the New World, similar in many ways to Harriot’s
Briefe and True Report (371). Editorial footnotes provide Latin plant names when it is
possible to determine what plant is being described. The remaining chapters are devoted
to the Indians.
John Tradescant, the Younger

b. Meopham, Kent, England, 1608.; d. Lambeth, 1662.
Portrait: Allan (573), Leith-Ross (575).

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Herbarium: OXF.
Eponymy: Tradescanta Cothenius orth. var. of Tradescantia L. (Commelinaceae), Trades-
cantella J. K. Small (Commelinaceae).
Summary: John Tradescant the Younger continued the work of his father, both in gardening
and in collecting curiosities for ‘‘Tradescant’s ark,’’ later the Ashmolean Museum. He
traveled to Virginia c. 1637 and possibly again in 1642, but left little information about his
travels there.
Barnhart 1965 (64) Gillispie 1970 (16)

Crowley 1976 (34) Goode 1886 (2)
Desmond 1994 (65) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Dict. National Biography (11) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Ewan 1969 (39) Stearns 1970 (8)
573. Allan, Mea. 1964. The Tradescants, their plants, gardens and museum, 1570–1662.
London: Michael Joseph.
The first and arguably the best scholarly treatment of the Tradescants. Slight emphasis on
John Tradescant the Elder; material pertaining to John the Younger is concentrated on p.
163–199. Musaeum Tradescantianum (577) is reproduced as Appendix II. Portrait by
Emanuel de Critz opposite p. 128.
574. Grierson, Mary. 1988. An English florilegium: Flowers, trees, shrubs, fruits, herbs: The
Tradescant legacy. Introduction by William T. Stearn and notes on the plates by
Christopher Brickell. New York: Abbeville Press.
This beautiful book is a pictorial tribute to the plants introduced into English gardens by
the Tradescants. While its interest is primarily artistic and horticultural, Stearn’s
introduction provides some historical information on John Tradescant fils. See also the
notes accompanying the plates for such American plants as Liriodendron tulipifera and
Robinia pseudo-acacia.
575. Leith-Ross, Prudence. 1984. The John Tradescants; gardeners to the rose and lily queen.
London: Peter Owen.
This work provides portraits of both Tradescants and a genealogy. Discussion of the
younger John Tradescant begins in Chapter 9, ‘‘A Burial and a Marriage.’’ Chapter 18,
‘‘The Tradescants’ Plant Introductions,’’ includes many plants from Virginia. Appendix I,
‘‘List of Plants Received by John Tradescant 1629–1633’’ and Appendix II, ‘‘Plantarum in
Horto Iohannes Tradescanti nascentium Catalogus,’’ both list American plants with their
modern scientific names. Appendix III consists of a facsimile reprint of Musaeum
Tradescantianum (577), also with modern names added.
576. MacGregor, Arthur. 1983. The Tradescants: Gardeners and botanists. In his Trades-
cant’s rarities: essays on the foundation of the Ashmolean Museum, 1683, with
a catalogue of the surviving early collections, p. 3–16. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford
University Press.
Discussion of John Tradescant the younger begins on p. 11. Lists North American plants
from the Trandescants’ 1656 catalog as well as some other European introductions
credited to the Tradescants. Describes the Tradescant memorial at St. Mary at Lambeth.
577. Tradescant, John. 1656. Musaeum Tradescantianum, or a collection of rarities preserved

at South-Lambeth neer London. London: John Grismond.
A catalog of the Tradescant’s natural history collections. Section XV, ‘‘Catalogus
Plantarum in Horto Johannis Tredescanti [sic], nascentium,’’ lists the plants cultivated
in their garden. Reproduced in both Allan (573) and MacGregor (576).
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578. Welch, Martin. 1978. The Tradescants and the foundation of the Ashmolean Museum.
Oxford: Ashmolean Museum & Museum of the History of Science.
Mostly concerns the founding of the Museum, with brief mention of John the Younger’s
trips to Virginia.
Thomas Walter
b. Hampshire, England, c. 1740; d. St. Johns, South Carolina, 1789.
Portrait: Rembert (586).
Handwriting: Ewan (582).
Papers: The Natural History Museum; Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew.
Herbarium: BM, CHARL.
Eponyms: Walteriana Fraser (Cyrillaceae).
Summary: Walter is an unusual figure in Southern botany due to the relative isolation in
which he worked and the small area upon which he focussed his energy. He established
a plantation on the Santee River in South Carolina and remained there essentially his
entire life, producing a Latin Flora Caroliniana (590) which described the plants from his
own herbarium and from the collections of his friend John Fraser. Fraser published the
flora in England without Walter’s knowledge.
Anon. 1821 (28) Darlington 1843 (111)

Barnhart 1909 (29) Desmond 1994 (65)
Barnhart 1917 (30) Drake 1876 (12)
Bragg 1910 (67) Elliott 1979 (14)
Brendel 1879 (32) Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499)
Fraser 1789 (337) Pennell 1935 (51)
Garraty & Carnes 1999 (15) Rafinesque 1818 (330)
Gee 1918 (41) Rogers & Saunders 1984 (58)
Goode 1886 (2) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Graustein 1967 (472) Stearns 1970 (8)
Hooker 1825 (43) Sterling et al. 1997 (22)
Johnson 1957 (18) Totten 1956 (62)
Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47) Who Was Who in America (24)
579. Brainerd, Ezra. 1907. A visit to the grave of Thomas Walter. Bulletin of the Charleston
Museum 3: 33–37.
Describes the condition of Walter’s grave site and supplies the epitaph.
580. Britten, James. 1921. Thomas Walter (1740?-88) and his grass. Journal of Botany 59:
69–74.
Brief history of Walter’s herbarium with notes on Walter’s friendship with John Fraser.
581. Coker, William Chambers. 1910. A visit to the grave of Thomas Walter. Journal of the
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 26:31–42.
Vivid description of a visit to Walter’s old home and grave-site. Gives a transcription of the
grave marker and floristic comments about the site.
582. Ewan, Joseph. 1979. Addenda on Thomas Walter (c. 1740–1789). Taxon 28: 345–346.
Brief report and photocopy of a letter written by Walter, being the only known sample of
his handwriting.

