Standard Method of Test for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter SCOPE Ll This test method covers determi- nation ofthe fineness of portland cement as represented by a calculated measure of specific surface, expressed as square centimeters of total surface area per ‘gram, or square meters of total surface area per kilogram of cement, using the Wagner trbidimeter. 12° This standard may involve haz- ardous materials, operations, and equip ‘ment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated wit its use. It isthe responsi- bility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability Of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2 AASHTO Standards RAI Indicating Which Places of Figures Are to Be Considered Sig- nificant in Specified Limiting Values (Rounding-off Method) T 105 Test for Chemical Analysis of Hydrau- lic Cement T 192 Test for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by: the 45-um (No, 325) Sieve his bir was developed by LA, Wage, Recut Amite of be Gem Ree tates Wethigte. OCA descr of he appr Seo meal va of fa et {EB in he paper Wigner Ann Ral ob {che Determitaton of the Speci Soe of Por lund Cement Pracetings, ASTM. ASTEA, el 3, Pan M1933 p 8 6 AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 98-93 (ASTM DESIGNATION: C 115-91) 22. ASTM Standards € 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Con: struction Materials © 1005 Specification for Weights and Weighing Devices for Use in Physical Test ing at Hydraulic Ce- 3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine whether of not the hy- raulic cement under test_mects the Wagner turbidimeuic fineness require ments ofthe applicable hydraulic cement specification for which the test is being ‘made, Fineness of the cement component is only one of the many characteristics that influence the strength capabilities of concrete 4. APPARATUS 41 Nawre of Apparatus—The Wagner turbidimeter consists essentially of a source of light maintained at con. stant intensity and adjusted so that ap- proximately parallel rays of light pass through a suspension of the cement to be tested and impinge upon the sensitive plate of a photoelectic cell. The current ‘generated in the cell is measured by ‘means of a microammeter and the indi- sated reading is a measure of the tur- bidity ofthe suspension. General consid erations indicate that turbidity is in tum a measure of the surface area of the suspended sample of cement. The appa- ‘aus shall consist specifically of the parts escribed in Sections 4.2 through 4.7 and shall be constructed in accordance with the detailed design and dimensional requirements shown in Figure 1 and Ta- ble 1, except that the ease may be either of wood of of metal 42° Turbidimeter—mounted in a suitable wood or metal case including the following features: 421 Source of Light—The source of light (Figure I) shall consist of a concentrated-filament electric lamp of between 3 and 6 cd operated by a source of constant emf. The lamp shall be ‘mounted rigidly in the socket, A clean, bright parabolic metallic reflector shall bbe rigidly mounted behind the lamp, fo- cused so that approximately parallel rays of light will pass through the sediments- tion tank and impinge upon the photo- clecttic cell. The light intensity shall be regulated by two rheostats of approxi mately 6 and 30 2, respectively, and they shall possess such characteristics that uniform changes in light intensity ‘may be obtained over the full range of resistance. The rheostats shall be ‘mounted in parallet with each other and in series with the lamp, 422 Heat-Absorbing Device—The light shall pass through a suitable he: absorbing device before entering the sed mentation tank in order that radiant heat from the beam shall be absorbed, the device being cither (1) a water cel! or 2) a special heat-absorbing glass filter. ‘The water cell shall be made from 76- mm (3-in,) outside diameter seamless brass tubing, 3-mm (/-in,) thick wall, 102 mm (4 in.) in length with glass windows sealed in the ends. ‘The cell shall contain a hole for filing with dis- tilled water. The hole shall be sealed with ‘metal plug. The cell, when mounted on the movable shelf, may have the plug in cither the top or bottom position. The hheat-absorbing device shall be so ar-798 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 7 mesuees thick