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    AASHTO T 282-90

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    47 views4 pages

    Aashto T 282-90

    Uploaded by

    carol santos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Standard Method of Test for Calibrating a Wheel Force or Torque Transducer Using a Calibration Platform (User Level) AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 282-90! (ASTM DESIGNATION: E 556-82) 1. SCOPE LA This method covers the calibra- tion of the force (or torque) transducer and associated instrumentation of a ‘mounted test wheel by using a calibration platform. It is used for establishing cor- rection factors for changes in transducer ‘output due to changes in operating condi- tions. 1.2 This method is a static calibra. tion, simulating the traction force be- tween a tire and the pavement, 1.3 In the case of a force-measuring system, the instrumentation readout is directly proportional to the calibration force input. 14 Ta the case ofa torque-measuring system, the instrumentation readout is a measure of the calibration force input and the effective tire radius LS This is a major calibration stan- dard, and only Section 9 need be per- formed routinely (see notes in Sections 8 and 10), 16 This standard may involve haz- ardous materials, operations, and equip. ment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. I isthe responsi bility of whoever uses this standard to ‘consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory. limitations Prior to use, 2. REFERENC! ED DOCUMENTS, 2.1 AASHTO Standards: M 261 Standard Tire for Pavement Frictional Property Tests BSS) for eminlogy end Seaton 7.3, est rchod ite some AST S309 M 286 Smooth-Tread Stan- ‘dard Tire for Special Purpose Pavement Frictional Property Tests Frictional Properties of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire 2.2 ASTM Standards E178. Practice for Dealing with Outlying Obser E 274. Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full- Scale Tire ‘Specifications for ‘Standard Tire for Pavement Skid-Resis- tance Tests E 524. Specification for ‘Smooth-Tread Stan- dard Tire for Special: Purpose Pavement Skid-Resistance Tests Method for Calibra- tion of Braking Force for Testing of Pneu- ‘matic Tires T 242 E50 F377 3. SUMMARY OF METHOD 3.1 The vertical static loads (forces) ‘on the test wheels) and hitch are estab- lished. Ifthe tester is of the taller type, it must be connected to its tow vehicle ‘Traction forces are applied to the locked wheel(s) at the tire-platform interface. ‘The wheel transducer is calibrated while trailer and tow vehicle displacements are ‘measured from the initial position for the applied traction force. The calibration platform consists of » bearing that is frictionless in all directions of the hori- zontal plane supporting a rigid plate with ‘high friction surface. The force applied to this platform is measured by a suit- able tansducer. 3.2 Wheel transducer linearity and hysteresis are determined from an x-y chart and ate correlated with the tow vehicle instrumentation. Techniques are given for establishing reference signals to be used as calibration points. 3.3. With calibration platforms hav- ing force-measurement capability also in the vertical direction, test wheel load (force) is recorded as a function of the applied tractive calibration force. 34 With a wheel transducer also having normal load (force)-measuring capability, the transducer output is com pared with the corresponding vertical output (if available) of the calibration platform, 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 Wheel force or torque tansduc- fers are used under dynamic test condi- tions, and the measurements are subject to many error sources. The static calibra- tion recommended by the present stan- dard cannot eliminate all error sources. Its significance is in providing an accu- Tate calibration of the transducer and the associated electronics, readout, and recording equipment, 4.2 Calibration result may be used to either make mechanical or electronic adjustments until the readout agrees with the calibration input. Alternatively, cali- bration curves or tables may be prepared to be used as corrections to measured re: salts, 747 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS SPECIFIC TO THIS STANDARD sa tem—A force-to-electrical signal con verter system including transducer(s),as- sociated signal condition, zeroing, ampli fying, recocding, and monitoring instrumentation. 5.2. Calibration Reference Signals— Repeatable signals in the range of ex pected wheelforce transducer system Toading. These signals could either be constant voltages or produced by a strain- gage calibration shunt resistor 53. Calibration Plasform—A mov- ing platform for applying 2 force in the contact plane of a tire, and associated means for measuring the applied force. ‘The calibration platform consists of a rigid plate with a high friction surface, in contact with the tire footprint, sup. ported on a frictionless bearing. It may also be instrumented to measure vertical forces (loads), Sa Hysteresis—The maximum dit: ference between corresponding. trans- ducer outputs (of the wheel force trans- ducer system) at inereasing and decreas ing applied calibration force, expressed as a percentage of maximum outpot. Proven outliers are excluded. 55° Linearity—The maximum devi- ation of the transducer outputs) (of the wheel force transducer system) from the ‘bestfit” linear relation to the applied calibration force, expressed as a percent- age of full scale. Proven outliers are ex- cluded 8.6 Test Wheel—A wheel and test tire assembly mounted to a test vehicle bby means ofa force or torque transducer. Wheel Force Transducer Sys- 6. APPARATUS. 