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583. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon and Bernice G. Schubert. 1948. Studies of American types
in British herbaria, Part IV. Some species of Thomas Walter. Rhodora 50: 190–208,
217–229.
A history of Walter’s herbarium folio and how it came to reside at the British Museum.
Discusses confusion regarding labels and some apparently missing specimens.
584. Hitchcock, Albert Spear. 1905. The identification of Walter’s grasses. Sixteenth Annual
Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 31–56.
A thorough analysis of the grasses in Walter’s Flora (590) and his herbarium. Lists thirty
grasses with discussion ‘‘considering the specimens in his herbarium, the descriptions,
which are often meager, and tradition as shown by the disposition made of his species by
Michaux, Pursh, and Elliott.’’
585. Maxon, William Ralph. 1936. Thomas Walter, botanist. Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections 95(8).
Short article written to clear up some misconceptions about Walter, such as past errors
regarding the number of his marriages and his date of death. Good bibliography on
Walter, ‘‘believed to be nearly complete.’’
586. Rembert, David Hopkins. 1980. Thomas Walter, Carolina botanist. South Carolina
Museum Commission. Museum Bulletin No. 5. Columbia: Department of Biology,
University of South Carolina.
Detailed information on Walter’s grave and those who have visited it. Also an English
translation of the preface to Flora Caroliniana (590). Provides a portrait of Walter,
a photograph and map of the gravesite, as well as photos of some Walter type specimens.
Lists plants first described by Walter and those that have been named for him.
587. Rembert, David Hopkins. 1986. Index to Walter’s Flora Caroliniana (1788). Huntia 6:
129–140.
An alphabetical index to the genera and species of Walter’s Flora (590). The introductory
matter discusses Fraser’s relations with Walter and the history of Walter’s herbarium.
588. Small, John Kunkel. 1935. Thomas Walter’s botanical garden. Journal of the New York
Botanical Garden 36: 166–167.
Brief note on the locale of Walter’s botanical garden, reporting plants observed and
remarking on the condition of Walter’s grave. Doubly interesting because of Small’s own
close association with the Southeastern flora.
589. Thomas, John Peyre. 1946. Thomas Walter, botanist. Columbia: Historical Commission
of South Carolina.
Short, informative biography with notes on those who have published accounts of visits to
Walter’s grave.
590. Walter, Thomas. 1788. Flora Caroliniana : Secundum systema vegetabilium perillustris
Linnaei digesta; characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum
emendationibus numerosis; descriptionum antea evulgatarum; adumbrationes stirpium
plus mille continens; necnon, generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq.
ornata. London: J. Fraser. Reprinted in facsimile, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Murray
Printing Company for the Arnold Arboretum, 1946.
First American regional flora using the binomial system of nomenclature. Published
by Fraser without Walter’s knowledge. See Rembert (586) or Taylor (9) for an English
translation of the preface.
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591. Ward, Daniel B. 1962. The first record of the Fraser Fir. Castanea 27: 78–79.
Suggests that the poorly-described Pinus Cedrus Walter may represent the first
description of Abies fraseri. Walter may have written this description based on specimens
collected by Fraser.
592. Ward, Daniel B. 1962. The genus Anonymos and its nomenclatural survivors. Rhodora
64: 87–92.
Discusses the thorny nomenclatural problem created by Walter’s habit of describing
species for which there was no appropriate genus as members of the provisional genus
Anonymos, rather than supplying them with a full binomial. The epithets thus published
were declared illegitimate by the VIIth International Botanical Congress. Twenty-four
such epithets are listed and tentatively identified.
593. Wilbur, Robert L. 1962. The identity of Walter’s species of Anonymos. Journal of the
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 78: 125–132.
A second, apparently simultaneous, paper on the same subject as Ward (592). Lists, by
Linnaean class and order, the proper names and synonyms of some of the species treated
by Walter under Anonymos.
Charles Whitlaw
(sometimes Whitlow)
b. East Lothian, Scotland, 1776; d. 1829.
Herbarium: DBN.
Summary: Very little is known about Charles Whitlaw. He seems to have been a traveling
seller of medicines and is mentioned by Nuttall in connection with some plants from ‘‘Upper
Canada.’’ Nuttall unsuccessfully nominated him for membership in the Linnean Society
of London. In a letter to Darlington, William Baldwin comments, ‘‘I have heard of
Mr. WHITLOW through the medium of LE CONTE and NUTTALL;—not as a very great scientific
character,—but as pretty much of an imp**r’’ [Darlington (111), p. 206].
Darlington 1843 (111) Ewan in Elliott 1971 (324)

Desmond 1994 (65) Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477)
Ewan in Pursh 1979 (499) Mears 1978 (48)
Graustein 1967, 92–93 (472) Rafinesque 1836 (53)
Landreth 1858 (412) Wilbert 1908 (63)
594. Whitlaw, Charles. 1829. Whitlaw’s new medical discoveries, with a defense of the
Linnaean doctrine, and a translation of his Vegetable Materia Medica, which now first
appears in an English dress. 2 Volumes. London: the author.
A treatise written to espouse the use of vegetable medicines over such poisonous
‘‘minerals’’ as mercury. Includes some autobiographical information, much of which seems
very doubtful.
Hannah English Williams

d. Charleston, South Carolina, 1722.
Summary: Madame Williams was yet another of the many collectors in the Charleston area in
the employ of Sir James Petiver. She sent him specimens botanical, zoological, and
anthropological, and may also have served him by selling some of his medical preparations
in Charleston.

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Stearns 1970 (8)
Webber 1920 (408)
595. Smith, Beatrice Scheer. 1986. Hannah English Williams: America’s first woman natural
history collector. South Carolina Historical Magazine 87: 83–92.
This article reviews the correspondence between Williams and James Petiver, the London
apothecary to whom she sent her finds. Transcribes in full the only extant letter written by
Williams, in which she states that she is sending more snakes, scorpions, and insects, but
can send no plants due to the shortage of paper.
Thomas Jarram (or Jefferson) Wray

b. Williamsburg, Virginia, 1781; d. Augusta, Georgia, 1851.
Herbarium: PH, K.
Portrait: Rogers et al. (597).
Summary: Wray was a physician in Augusta, Georgia who provided specimens to both Elliott
and Nuttall and ‘‘agreeable company’’ to the latter.

Darlington 1843 (111) Lanjouw & Stafleu 1954 (47)
Ewan in Nuttall 1971 (477) Waring 1964 (10)
See also Nuttall (218), where Nuttall describes Coreopsis Wrayi. ‘‘I have dedicated this species
thus slightly to commemorate the eminent services rendered by my friend Doctor T. J. Wray, of
Augusta, to the cause of botanical science and floriculture’’ (p. 76).
596. Hooker, William Jackson. 1831. Trillium discolor. Green-flowered Trillium. Curtis’s
Botanical Magazine, n.s., 5: 3096–3098.
The species is described from a specimen sent in ‘‘a box of rare plants, packed in
Sphagnum, from Augusta, in Georgia, communicated by our valued correspondent, Dr.
Wray, of Augusta, the intimate friend of the late Stephen Elliott, Esq.’’
597. Rogers, George A., Beverly H. Frierson, Carolyn J. Winberry, and Cynthia Aulbach-
Smith. 1987. Dr. Thomas Jarram Wray (1781–1851): Pioneer botanist of Augusta,
Georgia. Georgia Historical Quarterly 71(1): 73–94.
Well-documented biographical sketch of Wray which draws abundantly from unpublished
journals in the possession of Wray’s descendents. Mentions associations with the
LeContes, Elliott, and Baldwin, as well as listing many other friends and correspondents.
William Young, Jr
(sometimes ‘‘Yong’’)
b. Hesse, Germany, 1742; d. Gunpowder Creek, Pennsylvania, 1785.
Herbarium: BM.
Eponymy: A Yuongsonia is mentioned in Marshall’s Arbustrum Americanum [Philadelphia: J.
Crukshank, 1785] and Young himself mentions a Yongsonia, which he attributes to
Linnaeus. Neither of these names appears in Index Kewensis, the Gray Herbarium Index, or
Index Nominum Genericorum. These names apparently refer to Dionaea muscipula. See
Britten (598).
DECEMBER 2002 117

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Summary: Young appears to have had little training in botany, but assembled a small volume
listing American plants. Appointed Botanist to the King and Queen in 1764, although more
as a result of self-promotion than skill.

