4

MOVING
UNIT – III CHAPTER
Magnetic Effects
of Current and CHARGES AND
Magnetism
MAGNETISM

Syllabus
¾¾ Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment, Biot-Savart's law and its applications to current carrying circular
loop.
¾¾ Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire; Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative
treatment); force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron.
¾¾ Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; Force between two parallel current-carrying
conductors–definition of ampere; Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil
galvanometer–its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts
OD D OD D OD D
Magnetic field and 2 Q (1 M) 1 Q (1 M) 1 Q (2 M) 4 Q (1 M) 2 Q (1 M)
cyclotron 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (3 M)
Ampere's circuital 1 Q (2 M) 1 Q (2 M) 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (1 M)
law and its 2 Q (3 M) 2 Q (3 M)
applications.
Torque and 2 Q (3 M)
galvanometer

TOPIC-1
Magnetic Field & Cyclotron

Revision Notes
Concept of Magnetic field
¾¾ Magnetic field is a region around a magnet where force of magnetism acts which affects other magnets and
magnetic materials.
¾¾ Magnetic field also known as B-field can be pictorially represented by
magnetic field lines. TOPIC - 1
¾¾ Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be Magnetic Field & Cyclotron .... P. 91
macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents associated with
TOPIC - 2
electrons in atomic orbits.
Ampere's Circuital Law and its
¾¾ Lorentz Force: When a charge q moving with velocity v enters a region Applications .... P. 101
where both magnetic fields and electric fields exist, both fields exert a
force on it. TOPIC - 3
→ → → → Torque and Galvanometer .... P. 110
Lorentz Force, F = q[ E + v × B ]
 × × × ×
→ → → → v + v
where, F = magnetic force, q = charge, v = velocity, B = magnetic field, × × × ×
→ → → →
E = electric field, q E = electric force on the charge, q( v × B ) = magnetic × × × × ×
+ F +
force on the charge ×
× × × ×

¾¾ S
I unit of magnetic field is Tesla, while smaller magnetic fields are measured in × × × ×
+ v
terms of Gauss. v
× × × ×
1 Tesla = 104 G
→ →
¾¾ When a test charge q0 enters a magnetic field B directed along negative z-axis with a velocity v making an angle
q with the z-axis, then,
→ → → ∧
Fm = q0 ( v × B ) = q0vBsin q n

Characteristics of motion of particle in magnetic field
¾¾ Velocity and kinetic energy of particle do not change, as force is always perpendicular to velocity.
¾¾ Direction of velocity will continuously change, if q = 0.
when q =0, no force will act on the particle, hence there will be no change in velocity.
mv
¾¾ When q =90°, test charge describes a circle of radius ,
q0 B

where, m is mass of the particle; larger the momentum, bigger the circle described.
mv sin θ
¾¾ In case of q being any other angle than 0° and 90°, test charge will show circular path of radius , which
q0 B
moves along the direction of magnetic field with speed of vcos q.
¾¾ Momentum along the direction of magnetic field will remain same.
q0 B
¾¾ Angular speed of test charge is independent of initial speed of particle.
m

¾¾ Centripetal force on test charge q0v Bsin q is independent of the mass of particle.
¾¾ When the particle enters the magnetic field with the same momentum, then radius of path will be,
mv
r=
q0 B
1
where, r∝
q0
Cyclotron
¾¾ The cyclotron consists of two metallic dees in strong magnetic field where oscillating electric field is applied from
an oscillator.
¾¾ In this, magnetic field is perpendicular to electric field which exists across the gap between the dees.
¾¾ The charged particle gets accelerated, while crossing the gap and moves along the circular path with radius,
mv
r=
q0 B

¾¾ As charged particle is accelerated while crossing the gap, its kinetic energy increases which
increases the radius of circular path keeping frequency of revolution unchanged till mass remains
constant.
¾¾ It cannot be used to accelerate the electrons as electrons move with a velocity equivalent to the
velocity of light. Hence, an appreciable increase in mass occurs according to the relation,
m0
m=
v2
1−
c2

¾¾ The frequency of cyclotron described in semicircular path with T as period of oscillating electric field will be:

1 Bq  2m 
υ= =  Here, T  2t  
T 2 πm  qB 

 ¾¾ Maximum energy gained by the charged particle:
1 2
KE = mv = Emax
2
 q 2 B2  2   qB  
Emax =   r Here, v =   r 
 2m   m 

¾¾ Velocity Selector: The crossed E & B fields serves as a velocity selector of a charged particle. When electric field
and magnetic field forces are equal, they cancel out each other.
E
qE = qvB or v =
B
Oersted’s experiment
Oersted observed that:
¾¾ When there is no current, compass needle below a wire shows no deflection.
¾¾ When the flow of current is in single direction, then the compass needle deflects in a particular direction.
¾¾ When the flow of current is reversed, deflection in compass needle occurs in the opposite direction.
¾¾ From an experiment, it is concluded that an electrical current produces a magnetic field which surrounds the
wire.
Biot-Savart's law
¾¾ The magnetic field due to a current element at a nearby point is given by:
dB
→ →
→  µ  ds× r P
dB =  0  I r
 4π  r 3
where,
→
dB = Magnetic field produced by current element I

ds
→
ds = Vector length of small section of wire in direction of current
→
r = Positional vector from section of wire to where magnetic field is measured
I = Current in the wire
→ →
q = Angle between ds and r
m0 = Permeability of free space and m0 = 4p × 10–7 Wb/Am

   Idl sin 
The magnitude of magnetic field, | dB |   0 
 4  r2
y
Applications of Biot-Savart's Law
¾¾ Magnetic field at a point in circular loop will be:
ds
 0 IR 2 
B r [Here, r2 = R2 + x2]
 
3/2
2 R2  x2 r
dBY dB
R
O r
¾¾ Magnetic field at the centre of the coil z

x
 NI 
B 0 r , [x = 0] l P
2R dBX x
2µ0 NiA
¾¾ Magnetic field at very large distance from the centre: B = [Here, R2 << r2 or, R2 + x2 ≈ x2]
4 πx 3
where, A = Area of circular loop
= pR2
¾¾ Magnetic field due to current carrying circular arc with centre O will be:
i
µ πi µ i
(i) B= 0. = 0
4π r 4 r

O r
 i

(ii) 0 . i
B r
4  r
O
i

0 . ( 2   )i
(iii) B
4 r O r

¾¾ M
agnetic field at common centre of non-coplanar and concentric coils, where both coils are perpendicular to each
other will be: B2

µ0 2 2 i1 1
B = B12 + B22 = i1 + i2
2r

B1
2 i2

Key Formulae
→ → → →
¾¾ Lorentz force, F = q( E + v × B )

¾¾ In uniform magnetic field B, frequency of circular motion of charged particle,

qB
f =
2pm

q 2 r 2 B2
and KEm =
2m
 

 i( dl  r )
¾¾ Biot-Savart's law, dB  0 .
4 r3
 0 R2
¾¾ Magnetic field at a point due to circular loop, B  .I
2 ( R 2  x 2 )3 / 2

