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    AASHTO T 292-91

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    192 views15 pages

    Aashto T 292-91

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    carol santos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15
    Standard Method of Test for Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils and Untreated Base/Subbase Materials 1. SCOPE LL This method covers procedures for preparing and testing untreated sub- grade soils and untreated base/subbase materials for determination of resilient modulus (M,) under conditions repre- senting a simulation of the physical con- ditions and stress states of materials be- neath flexible pavements subjected to moving wheel loads. 1.2” The methods described are appli- cable to undisturbed samples of natural and compacted subgrade soils and to disturbed samples of subgrade soils and untreated base/subbase materials pre- pared for testing by compaction in the laboratory. Methods of compaction in- clude kneading, impact, static and vibra- tory 1.3. The values of resilient modulus determined with these procedures can be used to calculate the physical response of pavement structures, NOTE 1—Test specimens and equipment escribed in this method may be used to cbtain other useful and related information such asthe Poisson's ratio and rutting charac. teristics of subgrade soils and base/subbase ‘materials. Procedures for obtaining any such ‘optional information are, however, beyond {he scope of this method. 14 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1 AASHTO Standards: T 88 Particle Size Analysis of Soils Moisture-Density Re- lations of Soils Using a 25-kg (5.5-Ib) Ram- ‘mer and a 305-mm (Q2-in,) Drop. Specific Gravity of Soils To AASHTO DESIGNATION T 292-91 Moisture-Density Re- Iations of Soils Using a 4S4kg (10b) Rammer and a 457. ‘mm (18-in) Drop Resistance R-Value and Expansion Pres- sure of Compacted Soils Unconsolidated, Un drained Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Com- pression ‘The Classification of Soils and Soil-Ag- sgregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes, T 234 M 14s SUMMARY OF METHOD 3.1 A repeated axial deviator stress of fixed magnitude, duration and fre- quency is applied to an appropriately prepared and conditioned eylindrical test specimen. During and between the dy- namic devistor stress applications, spe: ‘mens are subjected to a static all-around sttess provided by means of a triaxial pressure chamber. The resilient (recover- able) axial strain response of the speci ‘men is measured and is used to calculate the M,, 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 The resilient modulus test pro- vides a relationship between stress and eformation of pavement construction ‘materials and subgrade soils for use in Pavement design and structural analysis, of layered pavement systems 42. The resilient modulus test pro- vides a means of evaluating subgrade soils and untreated base/subbase materi- als over a range of stress states 5. DEFINITIONS SA_Description of Symbols: 5.1.1; is the total axial stress (ma- {jor principal stress). S12 $, (minor principal stress) and S; (intermediate principal stress) are as- sumed equal and are the total radial stress; that is, the applied confining pres- sure in the tiaxial chamber, NOTE 2—For tess which involve mes surement of pore pressures of saturated spec mens, the principal stresses referred to in this section are acwally effective. principal stresses, that isthe principal stress minus the back pressure 31.3 S. = S, = S) is the deviator tess, ie, the repeated axial stress, Sd Ey is the total axial strain due 0S. S_Eyis the resilient (recoverable) axial strain due to Sq 5.1.6 M, = SJE, is the resilient mod- ulus. 52 Terminology 5.2.1 Load duration i the time inter- val the specimen is subjected to a devia- tor stress. $2.2 Cycle duration is the time in- terval between successive applications of 2 deviator stress, 52.3 Shear strength isthe maximum resistance of a material to. shearing stresses. When required for this proce= dure it is determined from the results of ‘method T 234-85, 52.4 Critical suess ratio is the nu- teric value of the principal stress ratio, SVSs, at which failure ofa test specimen ‘occurs. For tests involving measurement of pore pressures of saturated specimens, this is actually an effective critical stress ratio. $2.5 Viscoelasticity is the property ‘of materials whose strain is atleast partly dependent on time and magnitude of 5.2.6 For purposes of this method 79 780 specimens or soils will be designated ‘granular or cohesive as follows: 5.26.1 Granular specimens or soils are those which meet the criteria of the AASHTO Soil Classification System group or subgroup nos. A-I, A-2-4, A- 2.5 and A-3. Materials which meet crite- Fla of groups A-4 and A-5 and have a ‘maximum plasticity index of 6 shall be considered granular. 