with plane surfaces. The inside di- mensions of the rectangular tank shall be $0.8 by 38.1 mm @ by 1 in.) by 203 mm (8 in.) in height. The permissible variation on the inside dimensions of the tank shall be = 0.10 in, (25 mm) in length and + 0.03 in. (0.76 mm) in width. The 2-in, faces of the tank shall be equidistant within 0.01 in, (0.3 mm) at all points. A mark shall be placed on Scan nm Ree = 00 theside of the tan onda avolumet, Si Ea Rss ne content of 335 mi which the level EE ‘to which the tank will be filled in a test. 700 mp wi 10. = LIED ‘8 tak filled to the mack with clear Kerosine and placed inthe eutdieter ow So Fae = Resse Iga ttenaseee a x 00g win 20° meter readings, within =O BA. for the entre usable portion ofthe tank 425. PhotolecrricCll—Twemeans FIGURE thsteated Example of D"Artonval Meter Circuit fr ly of measuring ight intensity sallbeasen- ample of D'Ar Sve photoclectic cel!” comected reel oamictoammetr A heed witha horizontal sot 12.7 mm (hin) in elaht 349 mam (14 in) i wih shall be ‘ounted oer the photoelecte cell The Ses Resiance = 90 — 43 = 47.0 TABLE 1 Turbidimeter Apparatus Dimensions (See Figure 1) im mae aaa front of te hood shal be 25.4 = 1.6 mn Saat aera Torrey ; PLE vim infront fe face a the cel ee ane ee cm Hy y Ok tothe tank faces within 03 um (202 in) DOs mot w te H 1126 Sheu? metallic shel ha 30 x mt ing a slot 15.9 mm Ot) i eight by F ae th y 138 381 mm (in) in wid as nde G and v4 Zz fee eae in Figure 1, shall be placed between the 7 333 he a 50.80 = 25 heat absorbing device and the sedimenta- " we mae heat abi 2 y2 ac = “$27 | Blesating Device—The source ‘ se Ce cf the light, the heacabsorbing device, fH . peaitiitiees the potelects el the rearing ite, x 30 a Gee tnd the shield shall bs mounted on amon. 3 i‘ : owe able she which maybe raised ot lowered 5h ; mone tytwo connected lead sere, snd which ° eran SoBe tity be readily and accurtely adjusted ® cana, ow {0 that the turbidity of te suspension 5 os may be determined at any desied depth, “Those we pre suber soh a pat of hen design and pombe of bs rans consspemly. ey The center of the light source, the heat oo cored wit te clun es absorbing device, the photocell, the cen: ter of the slots of the metal shield, and J that essentially all rays of light a test. The retarding filter shall be the hood shall be on a straight Line which entering the sedimentation tank shall ust mounted in a carrer on the shield and is parallel tothe shelf. The sedimentation, pass through the heat-absorbing device. shall be capable of being swung out of tank shall be mounted on a base which 423° Retarding Filter—A light-re- the light path by means of a handle, is independent ofthe est of the apparatus tarding glass or other device shall be 4.2.4 Sedimentation Tank—The sed- so that the tank shall be free from vibra. provided that will reduce the intensity imentation tank shall be either (1) con- tion caused by moving the shelf. Care of light from that corresponding to 100 structed of 4.8 to 6.4-mm (/y (0 fein.) shall be taken thatthe shelf shall be level BA to a reading of 20 to 30 WA. The plate glass or borosilicate glass cemented at all points of elevation and that the tank light intensity shall be uniformly retarded or sealed together to form a rectangular over the entire area of that portion of tank, or (2) a molded glass tank having the cell which is exposed to light during walls approximately 48 mm (yin)us. METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING T 98 FIGURE 2 Dimen shall be normal to the shelf. The distance between the tank and the edges of the ‘opening in the shelf shall vary not more than 0.4 mim (yin) between the “30 50” and “0” positions. The level of the light beam with reference to the surface of the suspension shall be indicated by pointer which will travel along a scale ‘mounted on the cabinet, The zeto of the scale shall indicate that position at which the center lines of the slots for the light ‘beam are at the same elevation as the surface of the liquid in the tank when filled to the 335-mL level. The lines on the scale to be marked 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30-50, shall be located at dis. tances from the zero mark equal to sus- pension depth values, A, in Table 2 ‘The scale, when compazed with a stan- dard scale accurate to within 0.1 mm at all points, shall not show a