6.1 The calibration apparatus shall consist of the basic components de- scribed below, and calibrated in accor- dance with Section 6.3 of ASTM F 377. 64.1 A calibration platform for applying tractive forces at the tire-plat form interface of a test wheel, with a calibrated intemal or external reference force tansducer to measure these forces. pability of measuring vertical forces, (wheel loads) is also desirable METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 6.1.2 A system for generating trac: tion forces applied through the calibra tion platform. 6.1.3 Instrumentation for recording cr indicating transducer outputs, includ- ing digital voltmeters and an x-y re- ccorder. 6.14 Accurate levels, scale(s) for ‘measiring vertical wheel load and veri cal hitch load accurate within 1 percent of maximum, a thermometer for measur- ing ambient temperature, and (option: ally) dial gages for measuring displace- ‘ments during calibration. 7. PREPARATION OF APPARATUS. TA. Site—Select a sheltered, level paved area. (A hard surface, preferably under cover, is desirable.) 72 Traction Tester Instrumenta- tion—Check the test vehicle instrumen tation by following established setup procedures for the system with reference to the recommended procedure in the ‘manufacturers manual, where applicable. Set all gains and offsets at valUcs nor rally used during friction testing. Re- cord the settings. 73. Tow Vehicle—Standardize the tow vehicle by removing all cargo not normally carried during testing, adding ‘weights to simulate the crew, timuning the water supply to one-half capacity maintaining gas capacity at full, and set- ting the normal tow vebicle tire cold inflation pressure, TA Test Tratler—Position the trailer coupled to its tow vehicle on level ‘ground and set the trailer variables such 15 tire pressure, hitch height, inflation pressure of air shock absorbers. where present, ec. 0 the normal operating val ues. Measure the hitch height from level {ground to the center ofthe hitch. Decou: ple the trailer and weigh it at each point ‘of support, maintaining its relative level Correct the weights if needed to comply with Method T 242. Recouple the trailer to the towing vehicle. NOTE 1—Decoupling and weighing atthe Itch point may’ be suspended if no change inthe test wheel load has occured since the Previous calibration, 7282 78 Wheel Transducer—With ful normal load on the test wheel and the wheel free to rotate, the wheel transducer output should read zer0 (see Section 9.5 for zero adjustment) TS. Force Tiansducer—If the out put is different from zero, adjust by either rotating the transdacer (if provisions for rotation have been made) of by changing initial height, that is, tilting the trailer to orient the transducer horizontal axis parallel to the calibration plane 75.2 Torque Transducer—Correct for off-zero reading, since no adjustment ccan be made. 75.3 Record all measures, weights, and dimensions, and the trailer position that gives zero transducer outputs. 7.6 Calibration Platform and Asso- ‘bration platform and associated instru- mentation by following established set- vup procedures and the manufacturer's ‘manals where applicable. ‘TT Test Tires—Set the inflation pressure under normal vertical load (Force). Inflation pressure shall be 24.0 © 0.5 psi (165.0 = 3.5 kPa) ambient temperature (cold). 8, MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENTS (OPTIONAL) NOTE 2—it is desirable that these mea surements be performed on new testers oF whenever modifications of repairs are made ‘hat may affeet these displacements NOTE 3—When the measurements are performed, the trailer and tow vehicle shall be hitched togeter positioned in ine, leveled and prepared in acordance with Sections 7.3 and 73 8.1 Place the test wheel(s) on the force plate(s) using blocks under other wheels, if needed, to maintain a level plane of support for all system tires 8.2. Position the displacement-mes sufing devices (such as dial gages) to ‘measure the following system responses to waction force: 82.1 Trailer axle rotation on roll and yaw axes, $2.2 Trailer body rotation on roll and yaw axes, 8.2.3 Trailer ody translation on lon- situdinal, lateral, and vertical axes T 292 8.24 Hitch point translation on lon- gitudinal, lateral, and vertical axes, 8.2.5 "Change in radius of test tire(s). 8.2.6 Movement of test tire suspen- sion(s), and 82.7 Movement of tow vehicle axle 8 an indication tow vehicle tire hori- Zontal deflection (Footprint shift), 83 Increase the action force through the force plate(s) to the test tire(s) over the full calibration range. “Measure the displacements as a function fof increasing and decreasing traction force increments of approximately 100 Ibf (445 N). 8.4 Plot the measurements of Sec- tion 8.3 showing the motion characteris- tics of the system versus increasing and decreasing traction force. 9. CALIBRATION 91 Determine that the calibration platform has been suitably calibrated Within a reasonable period of time (see Section 6.1) 9.2. If the est vehicle is of the trailer ‘ype, it should be hitched and aligned with the tow vehicle. The calibration may bbe performed with auxiliary electrical power for the instrumentation. In this case after completing the ealibration, the system should be checked when powered by the vehicle electrical system with the engine running, to determine if the out- pput(s) are affected. The preparations de- scribed in Section 7 shall have been per- formed. 93° Place the test wheel(s) on the calibration platforms) using blocks, if needed, under the other wheels to main: tain a level plane of support for all sys- tem tires. 