52.6.2 Cohesive specimens or soils are those which meet the criteria of the AASHTO Soil Classification System g10U Nos. A-2-6, A-2-7, A6 and AT. Materials which meet the criteria of group nos. A-4 and A-S and have a plasticity index greater than 6 shall be considered cohesive NOTE 3-Cohesive and granular designs tions used in this test method differ from those of M 145 and are made with regands to the material's potential for viscoelastic be havior. Materials of Section 5.2.62 are con sideted viscoelastic while those of Section 5261 are not 5.2.7 “Base/subbase” refers to the ‘untreated layer or layers of specified ma- terials placed between the concrete of asphalt pavement and the subgrade. It should be noted that different agencies ‘may use the tems base or subbase in reference to the same material used in the same pavement layer. Other agencies ‘may, however, apply these terms to dif ferent materials used in separate pave~ ‘ment layers, 5.2.8 “Subgrade” refers to the natu- ral foundation or embankment soil which hhas been prepared to support a pave- ‘ment system, 6. APPARATUS. 6.1 Triaxial Pressure Chamber— ‘The pressure chamber is used to contain the specimen and confining fluid during the test. A triaxial chamber suitable for resilience testing of soils is shown in Figure 1 G11 The chamber may requite addi- tional outlets for electrical leads if inter- nal electric measuring devices are used. 6.1.2 The chamber must be of suffi a freater han or equal 0 the mois: impact ture content 3 ime of con: kneading <0 greater than the melatre content staie e-aired water. If a removable type bot tom platen is used, tighten it firmly to the base ofthe triaxial chamber to ensure ‘an airtight sea, NOTE 8—Some laboratory compacted specimens have been subjected to an agi petiod and will be enclosed by a membrane and solid-end platens Refer to Section AI.13. 7.7.3. Remove end platens if placed fn the specimen for an aging period and carefully place the specimen on the bot- tom test chamber platen. 7.7A_ If the specimen is to be satu- rated, place a porous stone on the speci- ‘men and the top platen on the stone. For ‘unsaturated specimens the top stone is op- tional 7.73. Ifamembrane has been applied to the specimen for an aging period, at- tach the ends to the top and bottom plat- fens using O-rings. Otherwise, using vacuum membrane enlarger” place a ‘membrane over the specimen and attach the ends in a like manner. 7.7.6 Connect the bottom drainage line to the bubble chamber and apply a vacuum of 21 kPa (3 psi). If bubbles con- tinue for more than a few seconds, check for leakage caused by poor connections, holes in the membrane, or imperfect seals atthe end platens, When leakage has been eliminated, disconnect the bottom drain- ‘ge line from the bubble chamber. 7.7.7 Xf intemal LVDT’s ate to be Used, afix the LVDT clamps to the upper ‘and lower quarter points ofthe specimen. Ensure that both clamps lie in horizontal Planes. Install LVDT's tothe clamps and connect them to the recording unit and balance the recording bridges. After bal- ‘ancing the bridges, measure the distance tie of onstruction between the clamps tothe nearest 0.5 mm, (0.02 in) and record this value 7.78 If an internal load cell is to be used, set i in place on top of the speci ‘men platen, 7.7.9 Finish assembling the triaxial ‘chamber by seting the chamber cylinder, cover, and loading piston in place. Secure the cover. The loading piston should be seated on the load cell or platen, 77.10 Centerthe triaxial chamber on the loading device. If the LYDT's and load ceil are external, set them in place. 7.7AL Adjust the loading device such that there is contact between the loading piston and load actuator of reac- tion frame. Rebalance recording bridges for LVDT's and the load cel 77.12 Connect the chamber pressure line. If the specimen is a soft, silty, or granular material, apply the lowest con- fining pressure to be used in the test se~ quence to prevent the specimen from slumping prior to testing. ‘713 If the specimen is to be satu- rated, follow the procedures in Appen- dix I. 8. PROCEDURE NOTE 9—For specimens which have been subjected to back pressure satraton, the con, fining pressures refered to in this section are sctually effective confining pressures, that is, the cell pressure minus the back pressure 8.1 Resilience Testing of Cohesive Soils: NOTE 10—Gencrally, the small range of confining pressure expected within subgrades T 292 hha only a minimal effect on M, valves ob tained from cohesive specimens. Therefore, cohesive specimens shall be tested ata sing. lar confining pressure representing a median ‘value for subgrades, 8.11 If not already done, apply a 21 kPa (3 psi) confining pressure, and tebalance the recording bridges for the LDT's and load cell 81.1.1 Open all drainage lines. Suf- ficient time must be provided prior to testing to allow any consolidation ofthe specimen to occur. For saturated spec ‘mens, completion of consolidation may be asertained by monitoring the spec men's pore water pressure of the rate of rise ofa column of water connected to the specimen's drainage lines. For unsat rated specimens, the rate of change of specimen height may be monitored. 