deviation at ‘any point greater than 0.25 mm and shall indicate the positions at which the pointer should be located when turbidity readings for these valves of h are taken. The inte Tior of the turbidimeter cabinet and the exterior surfaces of the shelf. the parac sional Details of Turbidimeter Fineness Test TABLE2 Values of hd, and hid t be Used in Calibration of the Turbidimeter Panicle Depth of Diameter d. Suspension. h um on a! 30 is 4 15 40 5 35 5 30 1s 2s Ba 20 10 5 66 oon 10 33 0330 15 21 oom bolic reflector, the heat absorbing device, the shield, and the photoelectric eel hood shall be painted with a dull flat black paint NOTE 1~The requirement of the 010 50 ‘markings on the scale shall apply only to new Wagner Tutbidimeters and nt to equipment in use which meet the other requirements of {his metho Appat tus (see Table 1) 43. Microammeters 43.1 D'Arsonval-Type Microamme- fers shall have a range from 0 t0 50 pA. and shall be readable 10 0.1 4A, New microammeters shall be accurate to +05 percent of full scale value at any part of the scale value at any part of the scale at 25°C (77°F). For microammeters, in use, the accuracy shall be the same as for new instruments except that the accuracy at 40 and 50 1A shall be =1 percent of full scale. The internal resistance of the ‘microammeter shall be between 50 and 150 9 The microammeter shall not be mounted upon a working surface con taining or consisting of ion oF steel, or near other magnetic influence, 43.2 Digital Microammeter NOTE 2—A meter with a range of 1999 MA ts satisfactory for use and enables the ‘operator to read the theoretical I diectly with jut supplementary devices. The high ternal Fesisiance of the digital microammeter docs not affect the linearity of readings atthe light imtensity levels encounteredin a Wspner tub simenric determination of finenessT98 TABLE 3 Borel Dimensions! Permisibe Dimension, Variation, Length of luge whe 38 4 Inside diameser of 19 = 02 Tage ede Length ofcapilay 173 = 25 Diameter of capilary 009 * 000s Topofbuctioreto = 7 ET tine * Sine ss pn ibing of sired dimensions stsaproboinable he wide pomable veaons ited 25 deserved in Section 6.11 44 Source of Current—A 6-V auto mobile starting and lighting storage bat- tery or a source of constant emf shall be used for supplying current to the lamp. 45. Sieve—The sieve shall conform to the requirements of T 192. 4.6. Stirring Apparatus—The stirring apparatus shall consist of either (1) ey lindrical brush, 19 mm (’,in.)in diameter and about 45 mm (1-% in.) in length, with anend approximately iting the con- tour of the bottom of a 22.2-mm (/it.) diameter testtube, or (2) any other stirring device that will be equally efficient deter ‘minations on a standard sample, The stir ring apparatus shall rotate at a speed of approximately 3,500 r/min, 47. Toning Buret—The time of set- ting for the different-sized particles shall be obtained by use of a buret from which kerosine is allowed to flow, The buret shall consist ofa glass tube having a cap- illary tube fused into the lower end, The Upper end of the large tube shall be flared to serve asa funnel for introducing kero- sine into the tube. The buret shall conform to the limiting dimensions given in Table 3. The graduation lines on the buret shall be complete circles. A filter made of No, 325 (45-yum) wire cloth shall be used with the timing buret and a cover shall be placed over the top of the buret when it 48 Weights and Weighing Devices— shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 1005. 5S. MATERIALS 5.1 Suspending Liguid—Clear white kkerosine shall be used with the turbidim METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING eter apparatus. The kerosine shall not be reused, 6. TEST SPECIMEN OR SAMPLE, 6.1 Size of Test Sample—Select the size of the sample of cement for test so that the initial microammeter reading is between 12 and 20 pA. NOTE 3—The following approximations willbe helpful in many instances in selecting the size of the sample: 0.25 g for normal fineness cements and 0.20 ¢ for high fine CALIBRATION TA Calibration of Turbidimeter— Calibrate the turbidimeter apparatus in accordance with the following proce: dure: TAA Calibration of Buret Seale: TAL For calibration of the buret scale use a kerosine having a known viscosity and density for the temperature at which the calibration is to be made Density and viscosity of the Kerosine should be determined. Calculate the times of flow from the buret that core- spond to the times of setting for the slifferent sized particles, from the follow- ing equation 1 = [1,837,000n/(p, ~ pd} (hid?) where: 1 = time of setling, of time of flow, 5, ‘nn = viscosity of kerosine atthe temper ature of calibration, P density of cement panicles, Mg/a? (glem’) = 3.15 for portland cement (NOTE 4), > = density of kerosine, glem? at the temperature of calibration, depth of the suspension to level of light, cm, and diameter of particle, um, Values of hid? are given in Table 2. 