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

[A] Very Short Answer Type Questions Q. 2. A charge particle after being accelerated through
a potential difference ‘V’ enters in a uniform
Q. 1. An electron with charge – e and mass m travels at magnetic field and moves in a circle of radius r. If
a speed v in a plane perpendicular to a magnetic V is doubled, What will be the radius of the circle ?
field of magnitude B. The electron follows a
 U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020 MODIFIED]
circular path of radius R. In a time, t, the electron
travels halfway around the circle. What is the Ans. The radius will be 2r  1
amount of work done by the magnetic field? etailed answer:
D
U [SQP 2020-21]
The relation between r and V is
Ans. Work done is Zero. 1 α V . So, as V becomes doubled, r becomes 2r .
Detailed Answer: Q. 3. An electron moves along +x direction. It enters
Since the magnetic field is perpendicular to the 
into a region of uniform magnetic field B directed
velocity, so there will be no work on the charged
along –z direction as shown in fig.
particle.
 y
B Q. 10. A proton and an electron travelling along parallel
x them will move in a circular path with higher
e
z
Draw the shape of trajectory followed by the
electron after entering the field.
U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
Ans. Shape of trajectory will be circular. 1
Q. 4. The work done in moving a charge particle
between two points in an uniform electric field,
does not depend on the path followed by the
particle. Why ?
 U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-I, 2020]
Ans. The work done to move a charge particle between
two points in an electric field is W = qEd = qV
where q = Magnitude of the charge,
E = Electric Field,
d = Distance between the two points
V = Potential difference between the two points
1
Q. 5. An electron and a proton are moving along the
same direction with the same kinetic energy.
They enter a uniform magnetic field acting
perpendicular to their velocities. How the radii
of the paths followed by them depend on their
masses ? U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-II, 2020]
Ans. Radius of the path = mass.
Q. 6. There are uniform electric and magnetic fields in
a region pointing along X-axis. An α-particle is
projected along Y-axis with a velocity v. What will
be the shape of the trajectory ?
U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-III 2020, MODIFIED]
Ans. Trajectory will be helical with its axis parallel to
X-axis. 1
Q. 7. A charged particle
 (+ q) moves in a uniform For following questions, two statements are
electric field ( E ) in the direction opposite to E .
What will be the effect on its electrostatic potential
energy during its motion ?
U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-III, 2020]
Ans. Potential energy increases.
Q. 8.  A proton is accelerated through a potential
difference V, subjected to a uniform magnetic
field acting normal to the velocity of the proton. If
the potential difference is doubled, how will the
radius of the circular path described by the proton
in the magnetic field change?
U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-I, 2019]
Ans. Try Yourself. See Q. No. 2 of 1 Mark Questions.
Q. 9. Write the relation for the force acting on a charged
→
particle q moving with velocity v in the presence
→ magnetic field. This magnetic field has no effect
of a magnetic field B .1
Ans.   q (  B ) . [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1
paths enter a region of uniform magnetic field,
acting perpendicular to their paths. Which of
frequency? U [CBSE, 2018]
Ans. Electron. 1
Q. 11. In cyclotron, what is the nature of the path
of charged particles under the action of a
perpendicular magnetic field ? U
Ans. The path is a spiral. 1
Q. 12. State Oersted’s observation in the experiment for
the magnetic field due to a current carrying wire.
 R
Ans. When a magnetic needle is brought close to a
straight current carrying wire, it aligns itself in
the perpendicular direction to the wire. If we
reverse the direction of the current, the direction of
deflection also reverses. 1
Q. 13. Two protons of equal kinetic energies enter a
region of uniform magnetic field. The first proton
enters normal to the field direction while the
second enters at 30° to the field direction. Name
the trajectories followed by them.
R [CBSE Comptt. Set-I, II, III, 2017]
Ans. Normal: Circular ½
At an angle of 30°: it will follow helical path ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
Q. 14. An electron is accelerated through a potential
difference V. Write the expression for its final
speed, if it was initially at rest.
R [CBSE Comptt. Set-I, II, III, 2018]
2 eV
Ans. v= 1
m
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
[B] ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
given-one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer
to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and
(d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false
1. Assertion (A): Magnetic field interacts with a
moving charge only.
Reason (R): Moving charge produces a magnetic
field.
Ans. (a) 1
Explanation: Current carrying wire creates
on a stationary charge. But when the charge also
 moves, it creates a current. This current produces a
magnetic field. Two fields interact and the charge is
deflected. So, the assertion is true. Moving charge
creates a current which produces a magnetic field.
So, the reason is also true. Reason is the correct
explanation of A.
2. Assertion(A): If an electron is not deflected when
moving through a certain region of space, then the
only possibility is that no magnetic field is present
in that region.
Reason (R): Force on electron is directly
proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
Ans. (a) 1
Explanation: In absence of magnetic field, moving
electron will not be deflected. This possibility is
  
true. So, assertion is true. F  q(V  B ) . So, force
on electron is directly proportional to the strength
of the magnetic field. So, reason is true. Reason
properly explains the assertion.
3. Assertion (A): The energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field remains
constant.
Reasoning (R): Work done by the magnetic field
on the charge is zero.
Ans. (a) 1
Explanation: The force on a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field always acts in
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion
of the charge.
So work done by the magnetic field,
W = FS cos θ = FS cos 90° = 0
So, the energy of the charged particle does not
change.
Both, assertion and reason are true and reason also
explains the assertion.
4. Assertion(A): An electron and a proton moving
with same velocity enters a magnetic field. The
force experienced by the proton is more than the
force experienced by the electron.
Reason (R): The mass of proton is more than the
mass of the electron.
Ans. (d) 1
Explanation: F  q( v  B )
So, the force is mass independent. So, the assertion
is false.
Proton is obviously heavier than electron. So,
reason is true. But reason does not explain the
assertion.

Short Answer Type Questions (2 & 3 marks each)

Q. 1. A charged particle q is moving in the presence of Detailed Answer:

a magnetic field B which is inclined to an angle v
v
30° with the direction of motion of the particle.
B
Draw the trajectory followed by the particle in the 30° B
30°
presence of the field and explain how the particle
1
describes this path. U [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2019]
B
Ans. Drawing of trajectory 1 B
V
Explanation 1 V

v 30°
30°
B
30°

1 q
q
1
→

Two components of velocity vector v are Since magnetic force is given as,
responsible for the helical motion. Force on the   
F
F  qq(( vv B
B))
charged particle due to the component normal
or F
or F  qv
qvB sin 
B sin 
to the magnetic field, acts perpendicular to the
here,  =
here,  = 30 30 
velocity and the magnetic field. Hence, it makes
qvB
the particle to follow circular path. The component F
F  qvB
of velocity which is along the magnetic field, does 22
not cause any force on the particle, hence particle Velocity component parallel to the field moves
continues to move in a straight line path due to particle in straight line and velocity component
this component, hence resultant path will be perpendicular to the field creates circular motion,
helical. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] thus the combined effect is the helical path. 1
 Q. 2. 
State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Ans. Condition → → →
Explain its working with the help of a schematic (i) For directions of E , B , v 1
diagram. Obtain the expression for cyclotron → → →
frequency. R & A [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2019] (ii) For magnitudes of E , B , v 1
→
→
Ans. Underlying principle of cyclotron ½
(i) The velocity v of the charged particles and the E
Working 1 →
Schematic diagram ½ and B vectors, should be mutually perpendicular.
Obtaining the expression for the cyclotron → →
frequency 1 Also the forces on q, due to E and B must be
Cyclotron works on the principle that kinetic oppositely directed. ½
energy of the charged particle is increased when (Also accept if the student draws a diagram to
they move in crossed oscillating electric and show the directions.)
magnetic fields again and again. ½ y

E
FE

• v
x

B
FB ½
z
(ii) qE = qvB

v= E
½ B
When charged particle enters inside the metal
[Alternatively, The student may write:
boxes, no electric field acts on it, the magnetic
→
field however acts on the particle and makes it go Force due to electric field = q E
round on a circular path inside the metal boxes,
 
(dees), everytime when particle moves one dee to Force due to magnetic field = q( v  B ) ½
another it is acted upon by the electric field and
the sign of electric field changes alternatively in
The required condition is
turn with the circular motion of the particle, hence
→  
particle is accelerated, which in turn increases the q E =  q( v  B )
kinetic energy of it. 1
2
mv     
= qvB [or E   ( v  B )  ( B v ) ½
r
mv (Note: Award 1 mark only if the student just
r=

qB writes:
Frequency, "The forces, on the charged particle, due to the
v electric and magnetic fields, must be equal and
ν
2 r opposite to each other")
v qB [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
mv 2 m →
2 Q. 5. (a) Write an expression for the force F acting on

qB  1 a particle of mass m and charge q moving with
→ →
Thus, frequency is independent of the speed 'v'
velocity V in a magnetic field B . Under what
and radius 'r'. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] conditions will it move in (i) a circular path and
Q. 3. Draw a labelled diagram of cyclotron. Explain its (ii) a helical path ?
working principle. Show that cyclotron frequency (b) Show that kinetic energy of the particle moving in
is independent of the speed and radius of the magnetic field remains constant.
orbit. R & A [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-I, 2019]
R & A [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2017]
Ans. Try yourself, see Q.No. 2 of 3 Marks Questions.
Q. 4. Find the condition under which the charged Ans. (a) Expression for force acting on charged particle 1
particles moving with different speeds in the (i) Condition for circular path ½
presence of electric and magnetic field vectors can (ii) Condition for helical path ½
be used to select charged particles of a particular (b) Showing Kinetic energy is constant 1
speed. A & E [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-I, 2017]
    Q. 7. (a) Write the expression for the magnetic force
(a) F  q( v  B ) 1 acting on a charged particle moving with velocity
v in the presence of magnetic field B.
(i) When velocity of charge particle and magnetic (b) A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle
field are perpendicular to each other. ½ moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform
(ii) When velocity is neither parallel nor perpendicular magnetic field going into the plane of the paper
to the magnetic field. ½ as shown. Trace their paths in the field and justify
(b) The force, experienced by the charged particle, your answer.
→
is perpendicular to the instantaneous velocity v ,
at all instants. Hence, the magnetic force cannot
bring any change in the speed of the charged
particle. Since speed remains constant, the kinetic
energy also stays constant. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
Q. 6. (a) State Biot – Savart law and express this law in
the vector form.  R&U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2016]
(b) Two identical circular coils, P and Q each of radius Ans. (a) Expression for the magnetic force 1
R, carrying currents 1 A and 3 A respectively, (b) Trace of paths ½+½+½
are placed concentrically and perpendicular to Justification ½
→ → →
each other lying in the XY and YZ planes. Find the
(a) F = q( ν × B )  1
magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
(Give Full credit of this part even if a student
at the centre of the coils.
writes:
R & A [CBSE OD SET 1 2017]
→
F = qnBsin q
Ans. (a) Statement of Biot Savart law 1 and force ( F ) acts perpendicular to the plane
Expression in vector form ½ → →
(b) Magnitude of magnetic field at centre 1 containing ν and B )
Direction of magnetic field ½
→
(b) X X X X
(a) It states that magnetic field strength, dB , due to a
→
α X X X X ½
current element, Idl , at a point, having a position
vector r relative to the current element, is found
to depend (i) directly on the current element, (ii) n X X X X ½
inversely on the square of the distance |r|, (iii)
directly on the sine of angle between the current
X X X X
element and the position vector r.1 e –1
In vector notation,
 X X X X
  Idl  r ½
0
dB 
4  r 3 Justification: Direction of force experienced by
½ the particle will be according to the Fleming's
Alternatively, left hand rule/(any other alternative correct
 rule.) ½
  µ Idl × r 
 dB = 0
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
 4 π r 2 
Q. 8. Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for
the magnetic field on the axis of a current carrying
  1 0
(b)    0  (along z − direction)½ circular loop of radius R.
2R 2R Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular
wire carrying current I.
0  3 0 3
BQ   (along x − direction) R,A&U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-I, 2016] 3
2R 2R
Ans. Let us consider a circular loop of radius a with
0 centre C. Let the plane of the coil be perpendicular
 B  Bp2  BQ2 
R ½ to the plane of the paper and current I be flowing
This net magnetic field B, is inclined to the field in the direction shown. Suppose P is any point on
Bp, at an angle θ, where the axis at direction r from the centre.
dB cos φ

