Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Family Names:
Morphology and History
Nelly Weiss
PETER LANG
The Origin
of Jewish
Family Names
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Nelly Weiss
The Origin
of Jewish
Family Names
Morphology and History
PETER LANG
Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Oxford • Wien
Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Weiss, Nelly:
The origin of Jewish family names : morphology and history /Nelly Weiss. –
Bern ; Berlin ; Bruxelles ; Frankfurt am Main ; New York ; Wien : Lang, 2002
ISBN 3-906768-19-8
ISBN 3-906768-19-8
US-ISBN 0-8204-5644-6
English Edition
Revised and translated by the Author
Printed in Germany
In greatful memory of my honourable cousin
Dr. Notker Füglister, OSB, Professor of Old Testament
in the University of Salzburg, Austria,
and his constant support of my work
for good relations between Christians and Jews.
5
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6
Contents
Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
General List of over 1100 names Germany . . . . . . . 115
List of over 430 names by L. Glesinger
Austrian Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7
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Foreword
Indeed, this book is also bound to be a precious tool for all those, young
and old, Jewish or not, who at present are legitimately interested in know-
ing more about their identity and genealogy. It will help them to go back to
their roots.
By searching the past, Nelly Weiss makes it possible for many indi-
viduals and families to discover their place in their own lives and in that of
9
their ancestors. The awareness of the origin of family names can also cre-
ate a feeling of solidarity between generations.
Jean Halpérin
Chairman of the Centre of Jewish Studies at the University of Geneva.
Professor emeritus at the Universities of Zürich and Fribourg.
Chairman of the Colloques des intellectuels juifs de la langue française.
10
Quelques réflexions sur léducation à la paix
par Jean Halpérin
Cest dire aussi quil ne faut pas parler de la paix á la légère et quil ne
suffit pas non plus de parler de paix: il faut vouloir et agir à chaque instant
pour la construire.
Le dernier mot du Talmud, cest le mot paix. Le premier mot de la rencontre est aussi
paix, shalom. La bénédiction la plus haute est celle qui appelle le shalom sur Israël et
sur le monde. La paix, cest la socialité. Cest soccuper de lautre. Cest ne pas fermer
les volets, ne pas fermer la porte. Emmanuel Lévinas.
11
Le chemin de paix et de laccueil désintéressé et généreux de lautre est
voie difficile, exaltante et exigeante, qui interdit tout confort, surtout
intellectuel ou politique, de même que tout discours creux, forcément
lénifiant et mensonger.
12
The early History of Jews
Since very ancient times, Jews had to resist foreign oppression. They more
or less succeeded until the Romans took over their territory and thus the
right of self-determination of the Jews came to an end.
stroyed the city and the Temple of Jerusalem in the year 70 A.D. and the
Jews spread out again in Asia and in the Roman Empire.
A sample of Jewish families were taken to Rome, like the noble youth
referred to on page 14, where a Jewish diaspora has settled there ever since
the 1st century B. C.
13
In present Europe, between the 2nd and the 3rd centuries, the Jews mi-
grated to nearly all regions of the (extended) Roman Empire, they are found
in Cologne in the 4th century, In Provence and in several ex-Gallia towns.
With the advent of the Muslim conquests, the Jews were settled in most
towns and villages of North Africa and Andalous (South and Center of
Spain) up to the Reconquista.
Further developments are described in detail in our country sections
and chapters.
Against this background, and for the reasons exposed, at an early time
three major Jewish diaspora groups developed, sensibly different in ethnic
descent and religious traditions:
14
The origin of Jewish Family Names
A Jew had only one name in the biblical era, which was joined to the name
of his father, as Mose ben Maimon (Maimonides) (11351204). This name
was an expression of belonging to the father. Frequently Jews had Greek
names instead of the Hebrew names during the period going from the
4th century BC until the end of the Roman Empire.
Jews living in the eastern part of the Roman Empire spoke mostly Greek,
while Latin was the language in the western part of the Empire. Jews living
in Palestine, Syria, as well in Mesopotamia, had Aramaic names.
The first Jewish family names appeared in the 10th and 11th centuries as
surnames for Jews of North Africa, Spain, France and Italy.
At the beginning, surnames were not relevant. They were only used for
outstanding individuals, not for families. Such family names were set up
for educated people, scholars, poets and other notable citizens. Only in
special cases they became true family names. In fact the existence of a
family name gives a family group its credits, therefore outstanding families
tried to demonstrate their prominence, because of a long-established family
name.
However, Jews in Central and Eastern Europe survived until the 13th
century with no significant family names, except again for outstanding in-
dividuals. At the turn of the 19th century (Joseph II) Jews had to have fam-
ily names in the following countries: Austria, Prussia, Russia and France.
In Russia this development was slow and took effect from 1804 to 1845
(with the integrated part of Poland). At the end of the 19th century all Jews
had their surnames.
The Chinese had the inheritable institution of family names since 400
B. C. Hindus had developed it in earlier times.
15
The Romans in the Western areas had the most developed nomencla-
ture. A person there had three names: the first name, the clan name and the
family name. This name system was used during the whole republican era
and later in the Roman Empire. At the end of the Roman era the names
started to change, and after 476 A.D. the system was completely lost. Every
person who received Roman citizenship got a name from the town Council,
which granted him such citizenship.
Greeks, Syrians and Africans received for a time the ruling Emperors
names. Thus individual names lost their meaning.
The fall of the Roman Empire brought down the end of several institu-
tions: the traditional Roman name system was lost forever.
Ireland was the first European country to adopt the inheritable family
name system in the early 10th century family names were found there
thus consolidated by the 11th century. The knowledge of reading and writ-
ing as well as general education developed with the rise of Christianity, and
major families very soon learned reading and writing. Irish people held on
to their original names until a decree of Queen Elizabeth Ist of England
obliged them to adopt English family names.
In Spain the development of family names started by the end of the 12th
century, inheritable only by the end of the 13th century on.
The law of May 1828 in Denmark prescribed that children must get
family names as soon as they are born. In 1960 inheritance of family names
was established by law.
In Italy, Jews were the first people to get family names. Jewish family
names were usual in the 10th and 11th centuries. The reason for this was the
16
expansion of cities; it was not possible to know each other in large cities as
it was in villages.
Spanish and Portuguese Jews had the old typical names in the Arabic
style, as ibn Esra instead of ben Esra.
All the above family names are also valid for Jewish family names. In
addition, in some countries Jews had one name while Christians had two
inheritable names.
The 1781/82 Tolerance Edict of Emperor Joseph the IInd by which all
Jews settled in both the Austrian and German Empires had to assume an
official family name came into force progressively throughout the Em-
pires, namely:
1782 Austria
1787 Galicia and Bukowina (Austria)
1797 West Galicia (Austria)
1805 Bohemia (Austria)
1807 Frankfort (Germany)
1808 Mannheim (Germany)
1809 Baden, Hesse and Lippe (Germany)
180445 Russia (Zar Nikolas I)
1812 Mecklenburg (Prussia)
1813 Bavaria (Germany)
1816 Kur-Hesse (Germany)
1821 Poland (part of Poland)
1822 Anhalt-Dessau (Germany)
1823 Saxon Duchies-Weimar (Germany)
1833 Posen (East-Prussia)
1828 Württemberg (Germany)
1828 Denmark (Denmark)
1833 Hesse (Germany)
1834 Saxony (Germany)
1845 Prussia (Prussia)
17
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18
1. Italy
The first Jewish settlement in Italy (around 140 B. C.) is considered the
oldest in the Western world. In some regions the presence of Jews has been
continuous from the 1st century, at the time of the Roman Emperors and of
Titus (70 A. D.).
Today the Italian Diaspora is one of the smaller in Europe, with 30,000
people gathered in about 20 communities. This spreading out of the Jew-
ish population is the outcome of the strong concentration and urbanisa-
tion during the 1800s, and today we have roughly two-thirds of the entire
population living in the two main Italian cities, Rome and Milan. Around
1850 there were still 60 communities living in the north and in the centre
of Italy.
have traced the first banishment of Roman Jews under Emperor Tiberius
(19 A. D.).
And still more interesting, we have found in Rome (70 A. D.) the first
The legend that the population of Italian communities grew mainly with
Jewish prisoners and possibly slaves in chains arriving here in Rome after
the destruction of Jerusalem (70 A. D.), is historically wrong. Only when
the Edict of 313 A. D. made Christianity the official religion of the Ro-
man Empire, began a period of persecutions, with the loss of Jewish civil
rights.
19
In the Middle Ages Italian Jewish history can be divided into the three
following phases:
Until 1300 the life of the Italian community went on smoothly, moreo-
ver even proselytism and conversions took place here and there. In the south
of Italy the Jews were living together with Christians, Orthodox and Mus-
lims.
Both would join into the new local dialect. At that time the first family
surnames were taken by the new refugees.
In 1492 a huge change will occur with the general expulsion from Spain
and this tragedy will upset the destiny of the Italian Jews too. At the same
time Sicily and Sardinia will expel their entire Jewish populations (about
40,000 people) and from 1492 to 1514 the Kingdom of Naples will follow
the same path (about 100,000 people will leave with a high rate of Span-
iards and Portuguese).
For more than fifteen centuries the Jewish presence in south Italy had
been continuous and prosperous. After 1492 /1514 and today the south will
turn into a desert for Jewish life and history. All these huge waves of refu-
gees, Italians and Sephardim, will turn to the Ottoman Empire from 1500 to
1550.
During the time of the Renaissance for a short period of time the Italian
Jews played an important part. Famous Jewish printers in Venice, Mantova,
Soncino di Cremona, Riva di Trento and Livorno were publishing the books
of the Bible and of the Talmud for all the communities around Europe.
But the first signs of unfortunate change will soon arrive for the
Jews in the north and middle Italy too. In 1516 Venice will enclose part of
its Jews in the first Ghetto Nuovo or Giudecca. Rome will follow in 1555,
with the whole community in the Ghetto or Serraglio, through a special
Bull of Pope Paul V.
20
As far as the study of Jewish names and surnames in Italy is concerned,
we have to consider three different aspects:
1. A consistent group originated its family name from its own original
name plus prefix or suffix, as Adamson, Ben-Josef, Cormos,
Giovannini, etc. They used sometimes a simple nickname as Alt-
mann, de Rossi and Vecchiotti, which are hints of physical characters;
2. In the little towns we can find names coming from jobs or specia-
lizations, as Santo, Cantore, Astrologo, Fornari or Pasta. The trade
name generally did not determine precisely the specific job of a
person or of a family. Sometimes the name is chosen for other prac-
tical reasons.
3. In the main cities, in the border regions, and in the areas where
immigrants were living, the origin of surnames came from topo-
graphical or ethnic reasons. In this aspect the Italian Jews gave us a
perfect example of a good assimilation.
But the Italian Middle Ages saw above all the flourishing of Jewish
culture, in all respects, from the Haggada collection, to the Midrash about
the psalms, and the poetry of the Synagogue with Solomon ben Yehuda of
Rome.
A strong intellectual life developed among the Jews living in south Italy
and in Sicily, because under the Normans they obtained full civil rights.
The most important outcome was the philosophical work of the physi-
cian and astrologer Sabbatai Donnolo (950) and the chronicle in rhyme of
Achimaaz ben Paltiel (1054). Places such as Bari or Otranto in Puglia were
distinguished all around Europe.
This intellectual leading starts in the South with the philologist Salomo
ibn Parchon of Salerno (1160), with the Talmudist Isaac ben Malchizedeq
of Siponto (1170), and with the philosopher Jacob Anatoli in Napoli (1224)
educator of King Federic II of Hohenstaufen. In Narbonne and in Rome
Nathan ben Jechiel Anaw studied (1110), author of the most important Tal-
mudic dictionary.
21
Pope Alexander III (1180) put his health in the care of a Jewish physi-
cian, the archiatros, opening a large tradition of Jewish doctors to the
Pontifical Court. Some cultural prejudice took place during the Council of
Lateran IV under Pope Innocent III (11981216), with some canonical limi-
tations to Jewish works.
The three centuries from 1250 to 1350 could be considered the Golden
Time of Jewish literature in Italy. Rome became the intellectual centre of
this cultural flourishing. Here we can meet well-known writers and poets,
as the satirist Immanuel ben Salomo (1300) friend of Dante, and Calonimos
ben Calonimos (1300).
In the opinion of Michel Roblin the names derived from places (from
the toponym) indicate exactly where the Jews were settled in Italy. At the
beginning of 1600 they became full family names. Only some people carry-
ing such names are Jews, a second group of name users could belong to
christened ex-Jews or some converted by force.
22
Jewish Italian surnames of toponym derivation
(listed by present day Regions and Cities, from north to south)
Lazio and Rome: Alatri, Alatrini, Di Nepi, Neppi, Di Cori, Piperno, Pontecorvo,
Rieti, Rietti, Di Segni, Disegni, Sonnino, Terracini/a, De Ti-
voli, Viterbo, Viterbi, Anticoli, Di Porto, Di Veroli, Perugia,
Piazza, Sermoneta.