7.1.1.2 Fill the buret with kerosine at the calibrating temperature, start a timing clock at the instant the kerosine in the Dburet drains past the zero line, and mark fon the buret the levels reached by the draining Kerosine for each of the time ug intervals,t, calculated as described above. ‘Atthese marks. etch permanent lines and ‘numbers on the burt indicating the cor responding diameters (Note 5). The con- struction and the graduation of the buret shall be such that atthe temperature of calibration the time required forthe kero- sine to pass the permanent lines of the bburet agrees with the calculated time of setling within 1 percent, except that the permissible variation shall be not less than 1 second, NOTE 4—-The density of portland cement oes not vary greatly ad in this work its considered constant at 3.15. A variation of (015 from this value when substituted in Stokes" law gives variation of 2.5 percent in the diameter of the particle measured NOTE S—By using the calibrated buret the apparatus may be used within te normal range ‘of room temperatures without further correc: tion, the change in rate of flow ofthe kerosine form the baret automaticaly compensating for change in viscosity ofthe suspension due to temperature. The temperate ofthe Kerosine in de burt and that ofthe suepension should be Kep the same within 0.5°C (°F). This condition will ordinarily exist ifthe sup of kerosine is kep nth same room ae the app: Care mst be taken to ascertain that only clean Kerosine is used in the butet and, in dition, the capillary should be examined fe quendy to make soe that no small pieces of Tint of other foreian material have become lodged ini A.2 Calibration of $5-um (No. 325) Sieve—Calibration shall be made in ac- cordance with T 192, basing the percent- age sieve correction on the difference be- tween the test residue obtained and the assigned residue value indicated by the clectroformed sheet sieve fineness speci fied for the standard sample, expressed as a percentage of the test residue. 13 Determination of the Proper Light Intensity, 7.1.3.1 Fill the sedimentation tank to the mark with clear kerosine, 743.2 For a turbidimeter equipped with a digital-type microammeter with a range of 199.9 4A, place the sedimenta- tion tank containing clear kerosine inst the guides of the tank support in the turbidimeter. Set the light intensity so that the microamimeter reads 100.0 pa. Readjust the light intensity until equilib ‘ium is established at ths reading, Place120. the light retarding filter inthe path of the light beam. When equilibrium is estab- lished, record this meter reading ax 1 ‘This meter reading becomes the reference value forthe intensity of the light. Meter readings are also taken at the beginning and end of each test through the light retarding filter alone to check the require. ‘ments of Section 8.3.8, 7133. For a turbidimeter equipped with a D’Arsonval-type microammeter, place the sedimentation tank containing ‘lear kerosine against the guides of the trbidimeter. Set the light intensity so that the microammeter reads 50.0 4A with the light retarding filter removed from the light path, Readjust the light intensity until equilibrium is established at this reading. Connect resistors or resistor combinations as indicated in Figure 1 so that the meter reading is reduced to an equilibrium value between 23.0 and 25.0 HA. Increase the light intensity until the equilibrium light reading obtained be {ween 23.0 and 25.0 wa is exactly dow bled. Readjust the light intensity until the equilibrium is established at this doubled meter reading level. Place the light-e- ‘ardingfilterin the path ofthe light beam. Remove the resistors from the meter cir- cuit. When equilibrium is established. re cord