9.4 Record the ambient temperature Avoid calibrating under extreme hot or ‘cold conditions, 98 Zero the output(s) of the calibra- tion platform in accordance with estab- lished operating procedures. Zero the wheel transducer ouput in accordance with Section 7.5. Warning: Make sure that wheel brakes do not drag. 9.6 Align the calibration platform(s) and the associated force application sys- tems) with the test tire(s) 9.7 Use extemal meters or xy re corders to observe the wheel-force tans METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING ducer system signals at the input to the system recorder. With full vertical load orce) and zero traction force applied to the test wheel(s), establish calibration reference zero levels for all applicable channels by monitoring, or adjusting the extemal signal indicators, or both (for example, balance the amplifiers, adjust the mechanical zero, and record the no- load signal). With no extemal force on the test wheel, zero the vertical-trans- ducer output signal, if applicable, with the controls of the extemal meter indica- tor and system recorder. 9.8 Record the wheel transducer out urs) (horizontal traction and vertical Toad (force)) versus the tractive-calibra- tion force input on both the system re- ccorder and the external meter while in- creasing and decreasing the traction force bby 100 Ibf (445 N) increments through the full calibration range. NOTE 4—For 2 two-wheeled towed test taller, the test wheel vertical load should decrease linearly fom the zero traction value 88 the applied traction force increases at a slope proportional the IL ratio of the taller where is the inital hitch height and Lis the initial hitchto-anle length (see T 242) The non-test wheel verial load (Tore) should remain constant at the 2er0 traction value. The sum of the axial force on both ‘wheels should increase linearly from rero a5 the applied traction force increases linearly ata slope that varies with the specific TL. {tio of the trailer, where T is the wacking with NOTE $—Some calibration platforms use ball or roller bearing (instead of ait bearings). Any side force on the wheel under calibration will generate additional fection fores inthe calibration platform and cause erroneous readings and hysteresis, 99 Measure and record the force- plate longitudinal displacement from ‘zero-applied traction force to the maxi ‘mum-applied waction force. 9.10 Establish the force values of the calibration reference signals and the linearity and hysteresis characteristics for the transducer outputs, using the data ia Section 9.8. Account for and record any differences between the external meter values and the system recorder values 9.11 Determine data reduction cor rection factors using the data in Section 98, Account for and record any differ. 19 fences from the linear correction factors HIL and TI2L. 9.12 Confirm that the calibration platform was calibrated through a dis- placement equal to ot larger than that ‘measured in Section 9.9, Note any differ- ‘ences for subsequent calibration platform calibrations (see Section 6.1) 9.13 Record the wheel-transducer vertical load (force) output and, where applicable, the forceplate transducer ver- tical output, on both the system recorder and the extemal meter while increasing and decreasing the vertical force applied at the trailer center of gravity by at least 20 percent of the static wheel load value in 100 bf (445 N) increments 9.14 Establish the linearity and hys- teresis characteristics for the vertical twansducer output, if applicable, using the data in Section 9.13. (Establish the force values of the vertical calibration reference signals using the data of Sec- tion 9.8.) 9.15 Perform the calibration proce- dure of Section 9 for the second wheel transducer, if applicable 10. DETERMINATION OF OPERATING CORRECTION FACTORS (OPTIONAL) NOTE 6—In this section some procedures se given for determining the effect of difer- ent factors on the calibration. These are not art of the regulae calibration procedute, 10.1 While applying a simulated trailer hitch vertical load (force) to the tow vehicle using the results of Section 74 and with the simulated weights of the tow vehicle occupants in place, mea- sure the change in hitch position with ‘changes in weight of water, fuel, and oc- ‘cupants 10.2 Conducta wheel wansducer test as in Section 9.8 with the following con- ditions: 10.2.1 Hitch up from nermal to the lunloaded positions. 10.22 Hitch down from normal to the fully loaded position 10.2.3 External axial force applied atthe tire-force plate interface, and 10.24 Vertical wheel loads (force) increased by applying 600 Ib (270 ks) fof mass t0 the trailer body which acts 750 through the center of gravity of the trailer 103. Monitor the output of all instru ‘mentation power supplied with the tow vehicle engine idling and racing. 104 Remove the wheel transducer from the trailer. Place it in a temperature- controlled oven and monitor the zero- load transducer output with the calibra- tion signal generator both connected and disconnected over a range of tempera- tures. Let the wansducer temperature range from 40 to 120°F (4 t0 50°C). Let the tansducer temperature stabilize for 2 hours before each reading. NOTE 7—Procedure in Section 10.6 may not be feasible on all equipment. 1, REPORT ALA ‘The report shall contain the fol- lowing information ULI Friction-measuring identification, 1.1.2 Wheeltransducer identifica tion, M113 Date, 11.1.4 Test equipment identification in accordance with calibration reports), MLS Test tres identification, 1.6 Static weight at wheels and system bitch, ULL7 Setting of the friction tester variables, M18 Measured values H (hitch height), L (length from hitch to wheel center) and T (Wack width), M19 Tow vehicle standardization dena, 111.10 Instrumentation devas, M111 Positions of displacement- ‘measuring devices (make sketch) (see Section 8.2), M.1.12 “Orientation of the trans

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