23
Main Italian Family Names of other origins
Most frequent today: Levi, Coen, Calò, Sacerdote/i, Zarfati, Finzi, Moscati, Te-
deschi/o, Segre, Spizzichino, Foà, Pavoncello, Funaro, Astro-
logo, De Benedetti, Polacco, Colombo, Treves.
24
Italian Jewish Families and outstanding persons
from ancient to modern history
Roman Empire:
(transcription of Surnames from Hebrew through Latin to Italian)
Others:
min ha Keneset = F. De Synagoga or Scola
min ha Tzevuim = F. Dei Tintori
min ha Zekenim = F. De Vecchi or Del Vecchio
Middle Ages:
Family ACHIMAAZ ben PALTIEL of Oria: (70 A.D.) Paltiel (Oria in Puglia)
politician around 952; Achimaaz writer of a family chronicle in 1054; Paltiel
II business director in Capua. (Pg. 23A)
25
Family (K) CALONIMOS/ CALO: (70 A.D. from Oria South) emigrated
to Lucca in 800; Calonimos ben C. (Provence 1286Rome 1328) translator
from Arabic in Rome.
Family MÜNZ: (Padova 14001500) the father Jehuda and the son Abra-
ham were both spiritual guides of the Rabbi Academy in Padova;
Modern times:
Family ABRAVANEL: (1492) Founder Isaac , born in Spain, settles the family
in Naples, he is a politician and a philosopher; has 3 sons: Jehuda, Samuel,
Jacob.
26
Family DEL MEDIGO: (Originally from Candia/Creta) Elia writer and
philosopher (Padova 14601492); Josef Salomon physician, astrologer and
philosopher (Padova 15911655);
MARGULIES Samuel Zevì: (from Galicia 1800) Rabbi died in 1922, director
of the Rabbinical Academy of Firenze, founder of the Jewish Revue in
Firenze 1904/1915;
27
Family OTTOLENGHI of ASTI: (German origin and ennobled as count in
1800); Josef (Cremona 15501570) Rabbi in the Talmudic school of
Cremona; Giuseppe general and Minister of Defence died in 1904; Leo-
netto patron of the arts in the city of Asti in 1900; Adolfo Rabbi in Venice in
1900;
Family SONCINO: the most important printers in Italy, involved in half the
printing production before the 1500; (German origin and in Soncino by
Cremona from 1450 to 1520); Israel Nathan physician, banker, and first
printer in Soncino 1480 1490; his two sons Mosè and Jeshua Salomon
(Napoli 1490) printers; Ghershom ben Mosé (1450 Salonicco 1534) the
Prince of Jewish printer, working in Brescia, Fano, Pesaro and Rimini, he
emigrated to the Ottoman Empire with his job until his death in 1534; Mosè
ben Ghershom the last printer of the family in Salonika and later in
Constantinople;
28
2. Germany
It is said that Jews might have moved before the Christian Era in Worms
and elsewhere in Germany, some traced their first appearance as far back as
biblical times or in the aftermath of the fall of Jerusalem 70 A. D. at the
before Christianity became the official religion under the Roman Emperor
Constantinus 312 A. D., in the city the community had its synagogue and
rabbis.
In Bavaria we do not find Jews before the 1st century, whereas in the 9th
century they spread out to Magdeburg, Regensburg, Mersburg and Treves
and along the Rhine to Mayence, Worms and Speyer.
In the 10th century they also settled in Austria and in Bohemia Moravia.
Till modern times a Jew was singled out only by his patronymic: his
first name plus BEN (SON of) followed by the fathers name, Isaak Ben
Jacob. It became a habit to give to a male descent the grandfathers or if
deceased the fathers name.
In the 4th. century during the time that the Talmud was being compiled
the name of living members or forebears were also used.
All through the 13th century Jewish names were changed from the old-
Hebrews form into the Latin or the Greek-related meaning: from Schimon
into Simon or from Jehuda into Juda. However, German names were used
as well, such as: Breuning, Dietrich, Ekbert, Fordolf, Heinrich, Livermann
and Süsskind.
29
We can find the Greek name of Kalonimos used today in the adapted
form of Kalman. Ladies first names used were: Adelheid, Agnes, Bela,
Bruna or Heilswinda, or old Jewish first names such as Jachut, Mingut or
Minna.
30
Main German Communities
BERLIN
Berlin was for a long time the centre of German Jewry. From this point of
view the City is mentioned for the first time in 1295.
The first persecutions against Jews took place in 1349, in 1446 and in
1571: at the time when they happen to be expelled for 100 years, because in
1671 the Elector of Brandeburg and future King Frederick Ist of Prussia
admitted into Brandeburg and Berlin 50 wealthy Jewish families expelled
from Vienna.
This date (1671) is considered to mark the foundation of the new Berlin
community. But under the rule of the same King a systematic exploitation
of the Jews began by means of various taxes.
Under the second Hohenzoller, King Frederick William the Ist limited
the number of Jews and their trade to be tolerated in the city limited in
the years 17131740.
Under Frederick IInd the Great in 1756 a General Privilege was con-
ceded granting Jews residence rights.
In 1714 the first Synagogue of the Berlin community was built. Under
the influence of Moses Mendelssohn, and as a concomitant of economic
prosperity, several reforms were introduced in the community, especially in
the sphere of education.
Berlin has been the centre of the national German Jewish Organisation
since 1869.
The most common family names are here: Berlin, Berliner, Berkowitz,
Sackheim, Zackheim, Scheinberg, Schönberg, Schönberger Scheinmann,
31
Schenmann, Scheinberger, Rosenberg (Prussia), Roman (Prussia), Strelitz
(Oberlausitz), Fürstenberger (from six different places) and Dessoir (Anhalt).
FRANKFORT on MAIN
The Jews of Cologne were apparently the first ones to live in Frankfort, and
Mr. Gottschalk from Frankfort sold his house around the year 1180 in
Cologne to a citizen of the town.
At the beginning of the 14th century many Jews who settled in Frankfort
had immigrated from south Germany and from cities such as Nuremberg,
Ulm, Augsburg, Nördlingen and Mayence. The close relationship with a
city as Mayence is shown by a testimony as Eliezer ben Nathan in 1160, as
the fact that Jews from Mayence freed their imprisoned co-religionist in
Frankfurt and paid ransom for them.
The first persecutions started here in 1241 and 1349. From 1412 to
1414, fleeing went on because of a great tax load paid by Jewish citizens to
the Imperial free city.
Oddly enough many among the most successful families bore names
related to the shields description such as: Zum schwarzen Adler, Zum
goldenen Adler, Birnbaum, Buxbaum, Buchsbaum, Zur Taube (Jonah).
Samson, Wertheimer, Oppenheimer (Court Agent Samuel O.) belonged to
the circle of the citys decision-makers. According to the Names Edict of
1807, every Jewish family was to adopt a family name.
32
In the year 1920, Franz Rosenzweig founded a Jewish school where
Martin Buber used to teach for very many years.
The German Diaspora has quadrupled after 1990 due to the immigra-
tion of Russian Jews, reaching 100,000.
MAYENCE
During the Middle Ages there were many persecutions. In the 12th cen-
tury , Mayence, Worms and Speyer were united. They were in fact leading
Jewish communities in Germany.
Under the Third Reich the main Synagogue was destroyed and the Jew-
ish community was deported to Poland.
Some family names from Mayence are: Adler, Grünebaum, Stern, Kanne
and Schwarzschild (see the German Names List).
TREVES
By the 6th century, Treves became one of the three Dioceses of Metz,
Toul and Verdun.
33
The Jewish family names from Treves have already been in use since
1400; the most common are: Trevis, Dreifuss, Trefus, Trivash and Tribas.
Karl Marx was born in Treves in 1818, and his home is today a mu-
seum.
SPEYER
The foundation stone of the Christian basilica was placed in the year
1030.
The Jewish settlement here was known since the 11th century. And free-
dom for Jewish self-administration and trade was confirmed and went on
under Emperor Henry IV in 1090.
A flourishing time started at the time of the Palatinate in the 12th cen-
tury, and Speyer, together with Worms and Mayence (the initials of the
three cities in Hebrew forming the abbreviation SHUM) , became a leading
Jewish community in Germany.
The many persecutions that took place there in the year 1096, and in the
years 1281, 1349, 1405, 1490 and 1435 forced the Speyers Jewry to mi-
grate eastwards, to Poland, Bohemia, Hungry and Russia.
At the beginning of the 20th century the Jewry enjoyed a short, peaceful
and flourishing period, ending with the gloomy Nazi period: in 1939, the
whole Jewish population of the city dropped to 77 souls.
The Speyer Jews adapted their city name to the languages of the new
country of asylum, and Speyer split into Shapiro, Saphir, Spira, Spire,
Spier, Spiro, Spero, Spear, Chapiro, Sprai and many other forms.
HEILBRONN
This well-known town along the Nekar stream was mentioned first in the
year 747 A. D., the early name of the city was Heilprunn.
34
In the year 1225 the city fortifications are attested by documentation.
The first historical trace of Jewish existence dates back to 1298: in the
Judengasse, today Lohtot street.
During the Black Death in 1348 the first serious persecutions oc-
curred against Jews and the Synagogue was burnt down; and rebuilt in the
year 1357.
Emperor Carl IV ordered in 1361 that all Jews should be accepted and
protected inside the city-walls. And a special site was granted to house the
Jewish cemetery.
In 1437 the situation worsened, the expulsions of 1469 and 1476 were
meant to be forever.
For most of them their names went from Heilbronn to Halpérin, Heilpern,
Halper, Helpern, Halprin, Felperin, Alpron, Alperen and Galpern (Russian
form: H into G).
35
GERMANY
List of geographical Names or place Names
Ploch But when they went back to Germany the name was Ger-
manised to Bloch.
36
Wallach/Welsch The Welsche means the stranger.
Von Breisach First name joined with of and with place names, since 1326
in Breisach in Baden.
Brüel/Brühl From Bühl in Mannheim and Baden, old and new name Ba-
den 1809
Dessoir .......
37
Ginsburg From the town of Günsburg in Bavaria. The name was borne
since the 1500 from exiled Jews. By 1804 Jews had chosen
that name in different forms, often they did not belong to the
same family Ginsburg. The name got popular in Russia,
because of the banker and philanthropist of St. Petersburg
named Gunzburg.
Gordon From the Biblical river. The name Jordan appears in the 15th
century in Middle Europe.
London Since 1545 certified in Prague, where these Jews went into
exile.
Lipsky From lipa in Slavic = lime-tree. There are many such place
names. The city of Leipzig was originally Lipsk, a centre
for Jewish tradesmen. A Lipsky was a person travelling to
Leipzig in Saxony or to Lipsk.
38
Mintz From the city of Mayence in Palatinate.
Mayence
Minc
Menz
Munz
39
Sa(o)linger From the name Solomon, or from Solingen in Westphalia.
Weil(l) From Weil near Basel on the Rhine, since 1300 in south
Weile(r) Baden.
Weinberg Ist from Wyntbark a small place of Danzig, former West Prus-
sia, and IInd from Weinberg by Nikolsburg in south Moravia.
40
List of trade and occupational names
Cassirer A treasurer.
Citron A lemon seller.
41
Fleischhacker Butcher.
Fleischhauer
Fleischmann
Fleischer Butcher and merchant.
Fudym Thread of a tailor (Yiddish).
Futorian Frock-lining trader.
Futtermann In Yiddish it means furrier.
Kadar A copper.
Kartagener Beans from Carthage.
Kaufmann As a shopkeeper, or from Jakob, Yakovmann and Kofmann.
Kemmelmann A comb-seller.
Kimmelmann A cumin-seller or (caraway).
Kirmeyer A church officer as Curchmeyer.
Kirzner Is a Yiddish term meaning furrier.
Kleider Is a tailor.
Klaidermann
Korf Is a basket maker.
Korn Means corn, grain or cereal.
Kren(m)sky From the town of Krems in Austria or a bleaching ground.
Krochmal Is a starch-flour, in Yiddish a dealer of starch.
Krochnik
42
La(u)ffer In Yiddish means runner or messenger.
Leiffer
Lapidus From Latin: stone.
Lawntmann In Yiddish means trader of linen.
Laventmann
Lederer A worker of leather.
Ledermann
Lehmann A banker, or loan-office for leasing or lending.
Lekach In Yiddish, a trader of cake or honey.
Lekaachmann
Lerner A student, in Yiddish and in German too.
Levandula A Lavender trader.
Lichtermann In the 18th century special taxes existed in Russia and Austria
(Lichtzieher) for Sabbat lights or candles, and the collector of it was called
the man of light
Lotstein soldering.
43
Packer As a porter.
Pauker As a musician.
Pergament For a writer.
Perlmutter Sons of a mother called Perle.
Plotkin Plotka means = whitefish, a trader of Plotka.
Plotka(e)
Polier A master of constructing house.
Polster Someone who makes cushions, pillows or bolsters.
Presser Man who irons dresses.
Pressmann
Rauchwerker Is a furrier.