this meter reading as J, This be- comes the reference value for the inten- sity of the Light. Adjust the rheostats at the beginning of each test to give this ‘meter reading through the filter plus the tank of clear kerosine, This meter reading corresponds to a meter reading of 100.0 HA through the tank containing clear ker- sine with the light filter removed from the light path, Meter readings are also taken at the beginning and at the end of each test through the light retarding filter alone to check the requirements of Sec- tion 8.3.8, NOTE 6A half-watt carbon resistor pref srably with 5 percent tolerance limits can be used to obtain the desired meter readings. The shunt resistor o resistor combinations shown in Figure 1 shall have a resistance value be tween 83 and 100 percent ofthe value of the lnteral resistance of the meter as printed on the card inthe meter cover. The seis resistor shall have a resistance equal to the difference between the intemal resistance of the meter and the calculated resistance ofthe meter and shunt combination, NOTE 7—A less exact but sl acceptable Procedure for determining 3 miter setting that METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING corresponds t a current of 100.0 wA through the moter with the light filer removed from {he lightpath can be achieved by eliminating te series resistor in the meter circuit. The ioternal resistance of the photocell is suff ciently large to cause only a minor error of spproximately 0'5 percent in the desiced st ting when the series resistor is omitted from the ete 7134 Example—If the internal re- sistance of the meter is 90 0 and the ‘meter is shunted with a 470-0. resistor in Parallel with 100-0 resistor, the com bined resistance of the meter and shunts would be reduced to 43 2. This would reduce the meter reading from 50.0 1A, to a calculated value of 23.9 pA. 714 Determination ofthe Value of K in the Specific Surface Equation —Using the regular procedure in Sections 8.1, 8.2, and 6.3; and with the light adjusted in accordance with the appropriate proce- dure in Section 7.1.3, make a specific surface determination on the current lot fof National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Material No. 114.) Determine the value of K in the specific surface equation of Section 10.1.1 by dividing the assigned specific surface of the standard sample by the value obtained for the expression in brackets | J. Repeat this calibration pro- cedure twice more. Use the average of the three results (NOTE 8) obtained for the value of K during calibration in spe- cific surface equation in Section 10.1.1 NOTE 8—The tree individual values of determined during calibration should not vary from the average value by more than 15 percent 8. PROCEDURE 8.1 Sieve Determination—Make 45-ym (No. 325) sieve determination on a I-g sample of cement in accordance With the procedure stated in Test Method ‘T 192. Record the percentage (corrected) ‘of coment passing the sieve as r 82 Preparation of the Suspension: 82.1 Dispersion of the Sample— Place the cement sample in a test tube together with 10 to 15 mL of kerosine TOR and 5 drops of dispersing agent—oleic acid or aged lineseed oil (Note 9). Stir the mixture for I minute, using the apparatus described in Section 4,6, and then trans. fer to the sedimentation tank. Wash the stiming apparatus and the tube with clear Kerosine, which is then added together with additional clear kerosine until the total volume of the suspension in the tank is 335 mL (Note 10), NOTE 9—The oleic acid, if used, shall be of USP grade, The aged linseed ‘oil, if ‘sed, shall have a density in the range from (0.948 0 0.953 Mom’ (g/em’), These dispers. ing agents have slight of mo effet on the ssosity of the Kerosine. Each of these dis persing agents changes with age or with expo ‘re to heat and light—hence should be kept in wellstoppered, dark glass bots. Drop Ding bottles should be emptied, thoroughly leaned, dried, and refilled periodically Where conditions are sch tat poor disper sion is obtained with oleic acid or when fou ing of the suspension occurs (possibly duc 'o aces of water in the kerosine) aged linseed oil shall be used as the dispersing agent. The same dispersing agent shall be used for both ‘he instrument calibration and the fineness de NOTE 10—Since i is important that the evel ofthe liquid inthe tank