8.1.2 After the specimen has consol- idated, drainage lines wil be closed for Saturated specimens and opened for un. Saturated specimens NOTE 11—Cohesive soils generally ex hibit viscoelastic Behavior. Resilient deforma- Yions may, therefore, be sensitive to the oad duration 8.1.3 Adjust the loading device to produce the fixed load duration selected from Table 1 and a fixed cycle duration of between 1.0 and 3.0 seconds, Load and cycle durations should be chosen to provide « minimum 0.85-second period of relaxation between the end and begin- ning of consecutive load repetitions as illustrated in Figure 6. 8.14 Begin the test by applying 1000 repetitions of a deviator stress of 21 kPa (3 psi) or 41 KPa (6 psi). The lower deviator stress shall be used for specimens with shear strengths less than ‘or equal to 48 kPa (1000 psf). The higher deviator stress shall be used for speci- mens with shear strengths greater than 48 kPa (1000 psf). Shear strengths are determined by the Unconsolidated, Un- drained (UU) method of T 234-85. This sequence constitutes specimen condi- Wioning and is intended to eliminate the effects of any specimen disturbance due to sampling, compaction, and specimen preparation procedures. This load condi- tioning also aids in minimizing the ef- fects of initially imperfect contact be- tween the end platens and the test spee- 7292 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 787 TABLE 4 Test Sequence for Cohesive b. Rectangul load duration (0.05 to 1.0 secon: lar Wave Form is) yele duration (1.0 to 3.0 seconds) (C= period of relaxation (minimum 0.85 seconds —cohesive specimens) ‘miniraum FIGURE 6 Typical Load 8.14.1 Monitor the permanent axial deformation occurring during the condi- tioning phase. Should the permanent ‘axial strain occurring during the last 900 conditioning repetitions exceed 1 per- Cent, the deviator stress should be limited 0 50 percent ofthe shear stress at failure. The criterion of failure is defined by T 234-85, 8.14.2 Monitor the post-condition- jing permanent axial deformation Uiroughout the remainder of the test Should postconditioning permanent axial strain exceed 5 percent, the test shall be terminated, 8.14.3 After the specimen condi- tioning phase is complete, the testing Phase should begin immediately without allowing time for dissipation of pore pressures, 8.15 Apply a minimum of 50 repeti- tions of the smallest deviator stress to be included in the test. If in-service stresses are not known, the test sequence (09 seconds-—granular specimens) fave Forms in Table 4 may be used, Record the average recoverable axial deformations of the last five repetitions, NOTE 12—Swess states shoud be selected to cover the expected in-service range. Data obtained at unrealistic stress levels may ad versely affect the regression analysis, Table 4s presented to delimit the range of stress levels possible, It may be necessary for the testing agency o exclude certain sess states oF include others, 8.15.1 To determine the maximum number of repetitions necessary, com: ae the recoverable axial deformations at the 20th and SOth repetitions. If the difference is less than 5 percent of the smaller, record the average recoverable axial deformation of the last five repeti- tions. Ifthe difference is preater than 5 percent apply an additional 50 repetitions at this stress state. Repeat the comparison for the SOth and 100th repetitions. Con- Specimens Devitor Sequence Suess No.of Phase No. (kPa)*_Repettions Specimen Bie Conditioning _1__1s#* 1000 2 a aw Testing 48 sa 6195 Taos = tp ‘Use for specimens wit sheng Seat 48 kha 0010p ‘e+ Use for specimens wih sheng srength 5 H8> APs (1000p, Ieptions necesay 6 0. The maxims econ 5 per Section 8.1.51 and mot be seleterminc fr NOTE: Conining pes fr al eva sess 152 ws pe tinue applying additional sets of 50 repe- tions and repeating the above compari- son between the last and 50th previous repetition, until the difference is equal ‘o or less than 5 percent of the smaller value. When this criteria is met the num ber of repetitions applied shall be consid- ered the maximum necessary and the average recoverable axial deformation for the last five repetitions will be re- corded. This process shall be terminated after 200 repetitions are applied. 8.1.6 Increase the deviator stress to the next desired level. Determine the ‘maximum number of repetitions neces- sary at this stress by the method de- scribed in Section 8.1.5.1 and apply to the specimen. Record the average recov. ‘rable axial deformations of the last five repetitions for each deviator stress. 8.1.7 Continue the steps of Section 8.1.6 until testing at all dsized deviator stresses is completed. BLL If a backpressure was used, reduce it to zero, then reduce the confin- ing pressure to zero 8.1.9 Disassemble the triaxial cham- ber and remove all apparatus from the specimen, Use the entire specimen for the final moisture content determination, Record this value on a form for cohesive soils as shown in Figure 4. 788, 8.2. Resilience Testing of Granular Materials—Procedures. of this. section ‘are used for specimens of granular sub- grade soils and base/subbase materials, 8.2.1 Allow the specimen to consoli- date as in Section 8.1.1.1, 8.22 If not already done, open or

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