Ringle(el) A Goldsmith.
Goldring
Rostholder A horse dealer.
Roos
44
Spett Dealer of ragged clothes, or rubbish.
Spiegler A mirror polisher or maker.
Spilky From the Yiddish Schpilke = pin or needle.
Steiner A jeweller (in Yiddish = schtein).
Stellmacher A coach-builder.
Steuer Man who is a tax collector.
Sticker Man who embroiders.
Stoller From the Russian term Stolyar= carpenter.
45
List Other Names House and store signboards Names
Personal characteristics Names
Other Names
Eckstein From the Psalms: The stone being abandoned from the buil-
ders has become the corner-stone. Traditionally united with
the faith of Israel and the expectation of a better time.
Enker As anchor symbol of safety and hope, a sign of luck for the
houses.
Ephros/ Ephrat Place near Bethlehem where Rachel is buried. It is also the
name of Kalebs wife. In present-day Israel the name Ephrat
is popular for girls.
46
Gordon Gordon = Jordan river in Israel, or from the district of Grodno
Gordin in Russia and Poland. Gorod means town in German and in
Gordan Russian.
Morgenstern The first star in the morning. This should have been the naming
at the name registration.
Shtull In Yiddish = as steel, stands for inner strength too and faith
for the Jews.
Teitelbaum From the Psalm 92: The truth should flourish like the palm
(date-Zederbaum-palm), he should grow like a Zeder of
Lebanon.
Wassermann From the sign Aquarius, high road to fortune, or the name of a
water carrier too.
Wieder From Widder, the name was accepted from a person born
under the sign Aries, meaning luck.
47
House or store sign and signboards:
(In 1700 most people were still illiterate, they could not read names, but
they could recognize signboards which identified houses and stores, and
sometimes these signs replaced the names of the owners. Within the ghettos
(example: Frankfort), people were better known by the signs which they
displayed on their homes and stores, so that they acquired surnames from
those signs/signboards.)
Berenbaum appeared as the sign of a pear tree. There existed Ber too in
Poland in the province of Posen a town called Birnbaum, and
ca. 10 % of Jewish family names of Baden came from there.
Jews with the name Ber often accepted the surname Birnbaum.
Blum(en) Some family Blum come from the sign of flower in the
-berg/-feld Judengasse of Frankfort. Most of them originated from Blu-
ma-garten/-kin a maiden name. Sometime it is a version of
the Spanish Paloma = -heim/-kranz = dove. At least 12
places in Germany use the name Blumberg.
-krohn/reich Sometimes it was more important for Jews to have a longer
stern/stock name and a suffix as THAL or BERG was added
with BLUM. Blumenthal
48
Buchsbaum As box-tree is a house sign in the Judengasse of Frankfort
on Main since 1776, and in 1806 Buxbaum, even before
the Names Edict was in use in the district of Upper Rhine in
Baden.
Daube There are a few names with Daube, but most of them are
variants of Taube = dove or pigeon. In Frankfort there was
Taube a house Teibel sign with Taube. By the Middle Ages the
first name for a woman was called Taube and in Yiddish
Teibel.
Kafka In the Czech language Kafka means crow, and was used for
somebody living near the house sign of crow , Krähe. In
Poland a coffee dealer was called Kawka. There is a version
of Kafka as diminutive for Yaakov-Jacob. Yaakov can become
Koppel, to Kopke and again Kafka.
Korczak Originates from the old Ukrainian word for eagle, or from
Polish Korczak = goblet (Weinglas). The inn owner adopted
that name sometimes.
49
Personal characteristics or peculiarities
Ehmann A husband.
Tanzer A dancer.
50
3. Spain
After the conquest of Judaea under the Emperor Titus Flavius in the years
7981 A. D., some prisoners of war were brought to Spain and increased by
a number of Jews from North Africa, they formed the basis of the Iberian
Jews.
They were welcome pioneers for economic life and were granted free-
dom till Christianity.
persecution began against them. Jews were often expelled within the Mid-
dle Ages Iberian world.
The Islamic Arab conquered a great part of the south and middle of the
Iberian Peninsula, beginning in 771 and until 1492, but at that time the
Jews were welcome as middle men, knowing the country well between the
Arab and European civilisations.
After the reconquista of all Spain by the Catholic Kings in 1492, the
whole Jewish population suffered the most tremendous and total per-
secutions in the history of the Middle Ages. Jews had to choose between
being baptized or to leaving Spain definitively.
And 200,000 Jews emigrated from here to all the Mediterranean shores.
During the 16th century a long succession of deaths and mournings fol-
lowed this new Odyssey of the Chosen People.
At the same time the Catholic absolutism ended and freed Spain of the
Arab presence with the fall of Granada. The fanaticism of the Iberian Kings
destroyed totally the middle class of traders and businessmen, and opened
51
the door to the war engagement between religions in all Europe for more
than two centuries. Those two events were the reasons for the continuous
weakness of the Spanish Kingdom on the European chess-board.
Today for Sephardim Israel, USA and Canada are the preferred places
to live.
Sephardim are known as being very cultured. Many VIP men are
Sephardim, as Baruch SPINOZA, the philosopher 16321677, and the Eng-
lish Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 18041881.
One of the first Jewish Ghettos was founded in Rome, in the 16th cen-
tury when 400 Sephardim Jewish names could be found in Italy.
The Italian, but also French and German, family names are found on all
the shores of the Mediterranean especially in Greek and Turkey, aside from
the Spanish and Arabic surnames.
Other persecuted Jews from Spain went during the 16th century to Hol-
land, Yugoslavia, the area of Hamburg and England. In Alsace Separdim
communities were founded, and most recently in 1800 and 1900 many Jews
emigrated here from Eastern Europe.
52
The following Sephardim family names were most widely known:
Abravanel, Acosta, Aguilar, Albo, Alcalay, Alvalensi, Barzilai (Barcelo-
na), Calahorra, Calafora, Kalifora, Calahorre (Kalwari), Cardozo, Castro,
Carmona, Cordovero (Cordoba), Cuenca, de Rossi (Azaria), Espinoza, Ghi-
rondi (Gerona), Medina, Miranda, Montalbano, Najara (from Najera),
Paloma, Pardo, Prado, Soriano (from Soria), Saragossi, Toledano (Toledo),
Taragono (Tarragona).
53
Peric Pesah Pinto Poljokan
Romano Ruben Ruso Salom
Semo Sonino Sumbul(ovic) Tajfacak
Trinki Tolentino.
From the city of Split (today Croatia): Gabaj, Lima, Lopez, Morpurgo,
Rodriguez and Ruso. From the city of Rijeka (Croatia): Angoleli.
54
4. Austria Hungary
In earlier times, the so-called Court Jews (In Germany Hof juden and in
Austria Hof befreite) were of particular importance within the framework
of the state hierarchy. They had access to the imperial court. In the Middle
Ages, especially in Central Europe, they were engaged by the rulers to handle
finance and state keeping, especially military affairs. Some Court Jews have
used their influence at the Court in favour of the Jewish community, or
even to defend or protect individuals.
They were the first who sought emancipation. In the 18th century how-
ever, the majority of the Court Jews in Vienna lived in misery. Generally
speaking, at that time, these tradesmen had to cope with a strong foreign
competition limiting their trade chances.
Beginning from 10th and 11th centuries, the Jewish community of Vi-
enna was quite important until its expulsion in 1492. After some years of
tolerance around 1624, they were closed into a ghetto and expulsions started
again until 1670.
Only in the 19th century, a strong migration from Eastern Europe was
noticed. Consequently, one could speak of social tensions caused by com-
petition with the local petite bourgeoisie at the turn of the century.
55
The efforts of Charles VI around 1750 and of her daughter Maria Theresa
around 1760 to impose western standards on Central Europe provoked vivid
(positive as well as negative) developments. For a life span of 45 years a
Jewish town flourished in a Viennas end called Unteren Werd (afterwards
Leopoldstadt). According to the imperial decree of 28 February 1670,
Jews from Vienna and Lower Austria were expelled. Viennese Jews had to
leave before 25 July 1670 and for those living on the city outskirts the term
was Easter Day 1671. These events caused the Jewish community in Vi-
enna to vanish out for a long time to come.
Such a decision might have materialised after the clear position of the
time of Church dogmatists, represented by the Bishop of Wiener Neustadt,
Leopold Kollonitsch arguing humanistic and economic self-protection, and
coupled with the autochtons common sense reactions, nourished mainly
by envy of the Jews accomplishments. The fact that a great number of
Viennese Jews chose to emigrate to Berlin had a dramatic impact on the
economic prosperity of Brandenburg, whereas the Viennese economy suf-
fered considerably from the expulsion of Jews from Vienna and Austria,
including the Habsburgs Court itself, particularly in the money-lending
business.
Letters of Protection
Even at early times efforts had been undertaken to protect the Jews. Prince
Paul Esterházy in Eisenstadt promulgated the first letter of protection in
favour of the Jews in 1690. Jews had to pay daily protection fees as a kind
of personal contribution for the right to live there.
The emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Roman German Empire (1711
1740) had a positive attitude towards the Jews. He preserved Jewish pro-
tection rights. Some privileged families, like the Oppenheimers and the
Wertheimers were allowed to reside in town, for they had to pay for that
right on a yearly basis, which in fact meant residence.
56
Without a residence right Jews were compelled to pay daily fees. In
Moravia, letters of protection were issued even before the Tolerance Edict
of 1782. Fees were considered to be a lucrative business for every State.
Empress Maria-Theresa issued a new law regarding Jews in 1765 provok-
ing a worsening of their living conditions and deepening social misery. In
the year 1778, she even limited the number of servants in Jewish house-
holds.
Reform Efforts
Maria-Theresa who ruled the country for forty years (17401780) was an
energetic monarch. Because of the first partition of Poland (1772) and the
annexation of Galicia by Austria, the majority of Jews at that time lived in
the Habsburg Empire. Nevertheless, it was her son Joseph II who took the
initiative of liberalizing the Jews conditions.
It was he who took the initiative of driving away the Middle Ages from
his country. Against the will of his mother, he carried out the partition of
Poland in 1772 (gaining Galicia) and succeeded in persuading the Turks to
cede Bukowina in 1775. He sought an understanding with Prussia, al-
though his plan to acquire Bavaria resulted in his defeat in the war against
Prussia in 1778/79.
After his mothers death in 1780, Joseph II succeeded her as the only
ruler of the Habsburg crown provinces. As a result of the Peace Treaty of
Teschen in 1779 and of his being a historical adversary of Prussia, he re-
solved to approach Empress Catherine II of Russia.
His goal was a centrally administered state, German being its official
language. Supported by the army and civil servants, he opposed a special
status of crown provinces.
In 1781 the peasants feudal property rights were abolished and a real
estate tax introduced, extended to the aristocracy. Joseph II promoted
57
industry and trade by levying high customs duties. New schools, hospitals,
and Institutes for the Blind were created, censorship alleviated and torture
abolished. The Emperor applied tough Church-policies (Josephinism) and
his reforms were so strongly opposed by the aristocracy and clergy that he
had to revoke them on several occasions.
Any person, regardless of his religious belief, providing he has his merits, may get
employment in agriculture or craftsmanship and I am prepared to grant him a citizen-
ship.
Joseph II was convinced that Jews could be beneficial to the State and they
were thus given an opportunity to pursue various professions. Jews were
free to enter universities, become artists, craftsmen or soldiers. Education,
so far prohibited to Jews was made available to all. The teaching of the
German language became compulsory in Jewish schools. The issue of offi-
cial documents and trade transactions were opened up to the Jewish com-
munity. Henceforth, Hebrew and Yiddish were prohibited for official use:
The so-called Jewish language and writing are abolished.
On 17 May 1785 this rule was extended to Galicia and Bohemia within
the same year. The trade activity of Jews often brought them in contact with
authorities, who could not verify their book-keeping when it was written in
Hebrew. Joseph II wanted to overcome all these difficulties. Similar thoughts
were also found in the works of the Christian historian Christian Conrad
von Dohm (Berlin 17511820).
58
On 23 July 1787, the Emperor stated that: to avoid too much disorder,
Jews should choose specific family names and German first names. Those
who already had a family name were compelled to change only if their
name was Hebraic or related to a non-Austrian place name. After that the
Emperors Edict was established, and the entire names assignment started
throughout the Empire.
In fact, Jews could rarely choose their own names: the authorities did it
for them. Civil servants enjoyed giving them unlikely and disgusting names,
most of which were of clearly anti-semitic meaning, such as: Kanalgeruch
= sewers stink. Jews were forced moreover to bear Christian names, like
Ostertag = Easter, just to offend them. There was nothing they could do
against these inhuman, but legal decisions.
The earliest ones were geographical names only if they were related to
the Empire, for example Wiener, in the Empire there were many rivers,
mountains, plants, the names became: Baum = tree, Mandelbaum =
almond tree, Rosenzweig = branch of roses.
When the Jews were forced to accept family names in the 18th century,
the Name Commission took the easiest way of giving names from the out-
ward appearance of the single person, like: Klein for small and Gross
for big, Lang for tall and Kurz for short.