tan θ = 3 L dl Q
r2 + a2
(   tan 1
3  60) a φ
φ
Ic r φ dB sin φ dB sin φ
(in XZ plane)½ P φ
I
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] dB cos φ dB Q' 1½
M dl 
 Let us consider a current element dl on top (L) Q. 9. (a) State Biot-Savart's law and express it in the
where, current comes out of paper normally vector form.
whereas at bottom (M) enters into the plane paper (b) Using Biot-Savart's law, obtain the expression for
normally. the magnetic field due to a circular coil of radius r,
LP ⊥ dl carrying a current I at a point on its axis distant x
Also MP ⊥ dl from the centre of the coil.
LP = MP = r 2 + a2 R&U [CBSE Comptt. I, II, III, 2018]

Now, magnetic field at P due to current element at Ans. (a) Try Yourself See Q. No. 6 of 3 Marks Questions.
L according to Biot-Savart Law, (b) Try Yourself See Q. No. 8 of 3 Marks Questions.
 Idl sin 90
      dB = o  2 Q. 10. Two identical loops P and Q each of radius 5 cm are
4  (r  a2 )
lying in perpendicular planes such that they have
Where, a = radius of circular loop. a common centre as shown in the figure. Find the
r = distance of point P from centre along the axis. magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
dB cos φ components balance each other and net at the common centre of the two coils, if they carry
magnetic field is given by currents equal to 3 A and 4 A respectively.
      B =  dBsin  U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-II, 2017]
  Idl  a Q
=  4 o  r 2  a2  
       r 2  a2
a
[∴sin φ = In ∆PCM] P
r + a2
2

o Ia
=
4 3  dl
2
(r  a2 ) 2
      
Ans. Formula ½
o Ia
     B = 3
( 2 a ) Field due to each coil ½+½
4
(r 2  a2 ) 2 Magnitude of resultant field ½
Direction of resultant field ½
 o Ia 2 m0I
     B = 3 Field at the centre of a circular coil = ½
2R
2( r 2  a2 ) 2
0  3
 onIa 2 Field due to coil P = tesla
For n turns, B = 2  5  10 2
3
2( r 2  a 2 ) 2 = 12p × 10–6 tesla ½
µ0 × 4
Y Field due to coil Q = tesla
I 2 × 5 × 10 −2
= 16p × 10–6 tesla ½

( )
O Q
B
dl
I
Resultant Field = π 12 + 16 µT
2 2

= (20p)mT 1
X

Magnetic field due to circular wire carrying Let the field makes an angle q with the vertical
current I. 12 π × 10 −6 3
tan q = =
16 π × 10 −6 4
3
q = tan–1 ½
4
i 4
(Alternatively: q' = tan–1 , θ ' = angle with the
3
horizontal)
i [Note 1: Award 2 marks if the student directly
calculates B without calculating BP and BQ
separately.]

 1½
 →
[Note 2: Some students may calculate the field velocity v in the presence of the magnetic field
BQ and state that it also represents the resultant →
magnetic field (as coil P has been shown 'broken' B in a vector form. Show that no work is done
and therefore, cannot produce a magnetic field); and no change in the magnitude of the velocity
They may be given 2½ marks for their (correct) of the particle is produced by this force. Hence,
calculation of BQ] define the unit of magnetic field.
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] U [Foreign, 2016]
Ans. The required expression is
Q. 11. (i) State the condition under which a charged
→ → →
particle moving with velocity v goes undeflected ½
F = q ( v × B )
in a magnetic field B.
(ii) An electron, after being accelerated through a The magnetic force, at all instants, is, therefore,
potential difference of 104 V, enters a uniform perpendicular to the instantaneous direction of
→
magnetic field of 0.04 T, perpendicular to its v , which is also the instantaneous direction of
direction of motion. Calculate the radius of →
displacement ( ds) . ½
curvature of its trajectory. U [Foreign Set-I, 2017]
→ →
Ans. (i) Condition for charge going undeflected 1 Since, F is perpendicular to ( ds) , at all instants,
(ii) Formula for radius ½  
Calculation of radius 1½ work done (  F . ds) is zero. ½
  
(i) The force experienced, F = q v × B ( ) ½ There being no work done, there can be no change
 →
The charge will go undeflected when v is parallel in the magnitude of v . ½

or antiparallel to B → → →
 From F = q ( v × B ) , we get
 F = 0. ½ →
| F | = F = qvBsin θ
[Alternatively,
  p
If v makes an angle of 0° or 180° with B ] ∴ F = B, if q = 1, v = 1 and θ =
2
(ii) The KE of electron
→
e 2r 2 B2 Hence, the magnetic field, B at a point equals one
KE = = eV ½
2m tesla if a charge of one coulomb, moving with a
1 2mV velocity of 1 m/s, along a direction perpendicular
\ r = ½ →
B e to the direction of B , experiences a force of one
newton.
 2 × 9.1 × 10 −31 × 10 4 1  [Note: Also accept if the student just writes that
=  −19
×  m½ → →
 1.6 × 10 0.04 
 | B | = 1 tesla if | F | = one newton, for q = 1

= 8.4 × 10–3 m ½ p
coulomb, v = 1 m/s and θ = 2 ] 1

Q. 12. Write the expression for the magnetic force
→
F acting on a charged particle q moving with [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (i) Express Biot-Savart's law in the vector form. 0iR 2  0i

B1 =  1
(ii) Use it to obtain the expression for the magnetic 2R3 2R
field at an axial point, distance d from the centre
of a circular coil of radius R carrying current I. At x = R 3
(iii) Also, find the ratio of the magnitudes of the 0iR 2
m 0i
magnetic field of this coil at the centre and at an B2 = = 1
2( R  3R 2 )3 / 2
2
16 R
axial point for which x = R 3 .
Q. 2. (i) (a) Use Biot-Savart's law to derive the expression
R&A [Delhi Outside Set-I, 2016] for the magnetic field due to a circular coil of
Ans. (i) Try Yourself, See Question no. 6(a) of 3 Marks radius R having N turns at a point on the axis at a
distance ‘x’ from its centre.
Questions. 3
(b) Draw the magnetic field lines due to this coil.
(ii) Try Yourself, See Question no. 8 of 3 Marks (ii) A current ‘I’ enters a uniform circular loop of
Questions. 3 radius ‘R’ at point M and flows out at N as shown
(iii) At centre of the coil, x = 0. in the figure.
 Obtain the net magnetic field at the centre of the (in the direction of B1)
loop.
N
I

90° O

½
M
I

U [Delhi I, II, III, 2015]

Ans. (i) (a) Try yourself, See to Q. 4. of 3 Marks Questions. Magnetic field due to current I2 at point O
 2
→ 0 3 I 2
(b) Field Lines : B2 = . .
4 2 R

3m 0 I 2
= ½
8 R

(in the direction of B2)

→ → →
Net magnetic field, B = B1 + B2
½
(ii) Let current I be divided at point M into two parts
→ µ I µ I
| B | = 0 1 − 0 2 × 3 ...(i) ½
I1 and I2; in bigger and smaller parts of the loop 8R 8R
respectively.
Magnetic field of current I1 at point O, ½ But I1= 3I2 (As resistance of bigger part is three
→ µ 0 θI1 µ 0 π I1 times that of the smaller part of the loop.)
B1 = = × ×
4π R 4π 2 r Substituting I1=3I2 in equation (i),
m 0 I1 →