coincide with ‘he zero mark on the scale of the instrument (Gee Section 42.7), it comespondinly Portant that the volume of the suspension be close to 335 mL, as specified. This may be accomplished by the use of alas, calibrated (o deliver 335 mL from which all the kerosine ‘sed in making up a suspension i taken: of 4 point gage may be used, consisting essen. Wally ofa flat plate approximately 50 by 63 ram (2 by 2% im), co the center of which is attached vertically metal pin of euch length that, whem the plate is placed in positon on {op of the tank, the point of the pin is atthe {335ml level. Either ofthese methods should ensure the position of the liquid level within a few tenths of a millimeter 822 Agitation of the Suspension— Just before placing the tank in the path of the light beam, agitate the contents to effect a uniformity of the suspension. Cover the tank with a ground-glass cover and oxcillate 180° about a horizontal axis through the center of the tank, turing the tank upside down and back again to its original upright position approxi- ‘mately once each second for about 1 minute (Note 11). Take care to prevent loss of Kerosine (Note 12). The suspen:T98 sion is then ready to place in its proper position in the path of the light beam. NOTE 11—The procedure described for oscillating ube suspension shall be carefully followed The procedure used in shaking = cocktail shall not be employed NOTE 12—The id to the tank shall fit so that no kerosine drains down the outside faces ofthe tank. The faces ofthe glass tank shall be clean when the suspension 1s added, and care shall be taken 10 avoid the necesity of cleaning the faces until he determination ts complete 83. Operation of Turbidimerer— Operate the turbidimeter apparatus in ac cordance with the following procedure: 8.3.1 With retarding filter and sedi- ‘mentation tank containing approximately 100 ml. of clear kerosine in the light path, adjust the light to the intensity, I, as determined in Section 7.1.3 by taking repeated readings at I-minute intervals until an unchanging value indicates that the lamp and the photoelectric cell are in equilibrium. Remove the tank, check ‘and record the intensity of the lamp, NOTE 13—To protect the microsmmetr the lamp shall be tumed on only with suspension or de retard to reduce the the range of the microammeter. A freshly charged storage battery should be momen- tarily shorcrcuited to reduce the voltage 10 constant value. If the microammeter indica tion continues to uewate, look for loose connections in the lamp and photoelectne ell sireuits, see that the theostat contacts are clean, and make certain thatthe lamp, socket, and reflector are rigidly fixed in their 832 Weigh the sample of cement in the appropriate amount and record the weight to the nearest 0.0002 g. Prepare a suspension in accordance with Sec- tion 8.2 833 Place the shelf level pointer at the 30-50 um position. 8.3.4 Fill the buret to the predeter: ‘mined height with kerosine from the same lot and at the same temperature as the Kerosine used in the suspension, and start oscillation of the tank containing the suspension in accordance with Section 8.2.2 Continue the oscillation uatil the Kerosine drains to the zero line on the bouret; then stop the agitation. Immedi: METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING ately place the tank in position in the path of the light beam, 83.5 Immediately remove the re tarding filter from the light path and ‘lose the cabinet door. 83.6 Read the microammeter to the nearest 0.1 wA at the instant the kerosine in the buret drains past marks $0, 45, 40, 35, and 30, 83.7 Raise the shelf successively to the marks 25, 20, 15, 10, and 8.5 on the pointer scale, reading the microammeter at each position as the kerosine drains [ast the corresponding mark on the buret. 83.8 Lower the shelf to the 30-50 tum position. Replace the filter in the path of the light beam, remove the tank, and check the intensity of the lamp. If the microammeter indication has shifted ‘more than 0.3 wA from the initial setting through the filter alone, the test must bbe repeated, 9. DATA RECORDING 9.1 The form shown in Table 4 is suggested forthe recording of tubidime- ter data and for the calculation of spe- cific surface, 10. CALCULATION 10.1 Calculation of Specific Surface 10.1 Calculate the turbidimeter specific surface as follows: 12 = Jog Io) 15 ¥ 075 10g ks ~ log ly * log hy... # log Ly ~ 9.5 tog le S=K S = specific surface of the sample, cm'lg, K = calibration factor as determined in Section 7.1.4 = corrected weight percent of sample passing the 45.y1m (No. 325) sieve (Note 14), and Ty. Igy Fo = ‘microammeter readings, WA, that corresponds to the particle diame- ters 7.5, 10, 15. 