59
Zuckermann as confectionary man, Fleischmann as butcher, and
Salzer as saltman.
VIENNA
The most trustworthy List of Jews living in the Austrian capital is definitely
Hugo Golds work compiled in 1938. Jewish people was expelled twice
from the city, in 1421 and in 1670. By the 18th century only a few Jewish
families were tolerated in Vienna and in the province of Lower Austria.
By 1846 in those areas 3739 Jews were counted, and only after 1850
the Austrian Jewrys rate of growth bounded upwards owing to the waking
60
of emancipation movements. Thus, at the disintegration of the Austrian
Monarchy in 1920, the Jewish population had increased to about 200,000
reaching 9 % of the overall Viennas population making it the second
61
Eisenscher Eisenstein Eisinger Eisner
Eitinger Elan Elias Eliasberg
Eliav (Lubotzky) Ekstein Ellenberg Ellenbogen
Engad Engel Epstein Eren
Eitinger Eylon
Idelson
62
Kamhi Kaminka Kaminski Kanev
Kanner Kantor Kapralik Karbach
Karliner Karp Karpat Kasvan
Katz Katzenellenbogen Kauders Kaufmann
Kaunitz Kay Kelman Kellner
Khuner Kimmel Kirschner Kissman
Klaber Klein Klemoerer Klinger
Klinghofer Klinghoffer Knecht Kobler
Koch Koestler Kolb Kollek
Kon Kornblüt Kor(e)n Kornfeld
Kornthal Kosak Kramer Kranz
Kraus(s) Krasso Krasner Krasny
Kreisel Krell Kriss Kubin
Kupferschmied Kurtz Kurzman Künstlinger
Kürer
63
Pick Piers Pines Pokorny
Pollak Popper Pordes Porges
Preminger Price
Vermers Vogel
64
Wang Weidenfeld Weiner Weinstein
Weinfeld Weinstock Weis Weiser
Weishut Weisl Weiss Weisz
Weissbrot Weitz Weitzenworf Wells
Wenkert Werner Werthammer White
Wiener Wilder Willner Winter
Wittlin Wittmann Wiznitzer Wodak
Wohlmann Wolkenberg Wotiz Wulkan
Wyler
BURGENLAND
One of the oldest regions (Land) under the Hungarian administration from
1647 to 1920, and fief of the powerful family of the Princes and magnates
was Esterhazy. The Burgenland was divided after the referendum of 1920
between Austria the hills and Hungary flat lands with the city of
Sopron.
In the year 1984 the author N. Weiss consulted the Archives of Eisen-
stadt, mainly the study of Josef Klampfer The Eisenstadt Ghetto pub-
lished in Eisenstadt in 1965 and was able to put together the following
list of the 300 most common family names of Jews settled there from 1850
65
to 1938, date of the incorporation of Austria into the German Reich
by Hitler.
The most common family name there was WOLF (2%), family of well-
known wine traders and founders of the Jewish Museum (Landesmuseum)
of Eisenstadt.
List of Eisenstadt:
Aberbach Adler Arens(stein) Asch
Austerlitz
66
Gabel Gabriel Geiger Gellis
Gerö Gerstl Glan(t)z Glas(n)er
Glauber Gold Goldberger Goldfinger
Goldschmied Goldstein Gomperz Graus
Greiner Grimm Gross Grossmann
Österreicher
67
Salzer Schey Schiff(er) Schiller
Schleif(f)er Schlesinger Schnürmacher Scholtes
Schopper Schotten Schön Schönberger
Schwar(t)z Simon Sinai Singer
Spiegel Spitzer Stadler Steiner
Steinhar(d)t Steinhof Stern Schneider
Suschny(j) Szemere Stroh
Ullmann Ungar
GALICIA
West Galicia is situated between the Polish plateau in the North and
the Carpathians in the South and presents a typical Mittel Europa land-
scape.
East Galicia belongs to the district of the river Dniester, which flows
through its fertile plateau.
The Carpathian heights, west of the San river, were annexed by Poland
in the year 1000.
68
East, on the other side of the same San river, the region comprised
the Part-Principality of Halitsch (origin of the modern name of Galicia)
which expanded in the 12th century under the great Governor of Kiev
and the Wladimir (Lodomeria), parted after the fall of the Mongols in
1241.
At the time of the first partition of Poland, in 1772, East Galicia was
integrated into Austria. Later, with the third partition, in 1795, Austria an-
nexed the Western part as well.
At the end of the Ist World War Galicia became part of the new Polish
state.
69
Brandeis from the German town Brandeis, existing also in Bohemia
Brande(s) since 1440 between German jews.
Brandys
Brandiss
Brod from the Polish Jewish centre and town of Brody, today in
Brode(t) Ukraine, with Austrian and Russian influences.
Brodsky
Eger(s) from Eger, a town and a river in West Bohemia, today Czekia.
Eiger
Spitz from the Austrian town Spitz near Krems on the Danube.
70
BUKOVINA
A region (10,000 km2) situated between the East Carpathians and the upper
river of Dniester, in 1775 it passed from the Ottoman Empires hegemony
to Austria.
in 1774.
Since 1775 it has been a strategic region under Austrian rule, making
the junction between Austrian Galicia and Transylvania, then under Hun-
garian administration. The inhabitants from Rumanian, Ruthenian, Ger-
man, German Jews, Hungarian and Polish origin since then have inter-
married considerably.
In 1940 the northern part of the province was incorporated into the
USSR (today part of Ukraine), and the southern part was incorporated into
Rumania, resulting in the situation of the Jews declining: German and Ru-
manian soldiers proceeded to massacre the Jewish population, and from
1941 on the Jews were deported to the death camps.
71
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72
5. France
In the Roman Gaul, we hear of Jewish settlements for the first time around
the 4th century A. D., in Arles, Avignon, Bordeaux and Narbonne, where all
the ethnic groups were living peacefully together. This situation came to an
end with the advent of Christianity in the Roman Empire, reaching the entire
Gaul territory.
After the 5th century, the Barbarian invasion spread out all over the
Roman Empire. Under the new hegemony the Jewish situation developed
very favourably.
Under the Carolingians 9th10th century Jews settled along the trade
routes of the South of France, and along the banks and the valleys of the
Rhone, Seine and Loire rivers.
In 1306 the whole Jewry was expelled from France and soon recalled
as early as 1315, to be definitely expelled from the country in 1394, except
for the groups living in Provence, Avignon and Dauphiny. As a result, Jew-
ish family names did not take root in France.
In the 14th century, Jews migrated to Alsace which was not in the French
territory at the time, and a large community established there.
73
We have examples of 18th century family names from Paris and
Languedoc which have their origins in southern France: Mousse de Dreues,
Salomon de Compiègne, Isaac de Sesanne, Salomon de Lunello, Jachob de
Aralate and David de Narbona.
With the beginning of the French Revolution (1789), the 50,000 Jews
living in two different areas of France expected freedom at last.
With the Act of 27 September 1791, citizenship and the right to reside
in France was given to all people already settled at that time on French
territory, including the Jews. For them this was the second emancipation in
Europe, the first having taken place under Emperor Joseph II of Austria in
1787, when the Jews were given the same rights as the Christians.
The first Austrian Act on surnames came into force in Alsace and Lor-
raine, as well as in Charleville and Besançon.
74
A few ghettos were established in Provence in the 16th century in the
area of the four communities of Venaissin: in Avignon, Carpentras, Cavaillon
and lIsle-sur-Sorges.
Archbishop of Avignon had resided there until 1348, later, Pope Clemens
VI (13781394) bought in Avignon the Palace-Residence which became
the Popess residence for very many years and by 1797, after the Revolu-
tion, and during the peace of Tolentino, the Pope relinquished to Napoleon
his possessions, with the result that resident Jews were no longer under his
protection, and thus became French citizens under the Napoleonic Codes.
In the Library of the Museum of Carpentras, the site of the oldest syna-
gogue in France (the second oldest one in Europe), we find family names
under the heading Les noms de famille. The following names are the
most frequent there:
75
From the region of Piemonte in Italy, we have Bedarida and from Savoie
come the names of Lattes, Latis, Cavaglione and Montel. Mantova in Italy
is the origin of the names Monton, Montoux or Mantoux. In Provence we
find rare names such as Cavaillon, Bédarride, Delpugel, Laroque and
Monteuy. Other names in Provence include Casph (from Caspi), Origan
from Orange or in Hebrew Azoub with dAzoubi or de Zouvi.
The people from Provence liked to change their names. Cremieux turned
into Carmi; de Lunel into Yarki or Yark (from the Hebrew meaning); and
Carcassonne became Corcos, Karkos, Karcosse, Karcousse, Karkouz or
Karkoz. The Carcassonne had gone to Spain where they remained until
1492. And the Arabic name Abdallah ben Ibrahim always remained as it
was originally.
In Narbonne we have the name Narboni. The Jewish presence here had
connections with Bagdad and Babylon and dates back to the year 473 A. D.
In the 10th century the following important names are noted: Jacob Tam,
Kahn, Lévy, Hadarschan and Raschi, Salomon ben Isaak (in Troyes since
1040).
When translating names into Hebrew, the suffix i is used to form the
adjective. This is also often done by translation from Latin or Romance.
Such names give an exotic impression:. Bedersi, Caslari, Carcassonni,
Narboni, Caspi, Ezobi, Yaari. The article Ha is used as a prefix as for
example Harari (of Montpellier).
In the 19th and 20th centuries, French names include Bergson, (Leon)
Blum, Bernhardt, Bokanowski, Bonanowski, Cerfberr, ben Chelbo,
Darmestetter, Derenbourg, ben David, Fould, Gondchaux, ben Gerson,
Halevi, Kaspi, Klotz, Lazare, Loeb, Machir, Juda ben Meir, Munk, Narboni,
Rachel, ben Samuel and Schwab.
76
6. Poland
The earliest historically confirmed news about the region, which today is
the State of Poland, dates back to the 10th century. At that time, and maybe
already two centuries earlier, Jews came to Poland from Ukraine, from the
Khazarian Empire between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and from
the Byzantium Empire.
The emigration from Germany, especially from Franconia and the Rhine
area, and from Bohemia which took place from the 11th century influ-
enced the language and the peoples names.
The Jews brought along, to Poland, the German language of that time,
as well as the community organisation typical of the German ones. The
Yiddish language, still existing, was a combination of German dialect and
Hebrew words.
The Jews were engaged in this area in trade and in money business, the
trigger of the setting up of a local economy.
The oldest Jewish communities in Poland in the 13th and 14th centuries
were: Plozk, Kalisch, Krakau, Lemberg, Posnan and Sandomierz. Posnan
was an important place where Jewish names have their origin: Flatau (Flatow
in Polish), Kempner (Kempo in Polish, in some cases also from Kempen in
the Rhine area), Witkower or Witkowski (Witkow), Pinner (Pniewy), Graetz
(Grodinsk), Schoken (Shoki), Posner or Posener (Posnanski), Lissauer or
Lissa (Leszno), Gollantsch (Gollancz), Sammter and Birnbaum. The names
Konitz (Chosnice in Polish) and Tuchel or Tuchola (Tucholsky) came from
West Prussia.
For the many back and forth Jewish migrations occurring in Poland, the
Jewish names did not last long enough to take roots, except for the names
derived from places, and as a result there are no typical Polish names from
that time.
77
the Aschkenasim. Sephardim family names are for example: Esperanza,
Belmonte, Cordova and Abravanel.
At that time, the social order in Poland was very reactionary: great land-
owners reigned over millions of serfs. The Jews lived in between. The re-
stricted middle class hated the Jews. The Cossack and peasant revolt of
1648, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki, resulted in a succession of massacres of
Jewish communities in Ukraine and Eastern Poland. In 1658, having been
caught between warring Russians and Poles, 700 Jewish communities were
destroyed.
Only in Russia they could not scatter around as elsewhere because the
Tsar permitted them to remain strictly in the Jewish Pale of settlement,
between Poland White Russia Ukraine, and this from 1772 to about
1900.
78
At the end of the 18th century Jews were again persecuted in Poland and
had to escape partly back to Germany or Austria.
As a result of those many partitions, for the Polish Jews, we can speak
of motionless emigration when, for example, Galicia went to Austria
and Posnan to Prussia.
The following names originating from the Polish part were taken over
in Russia: Russ/Russo/Rousseau (Russia), Ukrainczik (Ukraine), Litwak
(Lithuania), Pollask/ Pollatschek/ Pohl, Menuhim (Menachem), Heifetz,
Tobalsky (Tobolsk), Dubno(w) = oak, Sloninsky (Slon = elephant).
Prof. L. Glesinger mentions the following local names: Alkus, Dan ziger,
Dobrin, Dubowsky, Janower, Kalisch, Kolisch, Lasker, Lubliner, Mazur,
Pianko, Pinsker, Pinsky, Ribalow, Ridker, Schmukler, Szmurklerz, Tarno-
grod, Wallack, Wallach, Wloch, Warschauer, Warszawski, Wilner, Zamosc
and Zeleznikov.