= 8 R | B | = 0
½

TOPIC-2
Ampere's Circuital Law and its Applications

Revision Notes
¾¾ Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field around a closed path is µ0 times of total
current enclosed by the path, ∫ B.dI = µ0 I
where,

B = Magnetic field
dI

dl = Infinitesimal segment of the path
μ0 = Magnetic permeability of free space

I = Enclosed electric current by the path
¾¾ M
agnetic field at a point will not depend on the shape of Amperian loop and will remain same at every point on
the loop.
Forces between two parallel currents
¾¾ T
wo parallel wires separated by distance r having currents I1 and I2 where magnetic field strength at second wire
due to current flowing in first wire is given as:
µ 0 I1
B=
2 πr
 • In this, the field is orientated at right-angles to second wire where force per unit length on the second wire will
be:
F µ 0 I1I 2
=
l 2 πr
• Magnetic field-strength at first wire due to the current flowing in second wire will be:
µ I
B= 0 2
2 πr
¾¾ O ne ampere is the magnitude of current which, when flowing in each parallel wire one metre apart, results in a
force between the wires as 2 × 10–7 N per metre of length.
Applications of Ampere’s law to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids:
(i) Magnetic Field due to long straight wire
¾¾ Ampere's law describes the magnitude of magnetic field of a straight wire as:
l
µ I
B= 0 B
2 πr
where, ×
• Field B is tangential to a circle of radius r centered on the wire. Magnetic
• Magnetic field B and path length L will remain parallel where magnetic field field lines
travels. l
(ii) Magnetic Field due to Solenoid
¾¾ Solenoid: An electromagnet that generates a controlled magnetic field.
¾¾ Solenoid is a tightly wound helical coil of wire whose diameter is small compared to its length.
¾¾ Magnetic field generated in the centre, or core of a current carrying solenoid is uniform and is directed along the
axis of solenoid.
¾¾ Magnetic field due to a straight solenoid:
• at any point in the solenoid, B = m0nI
µ nI
• at the ends of solenoid, Bend = 0
2
where, n = number of turns per unit length, I = current in the coil.
(iii) Magnetic Field due to Toroid
¾¾ Toroid: It is an electronic component made of hollow circular ring wound with number of turns of copper wire.
¾¾ The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns of a wire are closely wound.
¾¾ In a toroid with n turns per unit length with mean radius r, where current i is flowing
through it, the magnetic field experienced by the toroid with total number of turns N
will be:
→ →

∫ B . dl = µ 0i Þ B × 2pr = m0Ni
where, r = average radius
r
µ Ni
Here, B = 0 = µ 0 ni
2 πr i
 N 
 here, n = 
 2πr 
¾¾ A t any point, empty space surrounded by toroid and outside the toroid, magnetic field B will be zero as net
current is zero.

Key Formulae
→ →
¾¾ Ampere's circuital law: ∫ B . dl = µ 0 I
µ0 I
¾¾ Magnetic field at the surface of a solid cylinder: B =
2 πR
¾¾ Magnetic field inside the solenoid: B = m0nI
µ 0 Ni
¾¾ Magnetic field in a toroid with mean radius r: r =
2 πr
 0 I1I 2
¾¾ Force between two parallel current carrying wires: F = L
2 d
 Q. 1. Derive the expression for the force acting This magnetic field acts perpendicular to
between two long parallel current carrying the plane of the paper and outwards. The
conductors. Hence, define 1 A current. A&U conductor AB with current I1, is situated in this
[CBSE Outside Delhi Set-I, 2020] field.
Solution: Step IV. Hence, force on a segment of length l of AB
Step I. AB and CD are two straight very long parallel due to magnetic field B2 is
conductors, carrying currents I1 and I2, F2 = B2I1l 1
respectively, separated by a distance a.
Substituting B2 from eqn (iii),
The magnetic induction due to current I1 in
 IIl
 I F2  0 2 1 ….. (iv)
AB at a distance a is: B1  0 1 …(i) 2a 
2a 
B D By Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, this force acts
towards right. These two forces given in
I1 I2 equations (ii) and (iv) attract each other.
B1
Hence, two parallel wires carrying currents in
inwards
the same direction attract each other and if
F2 F1 they carry currents in the opposite direction,
repel each other.
B2
outwards Step V. Definition of 1 Ampere:
a The force between two parallel wires carrying
 IIl
F 021
currents on a segment of length l is 2a
A C 1 F 0 I2 I1
Step II. This magnetic field acts perpendicular to Force per unit length is 
l 2a
the plane of the paper and inwards. The
conductor CD with current I2 is situated in this If I1 = I2 = 1 A and ‘a’ = 1 m
magnetic field. Hence, force on a segment of F 0 I2 I1 4   10 7
Then,  
length l of CD due to magnetic field B1 is F1 = l 2a 2
B1I2l. Substituting B1 from eqn (i)
= 2 × 10–7 Nm–1
0 I2 I1 l
F1 =  ….(ii) So, 1 A is defined as that constant current
2a which when flowing through two parallel
Step III. By Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, F acts towards infinitely long straight conductors of negligible
left. Similarly, the magnetic induction due to cross section and placed in air or vacuum at
current I2 flowing in CD at a distance a is a distance of one metre apart, experience a
force of 2 × 10–7 Nm–1. 1
 I
B2  0 2  …. (iii)
2a
 Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

Ans.
[A] Very Short Answer Type Questions 30 A 10 A 20 A

Q. 1. A square-shaped current-carrying loop MNOP is Fo

placed near a straight, long current-carrying wire
AB as shown in the fig. The wire and the loop lie
3 cm 2 cm
in the same plane. If the loop experiences a net
force F towards the wire, find the magnitude of Force on wire C due to wire D
the force on the side ‘NO’ of the loop. 2  30  10
FD = 10 7   25  10 2
U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020] 2  10 2
A = 5 × 10–4N (towards right)
Force on wire C due to wire GFD
I1
M I2 N 2  20  10
= 10 7   25  10 2
2  10 2
L L
= 5 × 10–4 N (towards left)
P O
Net force on wire C is Fnet = FD – FG = 0

B Commonly Made Error

 The students do not apply the correct formula
 0 LI 1 I 2 II
Ans. FNO   0 1 2 for the force acting per unit length and are
2  L  L  4 1 confused between the values of permittivity and
permeability.
Q. 2. A current of 10 A is passing through a long wire
which has semicircular loop of radius 20 cm as Answering Tip
shown in the figure. What is the magnetic field
 The values of all the quantities in the formula should
produced at the centre of the loop ?  A be put in SI units before the final calculation

Q. 4. A solenoid 1.5m long and 0.4cm in diameter

possesses 10 turns per cm length. A current of
5 A flows through it. The magnetic field at the axis
inside the solenoid is  A
Ans. Magnetic field at centre O due to semi-circular arc (a) 2π × 10-3 T (b) 2π × 10-5T