50 am. NOTE 14—The value of K as determines in Section 7.1.3 applies enly tos maternal ‘having the density ofporand cement approx imately 3.15 Mg or glem), For any ether 121 TABLE4 llustrative Form for Recording ‘Turbidimeter Test Data and Calculations of Specie Surface NOTE—Values shown ae for purpose of itustation onl, Sump eniiation Sample x Passing 45-am (No, 325) seve,» 904 corrected, 7 Calibration factor, K se Mate reading thrush fer alone. Before test Aier est eight of sample tested, Panicle Si.ym twa 30 3 as a 40 m6 38 ns 30 isa 2s mt 20 zor 15 216 0 239 1s 256 0.5% 408= Sum osx 1.238 Diternce S= (33.9%9014%0-762\1.096=2131 ems (wound wo 2130 emifg oF 213 mg “For conven mele fg Ty and og ave receded na pate ol value mustbecal- culated for this factor which, in the derivation fof the formula, varies inversely a the density of the particles (gm), 10.1.2 To calculate the specific sur- face values in square mettes per kilogram, multiply the surface area in em/g by the factor of 0.1 10.13 Round values in em'/g to the nearest 10 units (in m'/kg to the nearest unit), 10.2 Specific Surface From First Turbidity Reading Iy-This test method may be used for successive determina- tions from the same plant, provided that the same size test samples are used and that there is no great change in fineness, color, or other properties of the content Under these conditions the specific sur face of a sample may be caleulated from the first turbidity reading, I, by using the following equation:122 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 193 TABLE X11 _tlastrative Form for Calulation of Particle Sie Distribution from Recorded Turbimetric Test Data Panicle 4, x Bete percent___ Siem hua tes Direc Ditisrence __Fracional Cumulative 0 m3 2 m3 18 aa soa S na (aa ons an 3 1 “0 16 1246 oon 383 or sie 3 bs 1353 oon 30 639 "3 0 ea 1365 oor 40 oh 2s 191 1a on 285 an 3 » 204 1303 031 sa 899 586 1s 216 1a oss 0 901 » wo no 138 00% 5 28 a1 07 1s 26 208 os 25 2 3635 36 © 000) 20%) = 50 F = Sim (@.% aif = 9045520 = VeaTT ere ation © Pi, ait) (2 = log bs) bbe made using the complet procedurein 11.3 Since there is no accepted refer Sections 83, 9.1, and 10.1 fence: material suitable Tor determining where any bias that may be astciated with this test method, no statement on bias S= specific surface of the sample, I. PRECISION AND BIAS 4s being made. cms, to = microammeter reading cones- M.A Single-Operator Precision ponding particle diameter of 50 ‘The singl-operator coeficien of vara —_—__ ham, and tion has been found to be 2.6 percent © = transmittancy constant for the par- (Note 16). Therefore, results of two prop. ‘ieular plant «rly conducted tests bythe same operator APPENDIX NOTE 15—The tansmitaney constant, ‘may be evaluated by substituting inthe above ‘equation known values of § and 2 ~ log Jy 5 determined from a complete turbidimetet test The average of not less than five values ‘ofc, as determined from complete tess should be used in the above equation, 10.3 If fineness of a sample is deter- ‘mined in accordance with Section 10.2 fails to conform with the specification requirements for fineness, a retest shall fon the same sample should not differ bby more than 7.3 percent (Note 13) of their average. 112 Multilaboratory — Precision— ‘The multilaboratory coefficient of varia tion has been found to be 3.8 percent (Note 16). Therefore, results of two dif: ferent laboratories on identical samples of a material should not differ from each other by more than 10.6 percent (Nowe 16) of their average. NOTE 16—These numbers sepresent, re spectively, the (DIS percent) and (D2S per cent) limits as described in Recommended Practice ASTM C 670, XL CALCULATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION X11 For research or comparative Purposes particle-size distibutions to a ‘minimum of 7.5 yum may be of value. X12 Calculate the panicle size of distribution as follows: ‘The form shown in Table X1.1 is sug: ested for the calculation of particle size distribution,