79
Geographic names (place names)
Begar, sun of rabbi, when it is a Sephard name, then it originates from the word
sea-behar in Arabic.
Bernick from the town Berniki.
Blashki from Blaszki.
Bloch originates from Vlach or Veloch (the foreigner), was Germanised to Bloch.
Bromberg today Bydgoszcz.
Brostoff from Brzostowica.
Burstein from Bursztyn.
Calisch or Kalisck or Kalisz, from Chomsky/Chomsk near Pinsk.
Cornfeld or Kornfeld.
Dissen or Dzisna, from Dubow (Eichenwald).
Gravier from Grajewo.
Kaluzna from Kaluszyn, Kolodny from Kolodno, Kossowsky from Kossow.
Kovarsly from .Kowarsk, Kutner f. Kutno, Kutoff f. Kuty, Kwileski from Kwilez.
Lagover f. Lagov, Lenoff f. Leniew, Lowitz from Lowicz, and Lysagora (Berggipfel).
Malevo from Malevsky, Manishen from Maniusin, Mankovsky from Mankowsze.
Mazur from Mazowsze, Melnick from Mielnik, Mellitz from Mielec.
Metchik from Mieczyk, Mosak from Mozak.
Naymark from Naymark.
Ostrow in Poland and later in Russia, Ozarovsky from Ozarov.
Pelovsky from Pilawa, Pianko from Pianki, Pilch from Pilica, Pinchofsky from
Pinchovsky
Piser from Peisern, Pollok means native of Poland.
Radzik from Radziki, Ratner from Ratno, Ridker from Rutka.
Rothenberg from the town of, Rovner from Rowin.
Samter from Szamortuly, Sarna from Sarna, Savitzky from Sawicze.
Schwartzberg is in Poland, Silberberg in Silesia and Poland, Sladovsky is a town.
Sloninsky from Slonin (Slon also elephant), Steiner from Kamien.
Tartakover from Tartak, Tichtin from Tykocin.
Turbin from Turbin, Turowitz from Turowicze.
Warte from Wartele.
Zaretsky from Zaretky.
80
Trade and occupational names in Poland
Meltz (er) Form Mielcarc, and Malz is the owner and the name of a
brewer.
Naparstek Is a thimble.
Schrift A type-setter.
81
Shandalov Shandal is the son of the shingler.
Sklar A glass maker.
Skora Someone working with leather.
82
7. Russia
In very early times Jews migrated to Russia, probably from Byzantium and
Crimea. There is evidence of this migration 8th century to the district of
Kiev, well-known to have been a centre of trade from the early days. Al-
though the Russian Orthodox Church was opposed to the Jews, the king
gave them financial support as trade people.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible (15331584) hated them and caused those who
refused to convert to Christianity to be drowned in the Duna river. In the
second half of the 16th century, there were hardly any Jews living in Mos-
cow and Russia. They did not return until the 17th century.
Most of the Tsars placed restrictions on the Jews. Peter the Great (1682
1725), although acknowledged for his tolerance, would not give Jews the
right to settle in Russia. But some baptised Jews, however, found favour
with him. Jews were generally prohibited from entering the establishment,
however, despite mixed fortunes, they were more or less tolerated. Their
situation improved under Catherine II (17621796), yet they were still sub-
ject to pogrom = from Russian devastation, caused by Cossaks and other
plunderers.
At the end of the 18th century more than a million Jews came to Russia
in the wake of the partition of Poland (by Russia, Austria and Prussia).
Russia thus had the largest Jewish population in the East. New laws re-
stricted retail businesses, but some Jews were allowed to deal as real estate
landowners, farmers and distillers. Under Catherine II, a barrier was cre-
ated between the Jewish people and Russian citizens. Jews were not al-
lowed to travel, and they were restricted to live in the Jewish Pale of set-
tlement an area between PolandWhite RussiaUkraine. However, the situ-
ation gradually improved by the end of her reign.
83
status, that of Jewish peasants. They were promised much land in the
South East of Russia.
The most common family names at that time were: Russ, Russo,
Rousseau, Ukrainczik (from Ukraine), Pollak, Pollatschek, Pohl (Poland),
Litwak (Lithuania), Menuhin (from Hebrew = Menachem), Heifez (place
name from Haifa), Tobalsky (Tobolsk), Dubno or Dubnow (oak), Sloninsky
(Slonin or elephant in Polish).
The October Revolution of 1917 did not bring about any change on
Jewish family names. The Soviet Union tried early to stop the emigration
of Jews from the former Russia, but they did not succeed.
84
Russian Family Place Names
Bogati as rich.
Borodaly as beard man.
Pervin as first born.
Primak as son in law.
Pritikin as neighbour.
Sirota as poor man.
Soroka as chatterer.
Duchovny as a clergyman.
85
Papernick (Papirnyi) as a master of paper.
Pasternack as chive.
Plotkin (or Plotke-a) as silver scaled fish.
Plotnick as a wood worker.
Portnoy as a tailor.
Potashnik as a producer of potassium.
Reiter as a horseman.
Sapoznik as a shoemaker.
Schupack as a fish dealer.
Senelnick as dyer of natural colours.
Shaffran is a vegetable.
Sholk as a silk or silk dealer.
Solodar as a goldsmith.
Spector as an inspector or school supervisor.
Spivak as a singer.
Sukenik as a dealer of cloths.
Winnick as a distiller.
Lithuanian Names
Altschul (er) from the old Synagogue in Prague, common in Poland and
Russia.
86
Amdur from Amdursky, place name by Indura Grodno in Lithuania.
Andrussier from Andruszowce.
Anixt (er) from Aniktzty.
87
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88
8. Portugal
Jews had already settled here, when in 1143 the Portuguese independent
State was formed from a province of Castille under the rule of the Burgundian
Dukedom. The Jewish communities could not compete in numbers and
significance with the Spanish Jews. Their economic and social proportions
were however nearly the same.
In the Middle Ages Jews in Portugal were more strictly organised un-
der State supervision. A Great Rabbi, called rabbi mor, was on the high-
est administration board and representative of Jewry in relation to the gov-
ernment. He bore the seal of arms of Portugal and released instructions in
the name of the King. He had to control all the countrys communities. Till
the beginning of the 13th century, Portuguese law guaranteed the Jewish
people the same legal equality as the Spanish town code. But in the follow-
ing centuries the Clergy battled with the Portugal cities, against the fact
that Jews were favoured by the Crown.
In the years 13851433 the new King Joao I took the Jews under His
protection, avoiding the explosion of intolerance in his country as it actu-
ally had just happened in neighbouring Spain, and thus favoured the immi-
gration of the fleeing Jews from there. Those who had been forcibly been
baptised later called Marranos as soon as they got to Portugal were
allowed to regain their religion. Ever since that time the Jewish culture in
Portugal has gained significance for the entire Jewish culture.
In spite of the lively expressed aversion of His people and despite the
agitation of the Clergy, King Joao II (14811496) opened also opened his
89
boarders to the fugitive Marranos, the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492.
They attained residence there for eight months. Later, because of such aver-
sion, the King offered the emigrants a complete boat at their disposal to sail
to more hospitable countries.
The Marranos
Those Jews who were baptised by force were called Marranos in Spain and
Portugal, but they remained faithful to their religious tradition. Both Spanish
and Portuguese Catholic Churches were very busy effecting as many
conversions from the 15th century on, with all the related difficulties of
integrating such a consistent group.
90
9. United Kingdom and U.S.A.
United Kingdom
During the 18th century the most important Jewish families accepted
being baptized, in exchange for their acceptance in English high society.
These top families were the DIsraeli, Basevi, Ricardo, Bernal, Lopes and
Ximenes.
91
Other families as the Rothschild, the Montefiore and the Goldsmith
stuck to Jewish traditions, but fought resolutely for the emancipation of the
entire English Jewry. As a result of the new times with a decision by his
member of Parliament, finally Sir Nathan Mayer de Rothschild received
as Lord Rothschild a place in Parliament.
The Aschkenazim did not benefit from an agreement, they built how-
ever several synagogues in the year 1722. The Asckenazim Rabbis were of
German culture and education.
The most important family names in the U.K. were: Trade and Indus-
try: Sassoons, Viscount Bearsted and Sir Alfred Mond; Legal Sciences:
Marquis Reading, Sir G. Jessel, Sir Israel Gollancz and Sir Sidney Lee;
Printing and press: J. M. Levy (Founder of the Daily Telegraph), Lucien
Wolf and Sir Sidney Low; Finance and political sciences: Rothschilds,
Montagus, Worms, Steirs and Speyers.
Since the First World War, the social development of Jewish communi-
ties is recognised by Welfare and Anglicisation. The influence of Michel
Friedlaender and A. Buechler as the rectors of the Jewish college was a
great improvement.
92
The development of Jewish family names in the U.K. is due to the rule
of King George I (17141727), the German speaking Emperor (from
Hannover).
The other two famous Jewish names in the U.K. were: the musician and
astronomer Sir William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranium in
1781, and Benjamin Disraeli one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of
Queen Victoria.
93
United States of America
Many people of the most varied origins got protection from distress in the
new continent of America. It also gave shelter to an impressive number
of persecuted and poor Jews. They were guaranteed a position under the
American constitution, although their emancipation process had been rat-
her slow.
In the year 1664 the Jewish people did not have in the U.S. the same
religious liberty as the Christians had. The Jews position changed slowly
with the American revolution of 1776 and the parting of the new United
States from English rule.
The new spirit was now Puritanism. This meant a strong connection to
the Old Testament. Free American colonies had become in the new era an
American Israel of Gods: State and Religion should be united under one
Theocracy; however, the independent and modern interpretation of the U.S.
constitution was total separation between State and Religion.
Consequently all religions were considered at the same level, and fa-
vouritism to the local Church or prejudices against Jews were forbidden. It
improved strongly the Jews social position, it helped develop integration
by self-esteem.
In the main U.S. cities there were over 100,000 Jewish citizens: 225,000
in Chicago, 100,000 in Cleveland and 200,000 in Philadelphia. But Jews
preferred to stay in New York where in 1924 they numbered 1.7 million,
and generally on the East Coast. Later in the West big cities were created
and new opportunities were offered to Jewish migration.
94
In the banking business the important groups were: the Kuhn, Loeb,
Saligman and Speyer. They were leaders in the metal and mining industry.
With the arrival of Russian and Polish Jews from 1880 on their influ-
ence in the fur and clothing branch improved considerably. Very soon they
took the leadership in the Press.
Most of the Jewish U.S. population today was born in America: they
are 100 percent Americans. The Jewish families had translated their names
into English, it is therefore hard to recognise some time their name of ori-
gin. They got deformed by transcription of various European languages:
Russian, Polish, German, Rumanian, Hebrew or Galician. The alteration
and transformation of so many Jewish names are impressive.
Benzion Kaganoff, the author of a Name book, was surprised that only
few Jews were informed about History at large and especially the origin of
their own family name.
Some examples:
Baker Was originally Becker.
Butcher Was Fleischer.
Brewer Was Breuer.
Weaver Was Weber.
Painter Was Farber.
Leather Was Leder.
Thimble Was Fingerhut.
Needle Was Nadel.
Shears Was Schere.
95
Total (or Partial) Translation:
Braun Into Brown
Freund Into Friend
Bischofswerder Into Bishop
Hausschild Into House
Wertheimer Into Worth
Steinberg Into Stone.
96
Different Forms:
Schwarzkopf Into White
Fritz Josephsthal Into Joseph Thal
Cohn Into Hahn
Lemberg Into Bing.
97
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98
10. Israel
On the one hand we find names coming from all over Europe and Asia,
on the other hand a considerable effort is put forward to unifying the name-
giving.
99
Slomo Salzmann Rubasow to Sazar (Shazar), Jizchak Simsi to Jizchak Ben
Zwi, and Golda Meyerson to Golda Meir (former Prime Minister).
Names borne from Russian, Polish and German immigrants were the
following: Milhofer, Kormos, Karplus, Hertz, Meir, Sultan, Seskin and
Halperin.
Curious changes of sense were made from German speaking Jews, who
were obliged after the Names Edict of 1781 by Joseph II of Austria, to carry
hateful names. They improved in the opposite sense their names in Ger-
man: Alter (Old) for Jung (Young), Unglück for Glück (Luck), Luegner for
Wahrheit (Truth), Schlechter for Turi (Good), or Traurig for Alyagon (Care-
free).
Mashbir Joseph in the Bible was called the supplier, from Hamash-
bir. It is the name for corn, or wheat dealer.
100
Hebraic Names in Israel:
Chabas Chasan Baruk sofer, means son in law of Baruk the writer
Charness From charna = dark or black in Slavic, or instead of Chasan
reb Natan sofer, the son-in-law of the Rabbi.
Charrik Chasan reb Yosef Kalmann, son-in-law of Reb Yosef Kalman.
Charry Chasan reb Yosef, son-in-law of Reb Yosef.