Darlington 1849 (159) Stafleu & Cowan (76)
Desmond 1994 (65) Stearns 1970 (8)
598. Britten, James. 1894. Bibliographic notes VII. –William Young and his work. Journal of
Botany 32: 332–337.
Describes two manuscript volumes in the British Museum: one volume of color drawings of
plants and a second volume of specimens numbered to correspond to the first. The title of
the former: A natural history of plants containing the production of North and South
Carolina of upwards of three-hundred different species which have been carefully collected.
Drawn and coloured from life in the year 1767. ‘‘The impression derived from the above
material is that of an uneducated vain self-asserting man; and the few printed records we
have of Young confirm this estimate of his character.’’
599. Harshberger, John William. 1917. William Young, Jr. of Philadelphia, Queen’s Botanist.
Torreya 17: 91–99.
Incorporates findings of the Rhodes book (602) with novel research to give a fairly
complete biographical sketch of this little-known botanist.
600. Tucker, Ethelyn Maria. 1930. Young. ‘‘Botaniste de Pensylvanie.’’ Journal of the Arnold
Arboretum 11: 59–60.
Announces the acquisition by the Arnold Arboretum Library of an ‘‘almost unique copy’’
of Young’s work, in fact the copy which Samuel N. Rhodes [see Young (602)] discovered
in Scotland. Notes a reference in Marshall’s Arbustrum Americanum (Philadelphia:
J. Crukshank, 1785) to Young’s work.
601. Young, William Jr. 1783. Catalogue d’arbres, arbustes et plantes herbaceés d’Amerique.
Par M. Yong, botaniste de Pensylvanie. Ce catalogue est divise´ en deux parties; la
premiere contient les Plantes que M. Yong peut fournir aux Europeéns, soit en graines,
soit en plantes. En seconde contient celles qu’on ne pourra se procurer, qu’en les
demandant dans d’autres Provinces. Paris: l’Imprimerie de la Ve. Hérissant, Imprimeur
de Cabinet du Roi, Maison & Bâtiments de Sa Majesté.
An extremely rare work which was generally overlooked until its rediscovery in 1916 by
Samuel N. Rhodes.
602. Young, William Jr. 1916. Botanica neglecta: William Young Jr. (of Philadelphia)
‘‘botaniste de Pensylvanie’’ and his long-forgotten book, being a facsimile reprint of his
Catalogue d’Arbres, Arbustes et Plantes Herbacees d’Amerique published in Paris in
1783 with prefatory account of the author and critical notes by the editor Samuel N.
Rhodes. Philadelphia: the editor.
The editor, who discovered this text bound in with a copy of Marshall’s Arbustrum
Americanum (Philadelphia: J. Crukshank, 1785), believed this to be ‘‘the earliest
published book, written by an American Botanist and devoted exclusively to American
botany, horticulture, and floriculture,’’ as it preceded Marshall by two years. As it turns
out, Young (or Yong) was German, spoiling this claim. Not a true flora, but a list of
American plants with their basic horticultural characteristics, often just size and soil
preferences.

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INDEX
A. and G. Way (printers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A. E. Miller (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Abbeville Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Abbot, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80–106
Abbot, Reverend Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Abies fraseri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
L’Academie Royale des Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 51, 52, 117, 218, 473, 543, 545
Acanthaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Acosta, José de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Adams, P. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Adams, Randolph G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Adicks, R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Agan, Joseph Eugene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Agricultural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Agrostis Cornucopiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Aiton, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Akerly, Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Alauda (journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
alchemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222, 223
Alexander, Sally Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Alexander Turnbull Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 104
Alfred A. Knopf (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Allan, Mea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 577
Alleghany Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355, 423, 448
Allen, D. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Allen, Elsa G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 81, 243
alligators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Almeida, Francisco de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282, 289
Alston, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Altamaha Grit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Amaryllidaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
American Antiquarian Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 295
American Botanist Booksellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
American Catholic Historical Researches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
American Fern Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 432
American Historical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
American Journal of Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 387
American Journal of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 113, 326, 340, 435, 444, 551
American Journal of Science and Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 443, 528
American Midland Naturalist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393, 452, 566
American Monthly Magazine & Critical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 481
American Naturalist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 530
American Pharmaceutical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
American Philosophical Society . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 52, 140, 154, 180, 183, 241, 286, 318, 468, 493
American Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 184
Analectic Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Angelica triquinata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Annales de L’Agriculture Française, Les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Annales du Museúm d’Histoire Naturelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 507
Annals of Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Annals of Medical History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 303, 327, 351
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Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . . . . . 112, 393, 397–403, 554, 555, 557
Annual Report of the American Historical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Anonymos (genus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592, 593
Antennaria plantaginea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Apiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Appalachians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Archives of Natural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Arno Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Arnold Arboretum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 60, 279, 474, 590, 600
Arnoldia ( journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Arthur, Joseph Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530, 531, 533
Arthur H. Clark Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431, 448
Arundo donax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Asclepias syriaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Asclepias verticillata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Ashmolean Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576, 578
Asheville, North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Audubon, John James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Augusta, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287, 596, 597
Auk, The (journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 83
Aulbach-Smith, Cynthia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Avena aquatica Sylvestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Ayers, Mary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Bain, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Baker, Woolford B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Baldwin, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 96, 107–117, 138, 470, 597
Banister, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118–128, 265
Banks, Sir Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 159, 284
Barnhart, John Hendley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 31, 51, 64, 149, 150, 176, 187, 188,
244, 319, 320, 324, 393, 494, 532
Barton, Benjamin Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 53, 73, 114, 119, 129–147, 183, 186, 272, 279,
291, 292, 312, 381, 427, 445, 465, 467, 471, 479, 506
Barton, William Paul Crillon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 137, 142, 143
Bartonia (genus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471, 479, 488, 545
Bartonia ( journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 88, 144, 149, 150, 153, 157, 167, 168, 170, 174,
186, 187, 196, 292, 479, 480, 532–534, 536, 543–545, 549
Bartonia decapetala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Bartram, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 148–174, 187–198, 245, 387
Bartram, John, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Bartram, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 132, 152, 160, 175–198, 250, 287, 402, 423, 441, 499
Bartram Trail Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Bassett, Anna Stowell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Baudry des Lozières, Louis Narcisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199–200
Baxter, Samuel N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bay, Jens Christian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Beauchamp, Rev. W. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Beehive Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245, 248, 508
Beidleman, R. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418, 466
Belknap Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Bell, Whitfield Jenks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 25, 140
Benedict, Don M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533, 534
Benson, Adolph B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Bergman (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Berkeley, Dorothy Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 156, 264, 265, 267, 273, 346, 458
Berkeley, Edmund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 155, 156, 264, 265, 267, 273, 346, 457, 458
Berkeley, Miles Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Berland, Lucien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343, 344, 528, 543
Betts, Edwin Morris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Bibliographer, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Bibliographic Contributions from the Lloyd Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Bibliotheca Mycologica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Bigelow, Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Bigler, William H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Biological Society of Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bisby, Guy Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531, 533, 534
Blake, S. F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Blue Ridge Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Bohun, Edmund (1645–1699) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Boisduval, Jean Alphonse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 86
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Bolzius, Johann Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202–207, 509
Booth, Christopher C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Booth, T. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Bosc, Louis Augustin Guillaume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208–217
Boston, Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Botanical Gazette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 331, 395, 420, 424, 542
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Botanical Society of Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Botanische Zeitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Boudon, Léon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Boulger, George Simonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Boykin, Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218–219
Boykinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Boyle, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Brackenridge, Henry Marie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Bragg, Laura M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Brahm, John William Gerard de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220–223
Brainerd, Ezra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Brasch, F. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Brasenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 283, 362
Brendel, Frederick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Brickell, Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Brickell, John (fl. 1720s–1740s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224–227, 263, 270, 374, 388
Brickell, John (1748–1809) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228–232
Brickellia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Brickloe & Marot (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
British Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 52, 54, 80, 90, 97, 180, 276, 495, 598
Britten, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 66, 85, 230, 274, 275, 336, 580, 598
Britton, Nathaniel Lord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244, 321
Brittonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
broadside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 336
Bromeliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Brown, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
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Browne, Charles A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Bruce, Philip Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
bryophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Buck, William R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Buffon, Compte de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Bulletin of Medical History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Bulletin of the Association of Southeastern Biologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Bulletin of the Charleston Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 570, 579
Bulletin of the Garden Club of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Bulletin of the Lloyd Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 523, 524
Bulletin of the Missouri Botanical Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 310, 319, 321, 376
Bulletin of the University of South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Burdet, Hervé M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442, 504
Burrage, Walter L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Butel-Dumont, George Marie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233–234
Byrd, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 190
Bynum, Flora Ann L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Cabombaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Caddo Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Cadell and Davies (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Caldwell, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 143
California State Library Foundation Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Camus, Aimée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Canadian Entomologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 97
candles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 509
Candolle, Augustus Pyramus de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Candollea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 442, 504
Cappon, Lester Jesse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Carex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554, 555, 563
Carnes, Mark C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Carpobolus orbicularis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Carr, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Carrickfergus & District Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Carson, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
cartography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 223, 315, 459, 515
‘‘Cartulae ad botanicorum graphicem’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 442, 504
Carvalho, Augusto da Silva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Cassia chamaecrista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Castanea ( journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 434, 441, 591
Castiglioni, Luigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235–242, 365, 369
Catesby, Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 151, 159, 205, 243–263, 354, 430, 458
Catesby, R. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 450, 506
Cevasco, George A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapel Hill, North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Charles (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Charles Scribner (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Charles Scribner’s Sons (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 18
Charleston, South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 38, 41, 216, 301, 303, 320, 351,
355, 419, 422, 427, 448, 452, 454, 510, 568, 570
Charleston Literary and Philosophical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 323, 327, 570