Magnetic field at centre of circular coil (c) 4π × 10-2T (d) 4π × 1032 T

= ns. Correct option : (a)
A
2
Explanation : Magnetic field at the axis inside the
1 I   I ( 4  10 7 )  10
  0  0 B solenoid B = µni Here n = 10 turns/cm = 1000
2  2r  4 r 4  20  10 2 turns/m, i = 5 A
d r  20cm  20  20 2 m]
[Given , I  10 A and ∴ B = 4π × 10-7 × 1000 × 5 = 2π × 10-3 T. 1
6
 5  10 T Q. 5. What is the name of the total force acting on a
charge Q moving with a velocity v in an electric
Q. 3. Three 25 cm long wires carrying current are field E and a magnetic field B?
arranged as shown in the figure. Find the force Ans. The force is known as Lorentz force. 1
experienced by the wire C. A Q. 6. A large number of turns of metallic wire are
D C G wound around an anchor ring around. What is the
name of this arrangement? R
Ans. This arrangement is known as toroid. 1
Q. 7. What is the ratio of magnetic field at the ends of a
solenoid to that of the magnetic field at the centre
3 cm 2 cm
of the solenoid? U
Ans. The ratio is 1/2 . ½
30 A 10 A 20 A Q. 8. A proton is moving along positive X-axis in the
presence of uniform magnetic field along negative
 Y-axis. What is the direction of the force acting on
it?  U
Ans. The direction of force acting on the proton will be
towards the positive Z- axis according to Fleming’s
left hand rule. 1
Q. 9. Which one of the following will experience
maximum force, when projected with the same
velocity ‘v’ perpendicular to the magnetic field
‘B’: (i) Alpha particle, and (ii) Beta-particle?  U
Ans. The expression for the force on the charged
particle moving in the perpendicular direction of
the magnetic field is given by F = qvB. So, alpha
particle will experience more force as compared to
beta particle. 1
Q. 10. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit
length on a wire carrying a current of 8 A and
making an angle of 300 with the direction of a
uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T?  A So, the energy of the charged particle does not
Ans. Current in the wire, I = 8 A
Magnitude of the uniform magnetic field, B = 0.15 T
Angle between the wire and magnetic field, θ =
30°.
Magnetic force per unit length on the wire is given
as:
f = BIL sinθ
= 0.15 × 8 × 1 × sin30°
= 0.6 N m–1 1
[B] ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
For following questions, two statements are
given-one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer
to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and
(d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false
1. Assertion (A): If an electron is not deflected when
moving through a certain region of space, then the
only possibility is that no magnetic field is present
in that region.
Reason (R): Force on electron is directly
proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
Ans. (a) 1
Explanation: In absence of magnetic field, moving
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q. 1. Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed in
space so that the current in the left wire is 2 A
and directed out of the plane of the page and the
current in the right wire is 3 A and directed into
the plane of the page. In which region(s) is/are
there a point on the x-axis, at which the magnetic
field is equal to zero due to these currents carrying
wires? Justify your answer. U [SQP 2020-21]
electron will not be deflected. This possibility is
true. So, assertion is true. F = Bq v sin q. So, force
on electron is directly proportional to the strength
of the magnetic field. So, reason is true. Reason
properly explain the assertion.
2. Assertion (A): The energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field remains
constant.
Reasoning (R): Work done by the magnetic field
on the charge is zero.
Ans. (a) 1
Explanation: The force on a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field always acts in
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion
of the charge.
So work done by the magnetic field
W = FS cos θ= FS cos 90° = 0
change.
Both, assertion and reason are true and reason also
explains the assertion.
3. Assertion (A): A direct current flowing through a
conductor produces magnetic field only outside
the conductor.
Reasoning (R): There is flow of charge carrier
inside the conductor.
Ans. (d) 1
Explanation: The electric current is defined as
the rate at which charges flow across any cross-
sectional area of a conductor. Since the charge flow
throughout the cross section, the magnetic field
exists both inside as well as outside.
Hence assertion is false.
Current flows due to charge carrier. Hence reason
is true. But reason does not explain the assertion.
4. Assertion(A): An electron and a proton moving
with same velocity enters a magnetic field. The
force experienced by the proton is more than the
force experienced by the electron.
Reason (R): The mass of proton is more than the
mass of the electron.
Ans. (d) 1
Explanation: F  q( v  B )
So, the force is mass independent. So, the assertion
is false.
Proton is obviously heavier than electron. So,
reason is true. But reason does not explain the
assertion.
Region I Region II Region III
+x
2A 3A
Ans. Explanation by showing magnetic field directions
in all three regions 1
Concluding left of region 1. 1
 Detailed Answer: Ans. Diagram1
Magnetic field strength at a point P (where the Explanation 1
resultant magnetic field is zero), at a distance r due S
to + –
µ I + –
left wire = B1 = 0 1 P
+M –
2 πr
+ –
µ0I2 i(t) + –
right wire = B2 = 2 πr + –
+ –
The fields are oppositely directed. + –
Region I Region II Region III + –
+x
C  ½
 
Since I2 > I1, the point P cannot be in region II or III.
It will be in the region I.
 B. dl = m 0 I ½
C2

Q. 2. An α-particle and a proton of the same kinetic
 
energy are in turn allowed to pass through a
→
 B. dl = m 0 ( IC + ID ) ½
magnetic field B , acting normal to the direction C2
of motion of the particles. Calculate the ratio of There is an inconsistency in the Ampere’s
radii of the circular paths described by them. Circuital law.
U & A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019] Maxwell modified it to be
Ans. Formula ½  

Calculation of ratio of radii 1½  B. dl  0 (iC  id )

mv 2mk d E
radius,=r = where id  Eo
qB qB dt  ½

K a = Kproton ½  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Ma = 4mp ½
Q. 4. A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current
qa = 2qp
of 1 A is kept near an infinite long straight wire
2mα K carrying a current of 2 A in the same plane as
rα qα B ½ shown in the figure.
=
rp 2 mp K
qpB
mα q p
= ×
mp qα

1
 4 1 ½
2 
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
Q. 3. How is the equation for Ampere's circuital law net force exerted on the loop due to the current
modified in the presence of displacement current? carrying conductor.
Explain. U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-II, 2019] A [Delhi Outside Set-I, II, III, 2015]
Ans. Try it Yourself. See Q No. 4(i) of 3 Marks Questions. 2

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. A square loop of side 'a' carrying a current I2 is

µ 0 2I1I 2
kept at distance x from an infinitely long straight F=
4π d
wire carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure.
Obtain the expression for the resultant force Force on the part of the loop which is parallel to
acting on the loop.  A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019] infinite straight wire and at a distance x from it.
µ II a
Ans. Force per unit length between two parallel F1 = 0 1 2 1
2 π x
straight conductors
 (away from the infinite straight wire) ½
 Force on the part of the loop which is at a distance Ans. • Diagram of straight solenoid ½
(x + a) from it, • Derivation of magnetic field 1+½
µ II a • Difference between toroid and solenoid
F2 = 0 1 2 1  (any one) 1
2π ( x + a)
(a) Diagram:
 (towards the infinite straight wire) ½ Q
Net force, F = F1 – F2 d h c
µ 1 1  ω
F = 0 I1I 2 a  − 
2π x x + a
µ 0 I1I 2 a 2 a b
F= 1 B
2 π x( x + a ) P

 ½
 (away from the infinite straight wire) ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Derivation: Let n be the number of turns per
Q. 2. Two infinitely long straight wires A1 and A2 unit length. The total number of turns is nh. The
carrying currents I and 2I flowing in the same enclosed current is Ie = I(nh) ½
direction are kept 'd' distance apart. Where should From Ampere’s circuital law,
a third straight wire A3 carrying current 1.5 I be BL = m0Ie
placed between A1 and A2 so that it experiences Bh = m0I(nh)
no net force due to A1 and A2 ? Does the net force B = m0nI 1
acting on A3 depend on the current flowing Difference between toroid and solenoid
through it? A&U [ CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2019]  (any one)
(b) Solenoid behaves like a bar magnet whereas
Ans. Finding the position of third wire
toroid does not. Or If student writes solenoid
Reason is straight and the toroid is circular give half
µ I × 1.5I mark. Or there is fringe effect in case of straight
F = µ 0 I × 1.5I
F11 = 4 π0 x solenoid but not in toroid (allot one mark.) 1
4π x  ½
µ 0 2 I × 1.5I [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
F2 = µ 0 2 I × 1.5I
⇒ F2 = 4 π ( d − x ) ½ Detailed Answer:
4 π (d − x )
(a)
A3 A2 D C
A1 magnetic field


I F1  2I A NB
F2 S

1.5I
conductor
x d–x
flow
d  ½ Let us consider a very long straight solenoid having
'n' turns per unit length and carrying electric current
For no force on the conductor, A3
'I' as shown. Let us consider a point well inside the
µ 0 I × 1.5I µ 0 2 I × 1.5I solenoid at which the magnetic induction is to be
= ½
4π x 4 π (d − x ) found.
1 2 Consider a rectangular path ABCD of the line
= ½
x (d − x ) of induction such that AB = L = length of the
3x = d rectangular path. The number of turns enclosed
by the rectangles is nL. Hence the total electric
d
x= current flowing through the rectangular path is

3  ½ nLI. According to Ampere's law,
[Note: Also accept in general, it will depend on  
the value of I3]. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]  B . dl = m0nLI ...(1) ½

Q. 3. (a) Derive, with the help of a diagram, the Now for closed loop
  B  C  D  A 
expression for the magnetic field inside a very
long solenoid having n turns per unit length  B . dl =  B . dl   B . dl   B . dl   B . dl
A B C D
carrying a current I.
→ →
(b) How is a toroid different from a solenoid?
As the direction of dl and B in path BC and AD
A&U [CBSE Outside Delhi Set-I, 2019]
are perpendicular
 C  A  Force of attraction experienced by the length SP
\
 B . dl =  B . dl = 0 ½
of the loop per unit length
B D
2 0 I 1 I 2
Near the ends of the solenoid, the lines of the field f1  ½
are crowded. While for rest of the space, the lines 4 r1

are so widely spaced that the magnetic field is
negligible. 2  10 7  1  0.2
f1   4  10 7 Nm 1 ½
D  10  10 2
\ =0
 B . dl Force is attractive.
C
Thus 2 0 I 1 I 2
f2  ½
  B  4 r2