Meersand In the Genesis, they said to Jacob, that his numerous progeny
Will be like sand on sea.
Prochownik The big Abraham Prochownik was king of Poland. The word
means powder maker or chemist.
Sameth Sammet for someone with the name Schimon or Simon. The
expression siman tov = sign of luck is represented by three
letters which were used in the term Sameth = SMT.
Twersky Menachem Nachun von Chernobyl died 1798, was the founder
of an important dynasty of Chassidism. He bore Twersky as
his family name. There is a name place in Russia, named Tver,
and someone could come from there.
101
Shortened Forms in Israel:
Barbakoff Shortened form of ben reb Baruk kohen, son of the priest
Baruk.
Bardach Ben reb David harif, son of David of the thinkers.
Baru Ben reb Wolff, son of the Wolff.
Behar Ben Harav, son of the Rabbis.
102
Morphology
The Jewish family name Aschkenasi in the Middle Ages changed to the
name Aschkenas = Germany because of their settlement. As long as Zewi
Aschkenasi (16561718), son of Jacob Aschkenasi, was the Rabbi of Alto-
na (Hamburg), he bore that family name. Later he took up the same post in
Amsterdam, where he called himself CHACAM, as title of Rabbi in the
Dutch Community of Sephardim.
His son bore the name Jacob Aschkenasi, and also Jacob Emden, or
Jacob Emden Aschkenasi, also Jacob Ben Zewi or shortened to Jabez. Fi-
nally he was called Jacob Hirschel (where Ben Zewi means = son of Hirsch,
= hart or little hart changing in Hirschel. Moreover he also added the
name Israel.
103
The family name Dreyfus (Dreifuss) is derived from a well-known
French Jewish family, and came from the German town (as place name) of
Trier = in English Treves. Another opinion of its origin is reported by the
famous Jewish historian Heinrich Gratz (18171891), in his History of
Jews, and also supported by N. Brulls, that the family names Treves or
Trives are from the French place name Troyes, the town in the Champagne
on the Seine, in this case coming from the Hebrew form Trivus.
A false opinion is that the name Trebitsch, form the town Trebitsch in
Moravia, could derive from the same origin (Treves).
A surprising alteration exists with the family name Pollak. This very
common Jewish name of Polish origin, Polak meaning in Polish and Czech
a Polish, is used also as a Czech diminutive Polacek. To hide its Polish
origin, they shortened the first syllable into Placek, Placzek or Platschek.
In Slavic they used the word Platschek as a whiny, in German
Weinender, and they translated the name into German as Weiner. Some
of the families bearing the name in Wien (Vienna), changed the name from
Weiner into Wiener because of their residence, and the whole metamorpho-
sis from Pollak into Wiener was completed.
Many Jewish family names take their origin from the numerous trades and
occupations of the whole European Jewry. Apart from the religious offices,
it is astonishing how many activities exist in the Jews world, as intellectual
or manual occupations.
104
These names come from both the Jewish groups, the Sephardim and the
Aschkenasim.
b) Among the Aschkenasim, apart from the occupations, we find the tools,
the material and the goods too as family names:
Nadel = needle Zwirn = yarn
Fingerhut = thimble Mantel = cloak
Hut = hat Zucker = sugar
Zuckerkandl = candied sugar Kandl = candy
Honig = honey Zuckertorte = confection
Zwieback = biscuit Mandelbrot = almond bread
Holz = wood Stein = stone
Schloss = lock Feder = pen
Stiefel = boot Fischbein = whalebone
Milstein = millstone
c) Family Names that are not common or very rare in the Jewish group:
Jäger Koch Schmied Förster(no)
Zimmermann(no) Wagner(no) Abdecker Advokat
Beamter Briefträger Dachdecker Diener
Friseur Gärtner Hirt Ingenieur
Korbflechter Mechaniker Offizier Optiker
Polizist Schlosser Schornsteinfeger Schauspieler
Selcher Steinmetz Strassenkehrer Uhrmacher
105
Artists:
Künstler Pfeiffer Fiedler Maler
Geiger (violinist) Trompeter Spieler Spielmann
Zymbalist Tänzer
Farming:
Schäfer Ackermann Graber Baumgartner
Landmann (farmer) Bauer (peasant) Drescher (thresher)
Fischer Strohmenger
Branch of foodstuffs:
Fleischmann (butcher) Fleischhacker Beinhacker
Metzger Hacker Brenner Bronfman (distiller)
Bronfenbrenner Zuckerbäcker Beck Koch
Schenk Backofen Salzer Salzmann
Müller Mahler Biermann (brewer)
Craftsmen of leather:
Lederer Gerber Schuster Sandler
Ledermann Pergamenter Sattler (saddles)
Artistic Craftsmen:
Steinschneider Goldschmied Golder Goldner
Goldzieher Silberer Formstecher Schnitzler (carver)
Schnitzer
Branch of transport:
Schiffer Schiffmann Fuhrmann Kutscher (coachman)
Craftsmen of wood:
Holz (wood) Holzer Sessler Kestner
Holzmann Brettler Drechsler Schreiner (carpenter)
Glass-maker:
Glaser Spiegler (mirrors) Schaiber Scheibner
106
Craftsmen of metal:
Klemperer (plumber) Schmied Klopfer
Eisner (steel) Löffler Siegler (seals)
Public servants:
Mautner (exciseman) Quittner (receipts for Customs)
Branch of building:
Baumann Ziegler Maler Laqueur
Animal-traders:
Schimmelburg Rossdeutscher Metzger (butcher) Fleischhacker
Fleischmann Beinhacker Rosskamm (horses)
Various jobs:
Binder Bürsten Flexner Bergmann
Kriegsmann Schomer Seifensieder (soap-dealer)
Dragoner Buchbinder Drucker Bader
Kleiber Klauber Wassermann Handwerker
During the 30-years War, strong regulations were ordered against Jews in
Frankfort on Main. They had to carry badges on their clothes, and their
houses had to be recognized by signs or signboards. This habit had to become
one of the most interesting forms of name-giving in Jewish history.
At that time people were still illiterate, they could not read names, but
they could recognize signboards which identified houses and stores, and
sometimes these signs (of objects or animals) replaced the names of the
owners.
Within the ghetto of Frankfort, people were better known by the signs
which they displayed at their homes and stores, so that later they acquired
surnames from those signs.
107
The following Jewish families take their surname from these signboards:
Buchsbaum Blum Flesch Nussbaum
Ochse Rothschild Schiff Schild
Schwarzschild Stern Stiefel Traube
Weinstock Weintraub Eichhorn Drach
Greif
The great scholar Karl von Linnè (17071778) introduced in Botanics and
in Zoology the binary Nomenclature between 1753 and 1758. That system
was applied also to mark people with double names, first name or Christian
name and then surname or family name.
In this case ten first names and ten surnames are enough for a hundred
people. The number of combinations grow in geometric progression.
The Jews used forms such as Mosche Ben Jaakow (Moses, son of Jacob),
David Ben Zewi (David, son of Zewi), and forms of proselytism as Josef
Ben Avraham Avinu (Josef, son of our father Abraham).
The old Greeks used such patronymics, also Alexander the Great be-
came Alexandros ho Philippu that means Alexander, son of Philip.
Among the Arabs, the son was named after his father, they added sim-
ply the word IBN = son.
The patronymic was used among German and Slavic people. Some ex-
amples are Peterson (son of Peter) and Johnson (son of John).
But also the Latin and German form exists in the genitive such as Jacobi
(son of Jacob), Peters (son of Peter), Pauli (son of Paul), and others.
The Slavic uses the first name of the father joined with the ending form
in OWITSCH or EWITSCH. The Russian patronymic is formed this
way, Petrowitsch (son of Peter) and Dimitrijewitsch (son of Demetrius),
like the Polish Kasparowicz (son of Kaspar), or the Serbo-Croat Ivanovic,
Martinovic, Petrovic and Moskovic.
108
The Bulgarian add only the suffix OV or EV to the end of the name.
5. Place Names
The place name are very common in the Jewish communities as with the
non- Jews. The names Turk, Schweizer, Bohm, Hamburger, Padovani and
Mantuani were invented by non-Jewish families, and Lemberger, Wie-
ner, Frankfurter, Sachs, Hollander and Pollak are typically Jewish.
But for the Jewish group such names are much more important and
numerous, because of their huge migrations, from one country to another,
from Germany to Poland, from Spain to Turkey, from Bohemia to Ger-
many, etc. They were obliged to migrate a lot, and their place names re-
mained like a passport to indicate the origin of the family.
6. Personal Characteristics
The most common Jewish names here concern colours, in the sense of the
colour of the hairs or of skins. Specifically the names Schwarz and Weiss
are the most frequent, for Jews and non Jews, followed by Roth, Blau,
Braun, Gelb, Grün and Grau.
We will end with a second list of names concerning some other physi-
cal characteristics.
109
Colours: (in all the languages):
Other:
Gross Grossmann Riese Nagy
Klein Kleiner Kleinmann Kis
Petit
Lang
Kurz
Dick Dickmann Dicker
Stark
Schlang
Kahler
Kraus Kraushaar
Alt Alter Altmann
Jung Jungmann de Jonge
Schon Jaffe Joffe Jaifa
Szep
Rein Reiner
Schmutzer
Blindermann
Tauber Taubmann
Schwitzer
Zitterer
Laufer
Frisch
Nick
110
7. Other Characteristics
The names of this group derived its meaning in a positive sense, and rarely
in a negative one. These family names are grouped in the following list:
111
Pasch = Freistadt (P = F).
Popper or Propper = Frankfurter (P = F).
Pops = Frankfurt.
Sack or Sackheim = Sera Kodesh.
Schalit = Schejichje Leorech Jomin Towim.
Schatz or Schatzky = Schaliach Zibbur.
Schick = Schem Jisrael Kadosch.
Segal = Segan Levija.
In the USA the Jewish families coming from Germany and from the other
countries of Eastern Europe adapted their family names and translated many
of them.
But generally it is today always possible to observe the old Jewish ori-
gin or root in the new names:
112
c) After simple assonance:
Frankl = Fraknoi Bamberger = Vambéri
Kohn = Kaposi Kohn = Kardos
Kohn = Karpati Schwarz = Szilagyi
Weiss(z) = Vazsonyi Roth = Révész
Deutsch = Doményi Dux = Doczi
Gruenbaum = Gara Hirschl = Horvath
113
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114
General Family Names List
of Baden-Württemberg
Based on Erwin Emanuel Dreifuss work: Die Namen der Juden. Published
in Berlin in 1927 and the Index of Baden (Tabelle Baden).
Moreover, you can consult this same web site to obtain more informa-
tion and details from the author, about Jewish family names.
115
Aberke Diminutive too of Abraham.
Aberl(e)
Aberlein
Aberlieb
Aberlin
Aberzuss
Avrom
Afrom
Fromel
Bremel
Adanja Place name from Turkey, translated from Adonja = the Lord
is God.
Adelmann All the four forms of the names derive from the German term
Adele Adel of EDEL = noble, and Adelmann is an aristocratic man.
Ethel
116
Adler From Frankfurt on Main, as a houses name in 1776 at the
N° 27.
Black Eagle or N° 86 Golden Eagle. And from the fol-
lowing towns in the North of Baden: Billigheim, Bödigheim,
Eberstadt, Hochhausen, Külsheim, Mannheim, Merchingen,
Mosbach, Pforzheim, Rappenau, Stein on K., Tairnbach, Wert-
heim.
Alvalensi Place name, from Valencia in Spain, plus the addition of the
Arabic article al.
117
Amdur From the town of Indura in the district of Grodno in Lithuania,
known as Amdur or Amter in Yiddish.
Amster From Hamster, given name for person with zeal. Eastern
Jews think that it could derive from Raslau or Namslau in
Silesia.
Arfa Polish word for a tool to horn cleaning. The family name
derived from a horn trader.
118
Aronin Son of Aaron or name of a Cohen to indicate that he is from
Aronoff the branch of Aaron.
Aronow
Arzt Name found in the 15th century. Like the names as Metzger,
Schreiner, Schneider, Apotheker, Schreiber, Richter or Leh-
rer.
Aschkenas In the old Assyrian Empire the name was probably ASH
Aschkenaz KU ZA. In the first Rabbinical sources the word means
Aschkenasy ASIA. At the beginning of the 11th century Aschkenasim
Aschkenazy takes the sense of Germany, and Aschkenasi was translated as
Esknazy German.
Schinazi From the 17th century Jews coming from Austria, Hungary,
Germany or Czecho-Slovakia were identified as Aschkenasi.
Aspis Is the Yiddish term of the Talmudic word USHPIZ: the owner
of an inn (or innkeeper).
119
Austern When a man named Pesach in front of Austrian authorities
translated his name in German, and took the name Austern in
the meaning of Eastern.
120
Bacharach Place of origin, from a town on the Rhine. In the area of
von Bacharach Baden, it exists in two places, at Gailingen by the lake of
Bacherach Constance 1809, and at Durlach 1670.