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Charleston Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 321, 570
Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Chase, Agnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 185, 342, 489
chestnuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chetham’s Library, Manchester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chez F. Buisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Chinard, Gilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Choctaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 517
Christopher Gray (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Christy, Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300, 302
Chronica Botanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 47, 380, 478, 485
Cicuta venenosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Clarendon Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373, 576
Clarke, Desmond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Classica Botanica Americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 159, 324, 429, 477, 514
Clayton, John (1657–1725) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264–271
Clayton, John (1686?–1773) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 159, 250, 272–279, 499
Cleveland Medical Library Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Clifton, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Clokie, Hermia Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Coker, William Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419, 581
College of Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Collier Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Collins, Zaccheus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 326
Collinson, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 158, 159, 172, 194, 309
colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8, 38, 74, 173, 174, 234
Columbia University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Compositae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
conchology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Condon, Adrienne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Cone, William H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Connasarga River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Core, Earl L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Cornelius, Rev. Elias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Cornelius Haak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Corner, Betsy C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Cornus florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Corrêa da Serra, Abbé José . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280–290, 342, 345, 355, 357, 358, 360, 362
Coulter, Ellis Merton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Coulter, John Merle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Cowan, C. F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Cowan, Richard S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Cowen, Claudine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Creek (Indians) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 489
Crèvecoeur, St. John de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 150, 159, 190, 192
Crisp, Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Critz, Emanuel de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Crosby (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Crotz, Keith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Crowley, Webster R., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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cryptogams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 157, 432, 437, 486, 487, 548, 550, 562
Culliford, S. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Cupressus disticha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Curtis, Moses Ashley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 535
Curtis’s Botanical Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482, 596
Custis, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 291–297
Cutler, Manasseh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Cutting, Rose Marie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Cuvier, M. Le Bon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Cyperaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 112, 117, 324, 554, 555, 562
Cyperus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cyperus ovatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cyperus sparsiflorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cypress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 407
Cyrilla racemiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
D. Appleton & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 23, 147, 198, 484, 564

D. Appleton-Century Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
D. Heartt (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 477
D. Van Nostrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Dale, Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248, 300, 301
Dale, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248, 298–303
Dana, Richard Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Dandy, J. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Darby, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Darlington, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 159, 161, 198, 326
Davis, Elizabeth B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Davis, Richard Beale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286, 287, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361
De Bry, Theodore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
De Vorsey, Louis, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Dećade Philosophique, Litte´rare et Politique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Deleuze, J. P. F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421, 507
Denham & Town (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Denny, Margaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348, 349
Dentu (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Desmond, Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 225
Dexter, Franklin Bowditch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Diamant, Lincoln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Dietz Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Dillenius, Johann Jakob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Dinwiddie County, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Dionaea muscipula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 490
Dismal Swamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Dobbs, Arthur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304–311
doctrine of signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Donne, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Dorman, John Frederick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Dow, R. P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 106
Dragon Run (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Drake, Francis S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Drayton, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9, 312–313
Droseraceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Dublin Society, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Duke University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

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Dunbar, Gary S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Duncker & Humblot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Durand, Elias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443, 467, 468, 478, 484
Duval, Marguerite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Duychinck, Evert A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Duychinck, George L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
E. Earle (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