 B . dl =  B . dl  0  0  0
A 2  10 7  1  0.2
f2   2.6  10 7 Nm 1 ½
B  15  10 2
=  B . dl Force is repulsive.
A
→ → So the net force experienced by the loop is (per
But B and dl are in the same direction unit length)
→ → f = (f1 – f2)
B . dl = B.dl. cos 0° = B.dl
Total force experienced by the loop is:
  B

 B . dl = ∫ B.dl F = (f1 – f2)l = (1.4 × 10–7) × 5 ×10–2 = 7 × 10–9 ½

Net force is attractive in nature. ½
A

B As the lines of action of forces coincide torque is

=B ∫ dl = BL ...(2) zero. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
A
Q. 5. (a) Define SI unit of current in terms of the force
From equation (1) and (2) we get between two parallel current carrying conductors.
BL = m0nLI 1
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors carrying
B = m0nI
steady currents Ia and Ib along the same direction
(b) A toroid can be viewed as a solenoid which has
are separated by a distance d. How does one
been bent into a circular shape to close on itself. 1
explain the force of attraction between them ? If a
Q. 4. A square loop of sides 5 cm carrying a current
of 0.2 A in the clockwise direction is placed at third conductor carrying a current Ic in the opposite
a distance of 10 cm from an infinitely long wire direction is placed just in the middle of these
carrying a current of 1 A as shown. Calculate conductors, find the resultant force acting on the
(i) the resultant magnetic force, and (ii) the torque, third conductor. R&U [CBSE Comptt. I, II, III 2018]
if any, acting on the loop. Ans. Try yourself. See Q. No. 2 of 3 Marks Questions.
A&U [CBSE Delhi Outside Set-I, 2019] Q. 6. The figure shows three infinitely long straight
0.2 A
< parallel current carrying conductors. Find the:
<

1A (i) magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field

<

<

at point A lying on conductor 1,

<
5 cm (ii) magnetic force on conductor 2.
I 1
10 cm  A
r
3I 2

2r
Ans.

4I 3
U [Foreign Set-I, II, III, 2017]
Ans. (i) Magnitude of magnetic field at A 1
Direction of magnetic field at A ½
(ii) Magnitude of magnetic force on conductor 2 1
Direction of magnitude force on conductor 2 ½

B = 9.6 T 1
µ 2( 3I ) µ0  6I 
(i) B2= 0 =   into the plane of the It is observed that as Bismuth is diamagnetic
4π r 4π  r  substance with relative permeability less than 1,

paper/(Ä) it will have a tendency to move away from the
µ0  2 ( 4 I )  µ0  8 I  stronger to weak part of external magnetic field
B3= 
4 π  3r 
 =   out of the plane of the making the core field less as compared to empty
4 π  3r 
core field. ½
paper/(·)
Q. 8. Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady
BA= B2 – B3 into the paper current I1 and I2 separated by a distance d. If the
µ  10 I  currents are flowing in the same direction, show
= 0  into the paper/(Ä)
4 π  3r  how the magnetic field set up in one produces an
µ0 2 I ( 3I ) away from wire 1 (towards 3) attractive force on the other. Obtain the expression
(ii) F21 = for this force. Hence define one ampere.
4π r
A&U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2016]
µ 0 2 × ( 3I ) × ( 4 I )
F23 = away from 3 (towards 1) Ans. Try Yourself. See Q. No. 2 of 3 Marks Questions.
4π 2r
Q. 9. The magnitude F of the force between two straight
Fnet = F23 – F21 towards wire 1 parallel current carrying conductors kept at a
µ0 6( I )2 distance d apart in air is given by
= towards wire 1 3
4π r µ 0 . I1 I 2
F=
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 2π d
Q. 7. A toroidal solenoid of mean radius 20 cm has 4000
where, I1 and I2 are the currents flowing through
turns of wire wound on a ferromagnetic core of
the two wires
relative permeability 800. Calculate the magnetic
Use this expression and the sign convention that the:
field in the core for a current of 3 A passing
through the coil. How does the field change, when “Force of attraction is assigned a negative sign and
this core is replaced by a core of Bismuth ? force of repulsion assigned a positive sign”.
U [Delhi Outside Comptt. Set-III, 2017] Draw graphs showing dependence of F on:
(i) I1I2 when d kept constant.
Ans. Formula for magnetic field of toroid 1
(ii) when the product I1I2 is maintained at a constant
Calculation of magnetic field 1½
Effect of change of core ½ positive value.
B = mrm0nI 1 (iii) when the product I1I2 is maintained at a constant
 4000  negative value. A
= (800 × 4p × 10–7) ×  −2 
×3 ½
 2 π × 20 × 10  Ans. We know that F is an attractive (– ve) force when

the currents I1 and I2 are ‘like’ currents, i.e., when
= 9.6 T 1
the product I1I2 is positive or when they are flowing
Since Bismuth is diamagnetic, its mr < 1 ½ in same direction.
\ The magnetic field in the core will get very
Similarly F is a repulsive (+ve) force when the
much reduced.
currents I1 and I2 are ‘unlike’ currents, i.e., when
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
the product I1I2 is negative or when they are
Detailed Answer: flowing opposite direction. 1
Given: 1
Mean radius of toroidal solenoid = 20 cm Now F ∝ (I1I2), when d is kept constant and F ∝
d
Number of turns of wire wound = 4000
when I1I2 is kept constant. 1
Relative permeability of ferromagnetic core = 800
The required graphs, therefore, have the forms
Current passing through the coil = 3 A
shown below.
Magnetic field in a toroid coil: F
µ NI
B = 0 1 F d F
2 πr d
(I1 , I2 )
800 × 4 π × 10 −7 × 4000 × 3
Now, B = ½ 1
2 π × 20 × 10 −2 (i) (ii) (iii)
 Long Answer Type Question (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (i) State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field inside an air cored
toroid of average radius ‘r‘, having ‘n‘ turns per unit length and carrying a steady current I.
(ii) An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area ‘A‘ observes that a steady current I in
it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid specifying its polarity
and show that it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment m = NIA. R U [Delhi Set-I, II, III, 2015]
A

N
Ans. (i) Line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop is equal to the m0 times the total current passing through the
surface enclosed by the loop.
→ →
Alternatively: ∫ B . dl = µ I
0

B
.Q Q
r1
s
3
1
1
I
r2

(a) (b) 1+½
Let the current flowing through each turn of the toroid be I. The total number of turns equals n.(2πr) where, n
is the number of turns per unit length. ½

Applying Ampere's circuital law, for the Amperian loop, for interior points.
→ →

∫ B .dl = µ0 (n.2πrI) ½
⇒ B × 2πr = m0n 2πrI
∴ B = m0nI ½
(ii)

½+½

The solenoid contains N loops, each carrying a current I. Therefore, each loop acts as a magnetic dipole. The
magnetic moment for a current I, flowing in loop of area (vector) A is given by

m = IA ½

The magnetic moments of all loops are aligned along the same direction. Hence, net magnetic moment equals
to NIA. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] ½


TOPIC-3
Torque and Galvanometer
F2 S

 B F4

Revision Notes n
P
B

I
Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field
¾¾ In a rectangular loop of length l, breadth b with current I flowing through it in a uniform B R

magnetic field of induction B where angle q is between the normal and in direction of magnetic F3

B
field, then the torque experienced will be: Q
n
t = nBIAsin q F1
 where, n = number of turns in the coil
\ nIA= m
Further, t = mBsin q

¾¾ T
orque will be maximum when the coil is parallel to magnetic field and will be zero when coil is perpendicular to
magnetic field.
→ → → → Scale
¾¾ In vector notation, torque τ experienced will be τ = m × B
Moving coil galvanometer
¾¾ It is an instrument used for detection and measurement of small electric currents. Pointer Permanent magnet

¾¾ In this, when a current carrying coil is suspended in uniform magnetic field, it

Coil
experiences a torque which rotates the coil.
¾¾ The force experienced by each side of the galvanometer will be F = BIl which are
opposite in direction. N S

Pivot
¾¾ Opposite and equal forces form the couple which generates deflecting torque on Soft-iron
core
the coil having number of turns n is given as:
t = F × b
Uniform radial
= nBIl × b magnetic field

= nBIA
P S F
I F
P S
B b
F F
Q R

¾¾ I n moving coil galvanometer, current in the coil will be directly proportional to the angle of the
deflection of the coil, Iµq
i.e., where, q is the angle of deflection.
Current sensitivity of galvanometer
¾¾ Current sensitivity of galvanometer is the deflection produced when unit current passes through the galvanometer.
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it produces large deflection for a small current.
C
I = θ
nBA
θ nBA
Current Sensitivity, =
I C
¾¾ Voltage sensitivity of galvanometer is the deflection per unit voltage given as
θ θ nBA
Voltage Sensitivity, = =
V IG CG
where, G = galvanometer resistance, C = torsional constant.
¾¾ Increase in sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer depends on:
(i) number of turns n (ii) magnetic field B (iii) area of coil A and (iv) torsional constant.
Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter
¾¾ Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting a low resistance known as shunt in parallel with the
galvanometer coil.
¾¾ If Ig being the maximum current with full scale deflection passes through galvanometer, then current through
shunt resistance will be is = (i – ig)
where, G = Galvanometer resistance, S = Shunt resistance and i = Current in circuit
¾¾ Now, effective resistance of ammeter will be:
1 1 1
= +
Ra G S
GS
R a =
G+S
Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter
¾¾ Voltmeter measures the potential difference between the two ends of a current
carrying conductor.
¾¾ Galvanometer can be converted to voltmeter by connecting high resistance in
series with galvanometer coil.
¾¾ As resistance R is connected in series with galvanometer, current through the
galvanometer will be,
V V
ig = or, R = − G
R+G ig

¾¾ Effective resistance of voltmeter is Rv = G + R,

where, Rv is very large making the voltmeter to connect in parallel since it can draw less current from the circuit.