Bach(ert)
Bacher
Bachrich
Badanes The name Bodanis comes from Ukraine, from the Yiddish
Bodanis term of the Ukrainian word Bogdana = given from God.
Banet Bonet is the translation of Yom Tob = holy day or good day
Panet for the Jews of Provence and Spain in the 11th century. It exists
Bonet in two other forms, like Bonjorn and Bonet, and it was
widespread in France and in the UK.
Barbakoff For ben reb Baruch Kohen, son of Baruch of Priests, with the
Slavic suffix off.
121
Bardach For reb David charif (in the sense of sharp, name in Hebraic)
son of David of Thinkers.
122
Becker The professions or the job names are widespread since the
15th century between Jews and non-Jews, like Metzger,
Schreiner, Sofer, Schneider, Apotheker, Schreiber, Richter, all
borne in 1809. It means that Jews were interested in jobs
other than usurers. Baker is the English translation of the
German word.
Beckmann Some were bakers, others translated the name from kedoshin
= baker.
Behar = Ben harab (harav) means son of Rabbi. If the name has a
Sephard origin also the term comes from Arabic from the
sea.
Beilin From Beile or Bayla, and from the Italian word bella
(beautiful).
The suffix in is a Slavic one.
123
Beisinger From Beissing, Baden 1809.
124
Berkmann Existing in the 18th century in Poland.
Berkowitz
Berko
Bickel Someone who needs a Pick (in German = Pickel) for his own
job.
125
Billinger New name instead of Abraham, Moses, Josef, and Salomon
Billingsbach in Königsbach (Stein) Baden 1809.
Billings
Bilfinger
Bloch After the persecutions against the Jews in the 14th century a
Block lot of them went to Poland. When they wentback to Western
Blach Europe, the name Bloch appeared between them, as a German
Vlach term from Vlach (Wallach), and with the meaning of the
Welsch stranger who came from the West. Bloch existed in Breis-
Wallach ach, Randegg, Waldshut, Mahlberg area, Diersburg,
Wallack and in the list of Radolfszell 1814. Also in Emmendingen,
Wlock Ihringen, Breisgau, GailingenConstance 1810, Müllheim
area, Sulzberg, all in the Baden 1809.
126
Bolach From Pollack = Polish, Baden 1809.
Bolack
Bollag
Borochius Latin name for Baruch, name of Hebraic origin, Baden 1809.
Bottenwieser New name for Seligmann and Liebmann in the area of Pfor-
Buttenwies heim, Baden 1809.
Brown After the Jewish Edict for Surnames the family Braunschweig
was added to: Mayer Braunschweig Braun, Baden 1809.
Braunschweig New name for Bloch, and 14 Bloch families changed heir name
in the area of Lörrach in Baden.
127
Breisach(er) Jacob von Breisach, we find for the first time von joined
with a place name in 1326, later on Samuel von Mengen in
1376. Names of descent or extraction like Cohen or Levi are
also borne as surnames. Place of origin Breisach, district Upper
Rhine-Baden.
Brod (a/ y) From Brod = means boat in different Slavic languages, and
also name of different towns in Czecho-Slovakia.
Bruno Name of German origin in the 18th and 19th centuries, Non-
Brün nenweiher, Mahlberg area, Baden.
128
Brunswick New name for Cohen, from the town of Braunschweig, Baden
1809.
Burger Someone living in the country also with city rights, in the area
Burgheimer of Emmendingen, in the Eichstetten district of Upper Rhine,
and in Breisach, Baden 1809.
129
Calahorra Place name on the Ebro river, in the south of Pamplona, Spain,
Kalifora Calafora.
Kalwari
130
Christhold Since the 17th century a name being baptized in Baden.
131
Dachauer Place name from the town of Dachau in Bavaria.
Deutschland (Land) Is mutilated as Land in US, and lose the initial part of
Deutsch.
132
Dietersheimer In the beginning the name was Bloch; it was maintained and
was joined as a double name as for Leopold Bloch Dieters-
heimer, in the area of Lörrach, Baden 1809.
Dobrin From the Slavic translation of the Yiddish word Gittel = good.
The girls often bore the name Bona or Bina in honour of Queen
Bona Sforza of Spain.
Dobrowolsky From the place name of Dobrow, and without the suffix the
Dobrow term is translated as volunteer.
Dohm From the town of Breslau in Silesia (see work by Grätz) 1812.
133
Dreher From Dreher, also from Treves; in the area of Lörrach, Ba-
den.
Dubow Dub A town with oaks, Dub = oak. Also the form Dubowsky.
134
Durlacher Place name from Durlach in Baden. Exists in the Mahlberg
area, Gochsheim area and Flehingen, Ittlingen, Munzingen
and Münzesheim 1809.
135
Eberstadt From the town in Baden.
Ebstein Changed for Levi because this name was too Hebrew, and the
authorities preferred a new biblical term, in Rust-Baden.
Eckstein In biblical sense The stone being abandoned from the builders
has become the corner stone. Traditionally united with the
faith of Israel and the expectation of better times.
Ehrentreu Almost all Jewish names have nothing to do with the German
term of Ehre = honour. It is an old form for Aaron or Kohen.
Someone coming from an Aaron or a Kohen.
136
Eichenbronner Shortenerd as Bronner in the US.
Bronner
Eisen From the town of Eisenburg today Vasvar in the county of Vas
Eisemann in Western Hungary, and from the town in West Thuringia,
Eisgarten 1809. The term Eisen is a new version of Isaac (named Eisik
Eisenstamm or Eise). Pforzheim Area, and Königsbach.
Eisenbach
Eisenkraft
Eisenstark
Eisenstein
137
Elchanan Biblical name, II. from Samuel 21: 19.
Elkin/Elkan
Elias Name of the prophet Israel, existing in the 18th and 19th
Eliassohn centuries in Baden, mainly Müllheim area.
Ellenbogen Since 1679 in Durlach, and in Altdorf and the Mahlberg area,
Eller Baden 1809. Two possible origins: or from Katzenellenbogen
(see above) or from a twisted footpath, as in Frankfort on Main
where it exists as a house name.
138
Eppler Place name, Baden 1809.
Ettlinger Bretten area, Middle Rhine district, Baden. After the organi-
zation of the Jewish communities in 1827, in Murg and Pfinz-
kreis. Since 1636 it existed in Ettlinger, Baden-Durlach.
139
Fabris District of Under Rhine, 1809.
Falk Since 1776 name of German origin, was also a Surname. Falk
Falkheim is the name of house n°62 of Judengasse in Frankfort on Main.
Falkfeld From the old German word Wallach or Welsch in Falkberh
Falkstein the sense of someone who speaks a Roman language or a
Falkthal stranger who comes from the west.
Valk
Walk
Wallik(ch)
Fein From the German feiner Mensch, that means decent per-
Feinstein son. Also from Weinstein, Baden 1809.
Weinstein
Feivus Only after the 16th century used with F. These names appear
Vivas in the List of the martyrs of Troyes.
Vives(-is)
Felsenstein Before the name was Levy; it exists in Breisach through the
influence of the authorities and in Ihringen, Baden 1810.
140
Feuerstein From German fire and stone, we arrive at the American
Firestone version of Firestone.
Feis From the French words Vives, Viss, Vis, Viscl, Vivelmann =
Faibelmann to live.
Fischmann
Flehinger From the town Flehingen, Baden 1809. New chosen names
from some inhabitants, Baden 1809.
141
Formstecher Rabbi in Heubach. Shape for the engraving of textiles or
similar. Baden 1809.
Fraenckel Frankel come from Franconia (Bavaria). The family was non-
Jewish in 1400, but it became a Jewish name in 1600.
Frankfurter From the Ghetto street in Frankfort on Main; the names of the
houses here were so beloved, that the Jews opposed changing
them by offering money in 1776. The name never appears in
Baden.
Freundlich Breisgau area, Upper Rhine district, Baden. Also in the area
Friend of Under Rhine. Freund means friend in English.
Frey Given name, Under Rhine district, and Freytag as Friday exists
Freytag only in the North of Baden 1809.
142
Friedberger From Friedberg, Hesse 1809 and in Kuppenheim
Friedheim Under Rhine district, Baden 1809.
Frosch Coming from the legend, that Moses or his ancestors, were
living in a house with the sign of a frog (Kaganoff).
Fuld From the town of Fulda in Hesse; also in Karlsruhe 1809, and
since 1722 in Heidelberg and Weinheim, Baden.
Fürth Place name from the town of Fürth near Nuremberg (Bava-
ria).
Futterweiss White lining, raw material for lining not yet painted in white,
White for textile.
143
Gabel From a town in Bohemia.
Gabler
Galpern Russian form for the town of Heilbronn (Baden), see Halpern.
144
Gattenstein Unknown place of origin.
Guttenstein
Gätter
Gieser Giesser = smelter, new name instead of Löw and Löb, see
Gisser Giesser, Karlsruhe 1809.
Zinngiesser
145
Gilden From Gulder. Also in Silesia as Golberg.
Goldberg From a town in Silesia, the first Goldberg lived there in 1400.
When the Jews left Silesia during the 14th century, many of
the banished bore the name Golberg. More than 60,000 Gold-
bergs are living today in the US. Jews revere in Poland a
woman named Golda. Zolotovsky is the Slavic translation
of Gold (gold) with suffix.
Goldhirsch Following is the list of the name Gold plus the different suffi-
Goldkraut xes. See Goldberg.
Goldmark
Goldreich
Goldsand
Goldschild
Goldschlag
Goldstadt
Goldstaub
Goldstern
146
Goldmann Another list of the name Gold plus suffixes. See Gold-
Goldbaum berg.
Goldenbaum
Goldenberg
Goldblum
Goldbruss
Goldfeder
Goldfisch
Goldhaber
Goldhammer
Goldheim
Gomberg The name as Gundberg found at the end of the 1500s, is old
Gomperty German, existing in Ettenheim, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809,
Gompertz also Gomperty since the 14th century.
147
Gomberg(see)
Gompers
Kompert
Kumpert
148
Greenhut The grüne Hut = green hat, comes from the Judengasse of
Grünhut the Ghetto in Frankfort on Main. Many families were from
Grünbaum here.
Greilsamer In the districts of Upper and Middle Rhine, and also in the
Greilsheimer area of Breisach and Friesenheim, both in Baden.
Greilsheim
Grumbacher Old place of origin, from Altdorf, Mahlberg area, also in Breis-
ach and Lörrach, Baden.
149
Guggenheim From the town of Jugenheim in Baden. Since 1670 in Ba-
Guggenheimer den-Durlach, also in Waldshut-Tiengen, Randegg, Walds
Guckenheimer hut, South of Baden, also area Rastatt, 1814.
Gudenheimer
150
Haag Gartenzaun means garden hedge, Baden 1809.
Haas From the German term of rabbit, coming from the Judengasse
since 1776 Frankfort. Common before the Names Edict, Eich-
stetten 1809.
Halberstädter The form Halstadt is a short one without the middle syllable.
Halstad
Halm Given name for peasant, from the term Getreidehelm, Ba-
den 1809.
151
Halpern One of the numerous versions of the town name Heilbronn in
Halperin Halprin Baden. This name has been common for 400 years.
He(i)lpern
Heilbrun
Halpern(see)
Heilbronn
Heilbronner
Alpron
Alpern
Galpern (see the Russian form)
Felperin
152
Hauff Baden 1809.
Hauser From Hausen, place name Under Rhine, in Baden and in Ba-
Hausmann varia.
House
153
Heinemann In the district of Under Rhine, Baden.
Heimann
Heymann
Heinzelmann Is the name Heinz shortened, see the Tabelle Baden 1809
List.
Hernsheim Name common since 1809, see the Tabelle Baden list.
Hersch Name from the German term Herz as heart and Hirsch as
Hershson deer. Name clearly of Hebraic origin.
Hershson
Herschdorfer
Herstein
Herschel
Hershel
Herschfus
Hersckovitz
154
Herzbach The following list is of different names with Herz plus other
Herzbrunn suffixes common in the 18th century in Ettlingen and Bühl,
Herzog Baden.
Herzberg
Herzberger
Herzborg
Herzfeld
Herzthal
Herber(g)
Hersch
Hertz
Gersc
Gertz
Hirsch
Harz(t)
Herzmann
Hertzmark
Herskowitz
Gershovitz
Hevessi From the town and county of Heves in the North of Hun-
gary.
Heysemann In the US, there are two forms without the suffix.
Heymann
Heys
Hill Name in the US, translation from the German term Berg.
155
Hirsch Existing in about 25 towns; existing as a Jewish name, since
Hirschson 1809 in Hirsch, Constance area, South of Baden. Change of
the name from Hirsch-David to Hirsch David Hirsch, Baden
1809.
Hirschberger List of the most common Hirsch names plus suffix. See the
Hirschburg decree of Baden in 13.12.1787.
Hirschbruck
Hirschfus
Hirschhorn
Hirschhörner
Hirschman
Hirschwald
156
Holländer Someone coming from Holland, exists in Nonnenweier, area
Holland Mahlberg, Baden in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Horkheimer In Baden.