E. Lee Trinkle Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Earnest, Ernest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Ebenezer, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 205, 206, 207, 508, 509
Edward Couchman (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Egmont, John, Earl of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Ehret, George Dionysius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 245
Ellicott, Andrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314–318
Elliott, Clark A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Elliott, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 58, 88, 96, 114, 231, 319–334, 402, 584, 596, 597
Elliottia racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Ellis, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 306, 309, 354, 515
Emory University Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Emory University Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Encyclopédie Biologique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Enslen, Aloysius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Entomologist’s Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102–106
entomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 87, 90, 92, 208, 405
Epigea repens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
eponymy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 34, 45, 46, 50, 76, 395, 434, 586
Erythrina herbacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Essex Naturalist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Ethnohistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Eustoma grandiflorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Ewan, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39, 40, 68, 70, 88, 95, 111, 120, 121,
122, 125, 139, 140, 159, 161, 162, 180, 236,
245, 248, 262, 287, 307, 324, 381, 410, 429,
477, 495, 496, 499, 508, 514, 582
Ewan, Nesta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 121, 122, 125, 206, 236, 410, 439
F. A. Brockhaus (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
F. A. Virkus & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Fagin, Nathan Bryllion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fairmont Park, Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Fairmont Park Commission of Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Faxon, C. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Feduccia, Alan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
fern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 432
Fernald, Merritt Lyndon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365, 468, 583
Fielding Lucas, Jun. (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Firmin Didot, Père et fils, Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Fiske, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Flora ( journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 281, 466, 492, 498, 502
Flora, Joseph M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Flores, Dan L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 293, 294
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Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 50, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 151, 160,
173, 176, 178, 223, 245, 315, 316, 401,
404, 511, 513, 515, 516, 517, 524
Florida Historical Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Florida Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Foote & Davies (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Force, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Fort Barrington, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Fothergill, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 178, 180, 182, 193, 194
Fournier, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Fox, Richard Hingston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Francillon, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 87
Franklin & Garrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Franklin, Benjamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 159, 241, 318, 451
Franklinia alatamaha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 195, 196, 236
Fraser, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 335–339, 423, 473, 476, 580, 587, 590, 591
Fraser fir see Abies fraseri
Freeman, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293, 295, 296, 297
French Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Frick, George Frederick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248, 251, 252
Frierson, Beverly H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Fries, Adelaide Lisetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Fries, Elias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Frye, Harriet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529, 531, 533, 535, 536, 546, 547, 552, 556, 558
G. K. Hall (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 190

Gambold, Anna Rosina Kleist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340–345
Gambold, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Garden, Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346–354, 515
Garden and Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 332
Garden Center of Greater Cleveland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Garden Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Gardener’s Monthly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465, 475, 478
Gardenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Garland Publishing, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Garraty, John A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
gas lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Gascoigne, Robert Mortimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Gee, Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Gelsemium sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228, 231
Genealogical Publishing Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Gentianaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 266, 291, 527
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 95, 98, 112, 114, 117, 151, 176, 178, 195,
202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 223, 229, 287,
360, 376, 377, 508, 510, 596, 597
Georgia Historical Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80, 202, 203, 360, 597
Georgia Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
German American Annals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
ginseng see Panax ginseng
Gentianaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Gesellschaft naturforschender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

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Gifford, G. Edmund, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Gilbert, Pamela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Gillispie, Charles Coulston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Gilmer, Francis Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 284, 286, 288, 355–363
Glover, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Goode, G. Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gordon, John D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Gordonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Gordonia lasianthus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 507
Gorlich (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Grafton Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Graham, Mary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Gramineae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 133, 324, 328, 396, 450, 584
Grant, Verne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
grasses see Gramineae
Gratiola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398, 403
Graustein, Jeannette E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 141, 469, 470, 471, 472, 478
Gray, Asa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 113, 326, 395, 423, 424, 425, 435, 444, 445
Gray, Jane Lathrop Loring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Gray Herbarium, Harvard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466, 485
Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Greene, Edward L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Greene, John C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Greenway, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365–369
Greenwood Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 22, 302
Grew, Nehemiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 268
Grierson, Mary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Griffin, Frances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Griffin, Martin I. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Gronovius, Johannes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 135, 159, 205, 274, 279, 299, 368
Guido Pressler (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
H. O. Houghton (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Habersham, Richard Wylly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Hafner Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 72, 111, 159, 319, 324, 333, 429, 439, 477, 514, 558
Hakluyt Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Halesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Haloragaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Hamburgishes Magazin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Hammond, Lorne F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Harbor Hill Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Harmond, Richard P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Harper, Francis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 179, 182, 183, 184, 189, 196, 411
Harper, Roland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 377
Harriot, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 251, 371–374, 572
Harris, T. W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Harshberger, John W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 599
Hastings House Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Harvard University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Harvard University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 193, 472
Haywood, Marshall De Lancey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Hellmayr, C. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
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Henrey, Blanche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 226
Henricum Faithorne (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Henriques, Júlio A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
hepaticae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548, 550, 553
Herbst, Josephine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Heritage, Conservation, and Recreation Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Heterandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
hickories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489, 507
Higgins, George G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Hindle, Brooke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Historiae Naturalis Classica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Historical Commission of South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
History Book Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Hitchcock, Albert Spear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Hoch, J. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Hoefer, M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hoffman, Bernard G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Hoffmann, Fred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Holden Arboretum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Hooker, William Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 335, 338, 423, 596
Hooker’s London Journal of Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Hopner, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Hornberger, Theodore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Horticulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 418
Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Taste, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Hosack, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506, 507
Howard, Richard A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 262
Hull, Augustus Longstreet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Humphrey, Harry Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Hunt, Kenneth W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Hunt, Thomas Pitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Hunt, William Pitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Huntia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495, 587
Huntington Library Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Hvidt, Kristian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Hydrocharis spongia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Hydrocharitaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Ilex vomitoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Illicium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Illicium floridanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
l’Imprimerie de Crapelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428, 448
Imprimerie de d’Hautel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
l’Imprimerie de la V e. Hérissant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Index Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Indian Pink see Spigelia marilandica
Indiana University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Institute of Early American History and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
International Association for Plant Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 47
Iowa State University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ira J. Friedman, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

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Irving, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Isis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241, 242
J. B. Bauche (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

J. Cramer (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499, 552
J. J. McVey (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
J. Knapton (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
J. Millan (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
J. R. Schenck (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
J. White (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
J. Williams (printer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Jackson, Benjamin Dayton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Jackson, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375–378
Jacksonborough, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
James, Thomas P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
James & Johnson (printers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176, 183
James R. Osgood & Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
James T. White & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Jamestown, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jefferson, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 130, 159, 228, 250, 283, 284, 286, 288,
293, 318, 357, 360, 361, 362, 365, 379–385, 451
Jeffersonia Barton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 136, 361
Jeffersonia sempervivens Brickell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
jellyfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Jenkins, Charles F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 425
Jenkins, Pierre Gautier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Joel Munsell’s Sons (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Johann Jacob Palmii (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523, 524
John Bartram Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
John F. Blair (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
John Grismond (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
John Hoff (printer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
John Martyn’s Botanical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
John Stockdale (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
John Taylor (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Johns Hopkins Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Johnson Reprint Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Johnson, Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Johnson, Stanley H., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Johnson, Thomas Cary, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Johnson, Walter Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538, 539, 544
Joly, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Jones, George Fenwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508, 510
Jones, Gordon W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Jones, L. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Journal de Physique, de Chemie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Journal d’Histoire Naturelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Journal of Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 85, 274, 275,
300, 336, 493, 580, 598
Journal of Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Journal of Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Journal of Southern Medicine & Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
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Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 535, 553, 556
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 297, 426, 600
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419, 529, 581, 593
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 320, 588
Journal of the New York Entomological Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 161, 260
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 429
Kalm, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 164, 518