Key Formulae
µ 0 2i1i2
¾¾ Force between two parallel wires, F = × ×l
4π a
µ0 q1q2 v1v2
¾¾ Force between two moving charge particle, Fm = ×
4π r2
¾¾ tmax = NBiA
θ nAB
¾¾ Current Sensitivity = =
I C
θ nAB
¾¾ Voltage Sensitivity = =
V CG

Mnemonics

Path of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field depending on the angle between the magnetic field and the
velocity of the particle:
Mnemonics : Circle ninety (90°) angle, go straight if it zero (0°), go for helical, all other angle magnet field is zero.
Path is a circle if angle between magnetic field and velocity of charged
particle is 90°.
Path is a straight line if angle between magnetic field and velocity of
charged particles is 90°
Path is helix if any other angle between magnetic field and velocity of
charged particle.

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 2. A moving coil galvanometer of resistance 100Ω is

[A] Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 1. Write the underlying principle of a moving coil
galvanometer. R [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2016]
Ans. A current carrying coil, in the presence of
magnetic field, experiences a torque, which
produces proportionate deflection.
[Alternatively
(deflection) q µ t (Torque)]  1 Rs
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
used as an ammeter using a resistance of 0.1 Ω. The
maximum deflection current in the galvanometer
is 100 μA. Find the current in the circuit so that the
ammeter shows full scale deflection A
Ans. The student is expected to know the working of an
ammeter.
i g R g  (i - i g )R s
Rg
i  (1  )i g
On substituting the values, i = 100.1 mA. 1
 Q. 3. If a galvanometer acts as a voltmeter what type of For 20 V range,
resistance is to be connected with it and how ? A iG (G + R1+ R2) = 20
Ans. To work as voltmeter, the resistance of R2 = 18 kΩ
galvanometer should be high. A voltmeter indeed For 200 V range,
is a modified form of a pivoted coil galvanometer.
iG (G + R1+ R2 + R3) = 200
Since, the resistance of coil of galvanometer of its
own is low, hence to convert a galvanometer into a R3 = 180 kΩ 1
voltmeter, its resistance is to be increased. For this, Commonly Made Error
an appropriate high resistance is joined in series
 Sometimes students commit errors while
with the galvanometer. 1
substituting the values.
Q. 4. A square loop ABCD carrying a current i, is placed
near and coplanar with a long straight conductor Answering Tip
XY carrying a current I, what will be the amount
of force acting on the loop ? A  Adequate practice is necessary to avoid errors while
B C substitution.
Y
Q. 6. Write two properties of the material used as
the suspension wire in case of a moving coil
I galvanometer. R
i L
Ans. Low value of Torsional constant and high
conductivity 1
Q. 7. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 Ω and
X A D the metre shows full scale deflection for a current
L/2 L of 4 mA. How will you convert it into an ammeter
of range 0 to 6 A ? A
Ans. Force on arm AB due to current in conductor – XY
Ans. Given, a galvanometer coil,
is
Resistance on galvanometer, G = 15 Ω
µ 2 IiL µ Ii Current passing through the galvanometer,
F1 = 0 = 0
4 π (L / 2) π Ig = 4 mA = 4 ×10–3 A

Current across the ammeter, I = 6 A
acting towards wire in the plane of loop.
Using formula,
Force on arm CD due to current in conductor XY is I g .G
 2 IiL  Ii S
F2  0  0 I I
4 3( L / 2 ) 3 g
Putting values,
acting away from wire in the plane of loop.
4  10 3  15
∴ Net force on the loop = F1 – F2 S
6  0.004
 Ii  1  2 0 Ii 60  10 3
 0 1    
  3 3  1 5.996
Q. 5. A multi-range voltmeter can be constructed by  10  10 3   10 m 
1
using the galvanometer circuit as shown. We want Therefore. a resistance of 10 mΩ should be
to construct a voltmeter that can measure 2 V, 20 connected so as to convert the galvanometer into
V and 200 V using a galvanometer of resistance
an ammeter.
10 W and that produces maximum deflection for
current of 1 mA. Find R1, R2 and R3 that have to be
[B] ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
used.
Assertion (A): In moving coil galvanometer, the
1.
R1 R2 R3
coil is wound on a metallic frame.
G
Reason (R): The metallic frame helps in making

steady deflection without oscillation.
Ans. (a) 1
Explanation: Coil of a moving coil galvanometer is

wound on a metal frame. So, the assertion is true.
200 V
It is done to avoid any oscillation and fluctuating
2V 20 V reading. The metal frame provides damping to
R reduce the oscillation so that the reading becomes
Ans. From the question, steady. So the reason is also true and properly
G = 10 Ω, explains the assertion.
iG = 1 mA = 10–3 A 2. Assertion (A): Torque on a coil is maximum when
For 2 V range, it is suspended radially in a magnetic field.
iG(G + R1) = 2, R1 = 1·99 kW » 2 kW Reason (R): Torque tends to rotate a coil .
 Ans. (b) So assertion is true.
Explanation : The torque on the coil in a magnetic Torque is the rotational equivalence of force. So,
field is given by torque will tend to rotate a coil.
τ = nIBA sin θ Reason is also true. But reason cannot explain the
For radial field, θ = 90° and sin θ = 1 assertion that why the torque is maximum in the
specified position. 1
Torque = nIBA and it is maximum.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)

Q. 1. (a) Derive the expression for the torque acting on Also accept if the student says that the equivalent

a current carrying loop placed in a magnetic field. magnetic moment (m), associated with a current
(b) Explain the significance of a radial magnetic field carrying loop is
when a current carrying coil is kept in it.  

A&U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019] m  IA n (A = area of the loop)

The torque, on a magnetic dipole, in a magnetic
Ans. (a) Derivation of expression for torque 2
field, is given by
(b) Significance of radial magnetic field. 1   
Consider the simple case when a rectangular loop   mB
is placed in a uniform magnetic field B that is in  
   IA( n  B)
the plane of the loop.
a Hence,
Magnitude of torque = IAB sin φ
C
B