Kalmia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Kastner, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Kelly, Howard A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 45
Kent State University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 431, 448
Kew see Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew
Kimber & Sharpless (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Kingsessing, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Kirby, W. F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Kirkham, Edwin Bruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Kitchin, Thurman Delna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Klein, Randolph Shipley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Koelreuter, Joseph Gottlieb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Költz Scientific Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Kramsch, Samuel Gottlieb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 386–387, 543, 544, 547, 559
Kuhnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Kyllingia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
L. Davis (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

L. Haussmann et D’Hautel (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Lactuca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Lady Petre pear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Lake Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214, 426
Lambert, A. B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Lamium amplexicaule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Lamson-Scribner, Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 328
Lancaster County Historical Society Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Landreth, David, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Lanjouw, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Largen, M. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Lavrault (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Lawson, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224, 226, 263, 270, 388–392
Layton, Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Leaflets of Western Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
LeBreton (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
LeConte, John Eatton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 84, 86, 393–406, 551, 597
LeConte, Louis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 395, 597
Leeds, A. N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Lefler, Hugh Talmage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Leguminosae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 513
Lehman, E. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Leith-Ross, Prudence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Lentibulariaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

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Le Page du Pratz, Antoine Simon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407, 451
lepidoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 87, 89, 97, 98, 100, 103–105
Lettsom, J. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Levernier, James A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Lewis, Ivey F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Lewis, James F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Lewis, Meriwether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Lewis and Clarke expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Lexington, Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Li, Hui-Lin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238, 239
Libertiella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Libraries Unlimited, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Library Bulletin of the American Philosophical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Library Company of Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Library of America (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Library of Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 135, 368, 517
Lilaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Limnobium spongia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Lindera melissifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Lindgren, W. H., III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Lindsay & Blakiston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 159
Linnaeus, Carolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 55, 212, 277, 349, 351, 354, 363, 416, 594
Linnean Society of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277, 284
Liriodendron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433, 489, 574
Lister, Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Literary and Philosophical Society of South Carolina see Charleston Literary and Philosophical
Society
liverworts see hepaticae
Livre du Centenaire de la Socie´te´ Entomologique de France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Lloyd Library and Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 523
Lobelia siphilitica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Long, Major Stephen Harriman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Longman, et al. (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 101, 290, 354, 413
Lord, Clifton F., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Lord, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Loudon, John Claudius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 199, 200, 233, 288, 291, 295, 296,
315, 316, 407, 448, 476, 511, 513, 514
Louisiana State University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299, 407
Lovell, John H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Lycoperdon cervinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Lycoperdon solidum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Lycopodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Lyon, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 409–413, 423
McAtee, W. L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
McBride, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9, 414–415, 423
McBurney, Henrietta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
McDowell, Silas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
MacGregor, Arthur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576, 577
McKelvey, Susan Delano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
McKinley, Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309, 342
M’Laughlin, William F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
DECEMBER 2002 131

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McLean, Elizabeth P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 166, 167
Macmillan & Co., Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194, 355, 375
MacPhail, Ian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 135, 142, 445, 446, 447, 448, 453
MacRoberts, B. R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
MacRoberts, D. T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
MacRoberts, M. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
McVaugh, Michael R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
McVaugh, Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Madison, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Madison-Morgan Cultural Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
Magnolia (genus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412, 435, 476, 507, 513
Magnolia (journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Magnolia altissima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 245
Magnolia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 245, 419
Magnolia macrophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440, 441
Mallis, Arnold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Manville, G. Christine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Mariae Clark (printer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Marquis Who’s Who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Marrano, Howard R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Marshall, Humphry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 161, 387, 499, 600, 602
Marshall, Moses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 195
Martin, Edwin Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Mary Washington College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 366
Massachusetts Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
materia medica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 131, 169, 200, 268, 345, 520, 523, 594
Mathews, Catherine Van Cortland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Matthews County, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Mawman (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Maxon, William Ralph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Mears, James A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Medical Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 177, 228, 229, 417
medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 10, 19, 45, 138, 143, 169, 236, 267,
268, 301–303, 306, 340, 345,
350–353, 382, 427, 489, 520,
523, 565, 567, 568, 569, 594
Meehan’s Monthly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108, 148
Meisel, Max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Me´moires de l’Acade´mie Impe´riale. . .de Toulouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Me´moires de l’Acade´mie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut de France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Me´moires de la Socie´te´ Royale et Centrale d’Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Me´moires du Museúm National d’Histoire Naturelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 379
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437, 548
Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Memórias da Academia das Cieˆcias de Lisboa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Mennega, Erik A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Mercer University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Meriwether, Margaret Babcock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Merrell Holberton (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 255
Merrill, Elmer Drew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328, 485
Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Meyer, Amy R. W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255, 256

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Michaux, André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 43, 58, 130, 151, 211, 216, 217, 312,
337, 387, 416–441, 450–456, 506, 507, 584
Michaux, François André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 43, 58, 73, 381, 423, 429, 430, 442–456, 507
Middleton, William S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 169
Miller (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Miller, W. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Mirabilis jalapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Mississippi River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Mitchell, Elisha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541, 547
Mitchell, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457–464
Mitchill, Samuel Latham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Minerva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Monaghan, Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Monthly Miscellany, or, Memoirs for the Curious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Moravians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341–345, 386, 387, 529, 537
Morgan, Andrew Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Morris Arboretum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Morrison, Alfred J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222, 368, 519, 524
Mortimer, Cromwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258, 260
Morton, Conrad V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297, 432
Morton Arboretum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142, 453
Morton Arboretum Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Motte, Jean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Moultrie, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Mount Vernon, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Mowat, Charles L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Mühlenberg, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 53, 141, 231, 285, 340, 342
Müller, Wilfried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Müller-Jahncke, Wolf-Dieter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
mulberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Murray Printing Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 590
Murrill, William Alphonso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212, 437, 439
mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Muscogulges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Mycologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546, 547, 560, 561
Myrica cerifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 407, 509
Naples, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Natural History Museum, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Natural History Society of Montreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
‘‘natural system’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 416, 429, 481, 488, 513
Naudin, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Nazareth, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543, 544, 547
Nelson, E. Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306, 308, 309, 311
New England Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
New York Botanical Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
New York Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
New York Historical Society Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
New York Public Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
New York Public Library Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Newbold, Ann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Nieuwland, J. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403, 566
nightshade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
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Niles, Cornelia D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
North American Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 36, 62, 176, 226, 227, 270, 343, 365, 371, 386,
390, 409, 411, 423, 434, 435, 441, 490, 503, 506,
531, 541, 543, 546, 547, 549, 552, 566
North Carolina Booklet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
North Carolina Historical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 224, 227, 270, 374, 391, 409
North Carolina Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
North Carolina Wildflower Preservation Society Newsletter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Nuttall, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 53, 110, 138, 147, 218, 287,
326, 339, 423, 447, 465–484, 495, 555
Nyctaginaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Nyssa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
oak, ‘‘Bastard Spanish’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

oaks see Quercus
Oconee County, South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Oemler, Augustus Gottlieb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 96, 106
Oglethorpe, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Orion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
ornithology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 99, 186, 213, 243, 250, 469
Oxford University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 33, 57, 71, 576
Pace, Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236, 238, 241

Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise-Marie-François-Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485–491
Panax ginseng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489, 509
Panckoucke (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Pancratium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Pancratium coronarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Pancratium fluitans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251, 389
Parkinson, P. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 104
Passiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Paspalum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Patrick, Rembert W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Paul Lechevalier & fils (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Peden, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
pecan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Pelican Publishing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Penhallow, D. P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Pennell, Francis Whittier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 52, 144, 145, 479, 480, 483, 543, 544, 545
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 191, 500
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 195, 280
Pensacola, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Penstemon dissectus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 377
Peter Owen (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Peters, Hermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Petiver, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 125, 201, 390, 408, 595
Petre herbarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 166, 167, 170
Pharmaceutical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Pharmaceutische Runschau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 4, 42, 63, 116, 153, 163, 174, 488
Philadelphia Linnean Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 152, 272, 291

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Philadelphia Medical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Phillips (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Phillips, John Leigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Phillips, Philip Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516, 517
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . . . . . . . . . 119, 124, 127, 160, 258,
260, 265, 266, 267, 305, 364
Phytologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Pierpont Morgan Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Pinckneya pubens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412, 476
pines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
pink root see Spigelia marilandica
Pinus cedrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Pittonia (journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394, 473
plant geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238, 557
Plant World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Plants & Gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Plomteaux (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Podophyllum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Podophyllum diphyllum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Podophyllum peltatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
poison ivy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
poisonous plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 367
pollination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 305, 310
Polygala Boykini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Polygala senega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Popular Science Monthly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 147, 198, 564
Pontederia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Pontederiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Port Folio, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 288, 362
Premier Publishing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Prenanthes alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Press of the New Era Printing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Price, J. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Price, Michael E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Primulaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Pringle, James S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Pritzel, Georg August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 75
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393, 563
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 52, 139, 145, 154,
184, 189, 238, 241, 385,
405, 431, 449, 451, 455, 456,
466, 467, 468, 485, 496, 531
Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Progressus Rei Botanicae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Proserpinaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Pulteney, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 259
Pursch, Carl August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Pursh, Frederick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 53, 139, 144, 145,
147, 330, 423, 424, 471,
473, 482, 492–501, 514, 584
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Quadrangle Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Quakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 184
Quérard, Joseph-Marie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Quercus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236, 392, 416, 417, 428, 430, 507, 513
Quercus ilicifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Quercus pumila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Raeburn, Sir George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335, 338

Raffeneau-Delile, Alire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502–507
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 116, 330, 481, 514
Ramsay, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Rankin, D. Helen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Ratzel, Friedrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Rau, Eugene A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Ravenel, Henry William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Ray, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 119, 126–128, 248
Reale Instituto Veneto di Scienze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Reck, Philip Goerg Frederich von . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508–510
Record of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Records of the Columbia Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Red River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297
Redfield, J. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Redouté, P. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428, 429, 446, 454
Regnum Vegetabile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 76, 77
Rehder, Alfred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Rehn, James A. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Reichel, Levin T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Reichel, William Cornelius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344, 345
Reid, Capt. Mayne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Rembert, David H., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434, 586, 587, 590
Rendel, A. B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Reveal, James L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 56, 57, 339
Revere, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Revue de l’Histoire de Versailles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Rey, Auguste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Reynolds, Elizabeth P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Rhodes, Samuel N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599–602
Rhododendron catawbiense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338, 476
Rhodora ( journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232, 276, 287, 334, 339, 365, 436,
439, 470, 471, 501, 525, 583, 592
Rhus vernix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Rhynchospora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 117
Rice & Hart (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Richard, Louis Claude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424, 437
Rio de la Plata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Rittenhouse, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 318
Rix, S. Wilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Robin, Charles-Cesar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 481, 511–514
Robinia pseudo-acacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Robinson, B. L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230, 232
Rogers, Donald P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546, 547
Rogers, George A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 597
Rogers-Price, Vivian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 95, 96, 231
Romans, Bernard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515–517

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Ronald Press Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Rosenkilde et Bagger (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Rottböllia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Rottböllia ciliata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Rottböllia corrugata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 345, 480, 535
Royal Library, Windsor Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Royal Society of London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 81, 124, 266, 270, 347
Rubin, Louis Decimus, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Ruellia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399, 403
Ruellia oblongifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Rush, Benjamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Rutgers University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Sabatia gentianoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Saccardo, Pier Andrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
St. Augustine, Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
St. John(’s) River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 173, 180
St. Louis, Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
St. Mary’s, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Salem, North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Salem Academy and College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Salem Moravian Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Salzburgers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207, 508–510
Sam. Smith & Benj. Walford (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Samolus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Sanguinaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Sargent, Charles Sprague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332, 431, 435, 436
Sarracenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414, 476, 513
Sarracenia adunca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Sarracenia minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Sassafras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Saunders, R. Frank, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Savage, Elizabeth J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Savage, Henry, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422, 454
Savannah, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 207, 229, 231, 508, 509
Sayre, Geneva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437, 548
Schallert, P. O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Schisandra glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Schisandraceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Schmidt, Diane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Schöpf, Johann David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 518–527
Scholarly Resources, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Schramm, Jacob Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449, 455
Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Schubert, Bernice G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Schuyler, Alfred E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Schwaegrichen, D. F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Schwarze, Edmund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Schweinitz, Lewis David von . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 116, 342, 400, 528–564
Scientific Monthly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 347, 348, 469
Scott, General Winfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Scrophulariaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 293, 398
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Scudder, Samuel H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 87, 90, 97, 98
Seaborn, Margaret Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
sedges see Cyperaceae
Seibels, Robert Emmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
sericulture see silk
Servies, James A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Servies, Lana D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Settle Chronicle and North Ribblesdale Advertiser, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Shakespeare, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Sharwood, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394, 406
Shear, Cornelius Lott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559–562
Shecut, John Linnaeus Edwards Whitridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 9, 381, 565–570
Shecutia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Sherard, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Shirley, John William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372, 373
Short, Charles Wilkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Short, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Shortia galacifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425, 433, 435, 438
Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492, 498
Sida ( journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Sideranthus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 206, 207
Silvestre, A. F. de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Simpson, Marcus B., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 99, 227, 270, 374
Simpson, Sallie W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270, 374
Sims, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Slaughter, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 177, 178, 181, 188
Sloane Herbarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 168
Sloane, Sir Hans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 408
Small, John Kunkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 588
Smallwood, Mabel Sarah Coon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Smallwood, William Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Smilax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Smith, Beatrice Scheer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Smith, C. Earle, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Smith, Edgar Fahs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Smith, George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Smith, James Edward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 87, 100, 290, 351, 354
Smithsonian (magazine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
snake-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Société Botanique de France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 426
Société Philomatique de Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Society for the History of Natural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311, 445
sociology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 8
Solidago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489, 525
Solomon W. Conrad (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 116
South Atlantic Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 30, 38, 41, 67, 176, 211, 216, 223,
245, 300, 301, 303, 312, 313, 320, 323, 324,
351, 353, 355, 360, 408, 419,