(b) When a current carrying coil is kept inside a radial

BI
N magnetic field, the corresponding moving coil
b

S
I
b

galvanometer would have a linear scale. 1

m Alternatively,
A

"In a radial magnetic field, two sides of the

I I rectangular coil remain parallel to the magnetic
+ ½ field lines while its other two sides remain
 perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. This
(a) holds for all positions of the coil".
F2  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Q. 2. Describe the working principle of a moving coil
galvanometer. Why is it necessary to use (i) a
a/2 a/2 radial magnetic field and (ii) a cylindrical soft iron
core in a galvanometer ?
m Write the expression for current sensitivity of the
galvanometer.
F1 Can a galvanometer as such be used for measuring
(b) the current ? Explain.  R [CBSE DEL SET 1 2017]
Force on arm AB = F1 = lbB (directed into the plane
of the loop)
Detailed Answer:
Force on arm CD = F2 = IbB (directed into the plane Principle and working: A current carrying coil,
of the loop)  ½ placed in a uniform magnetic field, can experience
Therefore the magnitude of the torque on the loop a torque.
due to these pair of forces ½ Consider a rectangular coil for which no. of turns = Ni
a a Area of cross-section = l × b = A,
  F1  F2 Intensity of the uniform magnetic field = B,
2 2
 I ( ab )B Current through the coil = I
 IAB  mB  \ Deflecting torque = BIl × b = BIA
½
For N turns, t = NBIA
(A = ab = area of the loop) Restoring torque in the spring = kq ½
Alternatively, (k = restoring torque per unit twist)
Also accept if the student does calculations for the \ NBIA = kq
general case and obtain the result.  k 
Torque = IABsin φ I=  
\  NBA 
Alternatively,
\ I∝q
 The deflection of the coil is therefore, proportional
to the current flowing through it. ½
Scale
Permanent magnet
Pointer
Coil
Sp
N S
Pivot
Soft-iron
core
Uniform radial
magnetic field
(i) Need for a radial magnetic field:
The relation between the current (i) flowing
through the galvanometer coil and the angular
deflection (f) of the coil (from its equilibrium
position), is
 NABI sin  
f=  
 k 
where q is the angle between the magnetic field B
→ order of a few μA
and the equivalent magnetic moment μm of the
current carrying coil.
Thus I is not directly proportional to f. We can
ensure this proportionality by having q = 90°. This
→
is possible only when the magnetic field B , is a
radial magnetic field. In such a field, the plane of
→ I
the rotating coil is always parallel to B .
To get a radial magnetic field, the pole pieces of the
magnet are made concave in shape. Also a soft iron
cylinder is used as the core.
Visual Case-based Questions (1×4=4 marks)
Attempt any 4 sub-parts from the given 5
Questions. Each question carries 1 mark.
Q. 1. Roget’s spiral: Magnetic effects are generally
smaller than electric effects. As a consequence, the
force between currents is rather small, because of
the smallness of the factor μ. Hence, it is difficult
to demonstrate attraction or repulsion between
currents. Thus, for 5 A current in each wire at a
separation of 1 cm, the force per metre would be
5 × 10–4 N, which is about 50 mg weight. It would be
like pulling a wire by a string going over a pulley to
which a 50 mg weight is attached. The displacement
of the wire would be quite unnoticeable. With the
use of a soft spring, we can increase the effective
The soft iron core not only makes the field radial
but also increases the strength of the magnetic
field. 1
A galvanometer has low resistance and allow only
a very small current. When high current is passed
the coil will burn hence galvanometer as such is not
used for measuring current.
(ii) We have
θ
Current sensitivity = = NBA /k
I  1
Q. 3. (a) What is the principle of a moving coil
galvanometer ?
(b) Give two reasons to explain why a galvanometer
cannot as such be used to measure the value of the
current in a given circuit.
(c) Define the terms: (i) voltage sensitivity and
(ii) current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
 R [CBSE Delhi Set-II, 2019]
Ans. (a) Principle 1
(b) Two reasons ½+ ½
(c) Definitions of voltage sensitivity and current
sensitivity(½+ ½)
(a) Try it yourself. See Q. No. 2 of 3 marks questions.
1
→ (b) (i) Galvanometer is a very sensitive device, it
gives a full scale deflection for a current of the
½
(ii) Resistance of galvanometer is not very small,
hence it will change the value of current in the
circuit branch when connected (in series in that
branch) ½
(c) Current sensitivity is defined as the deflection per
unit current ½
φ
(Alternatively, current sensitivity = )
Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection per
unit potential difference applied. ½
φ
(Alternatively, Voltage sensitivity = )
V
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
length of the parallel current and by using mercury,
we can make the displacement of even a few mm
observable very dramatically. You will also need a
constant-current supply giving a constant current
of about 5 A. Take a soft spring whose natural
period of oscillations is about 0.5 – 1s. Hang it
vertically and attach a pointed tip to its lower end,
as shown in the figure here. Take some mercury in
a dish and adjust the spring such that the tip is just
above the mercury surface. Take the DC current
source, connect one of its terminals to the upper
end of the spring and dip the other terminal in
mercury. If the tip of the spring touches mercury,
the circuit is completed through mercury. Let the
 DC source be put off to begin with. Let the tip be
adjusted so that it just touches the mercury surface.
Switch on the constant current supply and watch
the fascinating outcome. The spring shrinks with
a jerk, the tip comes out of mercury (just by a mm
or so), the circuit is broken, the current stops, the
spring relaxes and tries to come back to its original
position, the tip again touches mercury establishing
a current in the circuit and the cycle continues with
tick, tick, tick,...
(i) Magnetic effects:
(a) are equal to electric effects.
(b) are greater than electric effects.
(c) are smaller than electric effects.
(d) cannot be compared with electric effects.
Ans. (c)
Explanation: Magnetic effects are generally smaller
than electric effects. 1 magnetic field created by the electric current. But
(ii) The force 10–3 N,is equivalent to:
(a) 100 mg (b) 100 g
(c) 10 g (d) 10 mg
Ans. (a)
Explanation: 10–3 N = mass in kg × g in m/s2
Or, 10–3 = mass × 10
\ Mass = 10–4 kg = 100 mg 1
(iii) Why the spring shrinks in Roget’s spiral ?
(a) The spring functions as a solenoid
(b) Due to force acting between two current
carrying wires
(c) Due to magnetic effect of current
(d) Since the spring is soft
Ans. (b)
Explanation: The spring shrinks due to force acting
between two current carrying wires. 1 suspended magnets twist themselves horizontally
(iv) What are the main 3 components in a Roget’s
spiral ?
(a) Mercury, AC voltage source
(b) Mercury, DC voltage source
(c) Mercury, DC voltage source, key
(d) Mercury, AC voltage source, key
Ans. (c)
Explanation: Mercury, DC voltage source, key is
essential components for the Roget’s spiral to work.
1 deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is
(v) What else can be used instead of mercury in
Roget’s spiral ?
(a) Any liquid
(b) Water
(c) Kerosene oil
(d) Only mercury, nothing else
Ans. (d)
Explanation: Only mercury can be used in Roget’s
spiral since mercury is a liquid metal through
which an electrical circuit, may be completed. 1
Q. 2. Galvanometer can sense / measure current.
Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by
William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, in
1858. Thomson intended the instrument to read
weak signal currents on very long submarine
telegraph cables.
The fundamental problems of transmitting /
receiving a signal through a lengthy submarine
cable was that the electrical current tended to be
very low (as little as 1/100,000th of a standard light
bulb). So, it was very difficult to detect it. To solve
the problem it was thought that larger amount of
electric current would be sent through the line. But
Thomson had a different approach. He thought
the best response was to devise a device that could
read faint signals. The galvanometer, first invented
in 1802, was a means of detecting electric current.
It consisted of a needle that was deflected by the
the galvanometers of the day couldn't detect the
weak signals that came through a long underwater
cable. But the improved version of galvanometer
was highly sensitive to detect the lowest current.
The mirror galvanometer consists of a long fine coil
of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart of that coil,
within a little air-chamber, a small round mirror is
hung by a single fibre of floss silk, with four tiny
magnets cemented to its back.
A beam of light is thrown from a lamp upon the
mirror, and reflected by it upon a white screen or
scale a few feet distant, where it forms a bright
spot of light; when there is no current on the
instrument, the spot of light remains stationary
at the zero position on the screen; but the instant
a current traverses the long wire of the coil, the
out of their former position, the mirror is inclined
with them, and the beam of light is deflected along
the screen to one side or the other, according to the
nature of the current. If a positive electric current
gives a deflection to the right of zero, a negative
current will give a deflection to the left of zero, and
vice versa.
The air in the little chamber surrounding the mirror
is compressed at will, so as to act like a cushion, and
thus prevented from idly swinging about at each
deflections.

(i) Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by
(a) Lord Kelvin
(b) Johann Schweigger
(c) Luigi Galvani magnets
(d) André-Marie Ampère
Ans. (a)
Explanation: Improved mirror galvanometer was
developed by William Thomson, later to become
Lord Kelvin, in 1858.
(ii) Mirror galvanometer was primarily used to
(a) Measure the current passing through electric
bulb
(b) Measure the weak current received through
lengthy submarine cable
(c) Measure current passing through human body
(d) All of these
Ans. (b)
Explanation: The fundamental problem was that
the transmitting / receiving a signal through a
lengthy submarine cable was very low. Instead
of increasing the magnitude of the current
transmission, Lord Kelvin modified the existing
galvanometer so that it became capable to measure
the weakest current.
(iii) The basic principle of galvanometer is
(a) Heating effect of current
(b) Torque developed by the electric current
passing through a coil
(c) Magnetic effect of current
(d) None of the above
Ans. The galvanometer, was a means of detecting
electric current. It consisted of a needle that was
deflected by the magnetic field created by the
electric current.
(iv) The mirror galvanometer consists of
(a) a small round mirror attached to a fine coil of
silk-covered copper wire
(b) a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire and
a small round mirror hung by a single fibre of
floss silk, with four tiny magnets cemented to its
back
(c) a small round mirror attached to four tiny
(d) None of the above
Ans. (b)
Explanation: The mirror galvanometer consists of
a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire. In the
heart of that coil, within a little air-chamber, a small
round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss silk,
with four tiny magnets cemented to its back.
(v) How the idly swinging of the mirror of mirror
galvanometer is prevented?
(a) The little chamber surrounding the mirror was
filled with a viscous liquid
(b) The mirror was placed in little chamber which
was completely vacuum
(c) The mirror was attached to a spring
(d) The little chamber surrounding the mirror was
filled with compressed air
Ans. (d)
Explanation: The air in the little chamber
surrounding the mirror is compressed at will, so as
to act like a cushion, and deaden the movements of
the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from idly
swinging about at each deflections.
qq