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422, 427, 434, 438, 448, 452,
454, 510, 566, 568, 570
South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
South Carolina Historical Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
South Carolina Medical Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 569
South Carolina Museum Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Southall, S. O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Southern Medicine and Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Southern Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325, 329
Southwestern Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Southwestern Historical Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Southwestern Louisiana Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Southworth Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Sowerby, Millicent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Spanish moss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Spaulding, Perley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Species Plantarum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Sphaeriae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Sphaerocarpus terrestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Spigelia marilandica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350, 353
Spongberg, Stephen A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Stafleu, Frans Antonie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 76, 77, 333
Standley, Paul C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Stannard, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Staples, George W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 262
Starwood Publishing, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Stearn, William T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258, 260, 501, 574
Stearns, Raymond Phineas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 61, 252
Steinhauer, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Stellandria glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Stephens, George Myers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Stephens Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Sterling, Kier B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Stevens, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Stevens, Neil E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561, 562
Stewart, Doug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Stewart, Robert G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Stone, Whitmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Stork, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 173
Story, Enoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Strachey, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571–572
Strobel, Philip A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Stuart, Charles B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Stuartia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Stuckey, Ronald L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 117, 563
Sturtevant, William C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Sullivant, W. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Sutro Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Swainson, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 101, 104
Swem, Earl Gregg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Syracuse University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
T. C. Davis & Sons (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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T. Cadell (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
T. Newton Kurtz (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Targonia orbicularis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Taxodium distichum see Cupressus disticha
Taxon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 333, 582
Taylor & Francis (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Taylor, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 354, 414, 438, 524, 567, 568, 590
Ten Mile Station, South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Thatcher, Herbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Thiébaut de Berneaud, Arsenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Thieret, John W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Thomas, John Peyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Thunberg, Charles Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Thwaites, R. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431, 448
Tidestrom, Ivar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Tillandsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Times Publishing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Tipularia (journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Toepffer, Adolph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Tomarken, Annette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Totten, Henry Roland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Torrey, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 394, 535, 562
Torreya (journal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 494, 526, 599
Tradescant, John the Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Tradescant, John the Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573–578
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . . . . . . 109, 130, 134, 151, 178, 243, 286,
366, 367, 410, 487, 488, 558
Transactions of the Linnean Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414, 415
Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342, 345
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Tregle, Joseph G., Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Trent, William P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Tresp, L. L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Trillium discolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
True, Rodney Howard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174, 382, 384, 385, 456
tuckahoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Tucker, Ethelyn Maria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Turnbull Library Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 96
Tyler’s Quarterly History and Genealogical Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 369
United States Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

United States Department of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
United States Government Printing Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
University of Florida Press see University Presses of Florida
University of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 378
University of Georgia Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207, 510
University of Illinois Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 121, 252
University of Kansas Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
University of North Carolina Press . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 21, 250, 256, 273, 304, 346, 382, 390, 458
University of Oklahoma Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
University of Oxford, Department of Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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University of Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 455
University of Pennsylvania Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
University of South Carolina, Department of Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
University of South Carolina Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 220, 361
University of Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
University of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 355, 362
University Press of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 422, 454, 571
University Presses of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 156, 221, 404, 516, 517
Urlsperger, Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Utricularia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397, 403
Uttal, Leonard J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Vaughan, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Venus’s flytrap see Dionaea muscipula
Verdoorn, Frans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Verlegung des Wäysenhauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Veronicastrum virginicum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Viola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400, 403, 551, 563
Viola palmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Viola striata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Virgilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 135, 136,
172, 240, 254, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 277,
279, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367, 371, 374, 379, 380, 382, 394, 457, 458,
460, 462, 463, 464, 572, 575, 578
Virginia Historical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Virginia Journal of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 359
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 265, 271, 357, 460, 462, 464
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Virkus, Frederick Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
W. J. Duffie (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

W. J. Hooker’s Journal of Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
W. Nicoll and T. Jefferies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
W. P. Gibbons (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
W. P. Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
W. Richardson and S. Clark (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Wachovia Moravian, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Wade, Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
walnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Walter King, Ltd. (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Walter, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 312, 330, 335, 337, 579–593
War Office of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Ward, Daniel B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591, 592, 593
Ware, John D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Waring, Joseph Ioor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 569
Washington Botanical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Washington, D. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 314
Washington, George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241, 436
water lilies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Watt, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
wax myrtle see Myrica cerifera
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Way & Groff (printers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Weatherby, C. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Webber, Mabel Louise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Welch, Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Wells, Edward D., Sr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Wheeler, A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
White, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245, 250, 371
White, Cochrane & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Whitlaw, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Wilbert, Martin Inventius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 387
Wilbur, Robert L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262, 593
Wiley (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Wilkinson, Ronald S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 102–106
Willes, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
William & Mary Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 277, 368
Williams, Charlie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440, 441
Williams, George Huntington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Williams, Hannah English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408, 595
Willis, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569, 570
Wilmes, Douglas R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Wilmington, North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490, 506
Wilson, Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 159
Wilson, James Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Wilson, Louis Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Wilson-Erickson Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Winberry, Carolyn J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Wirt, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356, 363
Wistar, Caspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Wistar, Elizabeth Mifflin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Wisteria frutescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Wolfgangi Schwarzkopfii (press) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Wolloston, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Wray, Thomas Jarram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287, 470, 596–597
Wycoff, Edith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Yale College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Yale University Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
yellow fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Youmans, William J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147, 198, 484, 564
Young, William, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598–602
Yucca filamentosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Zackert, Martha Jane K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Zirkle, Conway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271, 392
zoology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 133, 180, 214, 266, 406, 463

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An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern American Botanical Explorers To 1824

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An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern

American Botanical Explorers to 1824

II. Botanical sources

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EARLY SOUTHEASTERN BOTANY: AN OVERVIEW

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Scope and Purpose

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Organization and Format

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PART I: GENERAL BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

* 2. Goode, G. Brown. 1886. The beginnings of natural history in America. Annual

4. Hindle, Brooke. 1956. The pursuit of science in revolutionary America, 1735–1789.

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9. Taylor, David. 1998. South Carolina naturalists: An anthology, 1700–1860. Columbia:

IB: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

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* 16. Gillispie, Charles Coulston, ed. 1970–1980. Dictionary of scientific biography. 18

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PART II: BOTANICAL SOURCES

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* 30. Barnhart, John Hendley. 1917. (Biographical footnotes in J. K. Small’s) Cactus

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55. Reveal, James L. 1983. Significance of pre-1753 botanical explorations in temperate

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70. Ewan, Joseph. 1967. A bibliography of Louisiana botany. Southwestern Louisiana

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PART III: BOTANISTS

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Barnhart 1917 (30) Barnhart 1965 (64)

107. Anon. 1894. Dr. William Baldwin. Meehan’s Monthly 4: 95.

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117. Stuckey, Ronald L. 1978. Type specimens of Rhynchospora in an unstudied collection of

Reverend John Banister

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Appleton’s Cyclopaedia (23) Desmond 1994 (65)

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Benjamin Smith Barton

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Anon. 1821 (28) Darlington 1849 (159)

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