Horn/ Honn
157
Idstein Place name near Frankfort on Main. Isten is a US shortened
Isten form.
Isselbacher Bacher short form in the US, without the suffix Issel.
Bacher
158
Jacob Name of Hebraic origin, in the rural zone of Palatinate, and
Jakob all over Baden.
Jakobi The name Jacob is common in Schmieheim, 1809, the biggest
Jacobson community of the Mahlberg area. In Marbach, Wangen and
Constance area.
Jäger The hunter, in Baden district Under Rhine 1809, Austria and
Tyrol.
Jecklin von Ulm Since 1372 first joining between the von and a place name.
Je(c)kli By 1343 a form as Jeckli, and in 1349 we have Jakob Jeckli.
159
Jung Given name, district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809.
160
Kadar Hungarian term for copper.
Kanter New term with some doubts of the name Aaron, existing in
Kand the district of Under Rhine 1809, and Königsbach Pforzheim
area.
Kantor is chazzan in Hebrew.
161
Kasel Place name in the area of Rastatt and in the whole of Baden
Kassel 1809.
Kaskel
Kassewitz
Katzenellenbogen
Nelson Bogensohn
Katzenelnbogen
Katzenstein Katz is a word of Hebraic origin, it has not the sense of
Katzauer cat, but comes from the shortened form of Kohen Zedek,
Katzenelson in Hebrew = the most honest priest.
Katzin
Cattimelibochi
Ellbogen
Ellen
162
Kay Name of Hebraic origin, since 1463 in Baden and the Lörrach
Kayn area, also Baden 1809.
Klee-/Kleefeld Klee is the clover in the area of Breisgau, Upper Rhine, Ba-
den 1809.
163
Kleimenhagen Shorted into Hagen.
Hagen
Klopmann Someone who knocks at the shutters, to wake up the pious for
morning prayers.
Kohut Ukrainian term for a cock, also concerns a house shield in the
Judengasse of Frankfort on Main in 1776.
Koma The name Kamen means stone and rock. Koma is a wrong
Kamen contraction.
Koermini From the town of Körmend, county Vas on the Raab, western
Hungary.
164
Koppel From Jakob; existing in the whole of Baden. Since the 18th
Koppelovich- century and in 1810 in Marbach, Wangen and the Constance
Kob(p)el area.
Kopeloff Son of Jacob.
Jacobson
Yaakobel
165
Kraus(s) Given name as frizzy head, exists in the Under Rhine district,
Krauskopf Baden 1809.
166
Lacher Someone who often laughs; also the German translation of
the name Isaac = he will be laughing, from the word Lache
= marsh, or from Nachmann.
Lachmann Early in 1400 common as a Christian name, later as a family
name, an expensive name.
Lachmanski Lans is a short form in the US. From the term Lanczi.
Lans
Latter Leiter since 1776 means = ladder. The name was common
before the Names Edict in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main.
167
Laudenbacher From the town of Lautenbach, in West Prussia. Existing in
Lautenbach the whole of Baden, 1809.
Lautenberg
Leo/Leopold In Baden 1809, and also in the area of Rastatt country and
town.
168
Lerner Means in English a student.
Levi In Hebrew = Levit ; from this line came the Kohanin, the priest.
Levinger Existing in Ettenheim, Gomberg, Schmieheim and Mahlberg,
Levistein Baden 1809. The Levi-Cohen were from London, borne too
as a surname.
Lewinstein Common in Löwenstein 1809, Ettenheim, Mahlberg , Baden
1809.
Levit Levit as Jewish name, exist in Emmendingen and Ihringen,
Baden.
Livi Names as Jobel Kayn in 1463, and Maier Levy in 1525, are
common until 1700, but seldom in the records. Existing in the
Gailingen-Constance area, and in Müllheim Sulzburg, Baden.
Levi-Spiro The name Levi-Spiro appears in Costance.
Levy Most common name before the Names Edict. Exists in the
Levi(s) district of Upper Rhine, Breisach area, Mahlberg area, Alt-
Levisohn dorf, all over Baden 1809.
Lewei
Liberles Exists in the Under Rhine district, and South of the Kinzig,
Baden 1809.
169
Liebermann German translation from Eliezer= help of God. In the Kur-
Lieb(p)mann pfalz of Baden since 1722. In 1787 the name was not autho-
Liesermann rized, but after the decree of December 1787 it was borne as a
Liepmann name.
London New version from the Hebraic word Lamdan = scholar, when
Lopper the Jews were expelled from Bavaria, and went by 1545 to
Prague, someone bore this name.
170
Lorsch From a town in Hesse, common in Baden 1809.
Lorch
Lorgé/Lorig
171
Maas A dialect form for Meise = (bird) great tit or tomtit. Since
Meise 1776 and before the Names Edict; in the Judengasse of Frank-
Massenbach fort on Main. Common all over Baden.
Mandelbaum Plant name (Bot.) as sign in the House shields, Baden 1809.
Mandel See Menahem and Mandel.
Mandula
172
Manes From Menascheh = mans name. Name of Hebraic origin in
the 1700s and 1800s. Common in Morbach and Wangen,
Constance area.
Mannes Doubtful name by 1810, and changed for Grub Hilb and Maier,
Mann in Sulzburg Müllheim area, Baden.
Mannheim Place name, common before the Names Edict, in the north
Baden.
Mannheimer In Schmieheim too, Mahlberg area, and the biggest Jewish
community in Baden 1809. As Mannheimer it exists in Eber-
bach, Flehingen, Ladenburg, Gochsheim area, see the List of
Karlsruhe.
Marx See Marks. The family Levi and Levi-Marx, existing in the
Marxheim Bretten area, in the district of Middle Rhine and since 1827 in
Murg and Pfinzkreis. The name all over Baden 1809, and in
the area Müllheim, in Sulzburg Constance area, in Gailingen,
in Pfalz, in Heidelsheim, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinz-
kreis.
173
Mayer Hebraic name, see Meir, used in 1809, in the Emmendingen
May/Mai Ihringen and Eichstetten area, south of Baden. Mayer exists
too in Murbach, Wangen, Sulzburg, area Müllheim; see list of
Karlsruhe-Mayer in Lörrach too, since 1772 in Kurpfalz, since
1743 Baden.
Menge (s) In North German it means trader, in the 1700 and 1800.
174
Menzinger In small communities as Menzingen, Gochsheim area, Under
Rhine.
Metzger Trade and occupational names since 1400 are borne also by
non-Jews, as Arzt, Becker, Metzger, Schreiner and Schnei-
der. Later on not only the trade names. Metzger = butcher.
Merz/Mez Month name for March, in the North of Baden 1809. Mez
could be the French place of origin. It exists also in the district
of Upper Rhine in the area of Breisach, Baden 1809.
Milhaud From the town of Milhaud near Nimes in the south of France.
Milgrom
175
Mistelfelder In the whole area of Baden.
Mislowitzer
Model Old Hebraic name, existing in the Pforzheim area, Baden 1809.
Modela
van Modran
176
Muthart Peculiarity, exists only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden,
1809.
Mutter Name existing all over Baden 1809. The same rights of both
Mother the parents in the ethics matter are emphasized, against the
Biblical opinion, by the Jewish teaching.
177
Nachman(n) Name of Hebraic origin, Nachman of Braclaw (1772 1811)
is a member of European Chassidism.
Neu For the new names, in the area of Breisach, Upper Rhine,
Neuburg(er) Baden New, Newman and Noymer are short forms in US.
Neumann
Neumetzger
Newhouse
178
Neugass Place of origin, found in the district of Under Rhine, Baden.
179
Oberländer Only in Diersburg, Mahlberg area and in Durlach since 1670,
Obinheimer Baden.
Opfinger From the town of Opfingen, Breisach area, Upper Rhine 1900.
Oppenheimer Place name from the town of Oppenheim on the Rhine, Palatin-
ate. Since 1722 in Heidelberg; Oppenheim was also an old
Jewish community in Hesse. Name also in the Upper Rhine
area, in Main, in Diersburg area, in Neufreistett, Stollhofen and
south of Baden. In Karlsruhe too, in the district of Under Rhine.
180
Pacifico Translation from the name Shelomo or Shalom = peace, in
the Sephardim traditions.
Palm Plant name (Bot:), as house sign, North Baden 1809, Middle
Rhine.
Pecsi Hungarian place name, from the town Pècs in the Baranya
county.
Pfeiffer Existing in the d. Under Rhine 1809; and since 1670 in Dur-
lach, Baden.
Pfifferling Pfifferling is a mushroom.
181
Pintus Changed into Pine as shortened form in the US.
Pine
Pollak The Slavic word means the Polish. Moses Valentin Pollak
Pollatschek was the Sir of Eisenstadt by 1781. Pollatschek is shortened
Pollat as Pollat. The form Bollag is very common in Switzerland.
Pollock
Bollag
Potok From the town in East Galicia; Potok means stream or river.
182
Rabin The Biblical Rabbi is the nephew of Hanna. Rabba as Han-
Rabinovich na.
183
Reinhorn Place name, in the area of Breisgau, in the Upper Rhine, Ba-
den 1809.
Ryter Name of Russian Jews who were timber traders, and who were
Reitzes working by the tree trunks with horses.
Rheinauer Place name from the Rhine river and mountains, only in the
Rheinheim district of Under Rhine, Baden.
Rheinsheim
184
Ribalow From the Slavic word Riba = fish, is a Polish fisher-
man.
Riesenfeld Ried, short form with the elimination of the middle syllable in
the US.
Rockoff Place name from the town of Rakov near Minsk, WhiteRussia.
Rakov
Rackover
Rackowsky
Rackofsky
Rohr Instead of Nathan. See Karlsruhe list 1809, and in the area
Rohrbacher of Gochsheim in Under Rhine district, in Flehingen, Ittlingen,
Rohrmann Menzingen Münzesheim, Baden 1809.
185
Rolland In the whole of Baden 1809.
Roos Concerning the horse trade, only in the Under Rhine district
Rooss 1809.
186
Rothschild Since 1776 a well known name and house shield in Frankfort
on Main.
Child The name represents the only Jewish family in Donaueschin-
gen, Villingen 1809, R. exists in Worblingen, Constance area
1809, in Waldshut, in Randegg 10/1809, and in Radolfszell
1814. The family name is common in 1500, and since 1776,
long before the Names Edict, it was borne in the d. of Upper
Rhine and in the county of Palatinate, and also in Pforzheim,
and Königsbach in the Saint Andrea part.
Child is the US short form for Rothschild.
Rund Given name, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809.
187
Sachs Someone who came in the 14th century from Saxony, Germany.
Zachs
Saloniki Place name from the city of Salonika in the north of Greece.
188
Sandon In Baden 1809.
Sauer Given name, exists in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809
Sauerbrunn and in the Burgenland (Austria).
Sauerbruch
189
Saphiro Someone who comes from the city of Speyer, in the Palati-
Spira nate, see chapter 2. Different forms of the the same name exist.
Spier The Jews went there since the end of Spire 11th century. They
Spiro were expelled from the town in 1350. Later local Jews
Spero emigrated to Poland, Bohemia, Hungary and Russia.
Sprai
Szpir
Saphir
Chapiro
Sichel Name from the Judengasse of Frankfort since 1776. The name
could come from the diminutive of Isaak = Sekel.
Sinauer Place of origin from Sinn (Hesse). Only found in the Under
Rhine.
Sohn Sohn as the old Hebraic name of Moses. Only in the Müll-
heim area. Baden.
190
Solokow Sokol is the Slavic word for hawk.
Sokoloff
Sokolowsky
Sokol
Sontheimer Sont and Sund are the old terms for the South, as
Sundheimer Sundgau = Südgau.
Spiegel From the Judengasse of Frankfort since 1776 and in the Under
Spiegelhall Rhine district in the north of Baden. Spiegel = mirror.
Hall Is the US short form.
Spira See Saphiro, place name from the town of Speyer in the Pala-
Saphiro tinate.
Springer Place name from the town of Springen near Heidenheim, Ba-
den 1809.
191
Staschover Only in Baden 1809.
192
Sunz From Sinzheim in the North of Baden.
Schaffer Is an administrator.
Schafranek
193
Scheuer/ Shewer A cleaner. Only in the district of Under Rhine, 1809. Shewer
Scheuermann is a US dialect form of the old name.
Schmidt Schmidt = Smith in the US, the most common name in the
western world, borne from Jews and non-Jews, in the Under
Rhine district, 1809.
194
Schnadinger Place name from the town of Schnatting near Straubing, Ba-
den 1809.
Schneider Schneider means tailor, common since the 15th century. Only
in the district of Under Rhine, Baden, 1809.
Schoch Name of Hebraic origin, soq = Schenkel, since 1700 and 1800.
Schrag An Aramaic and Hebrew origin, borne in 1770 and 1800. The
translation means: candel or light.
Schreiber From the Hebrew scrib = writer. Only in the Under Rhine,
1809.
195
Schulmann Means a teacher, only in the district of Under Rhine, Ba-
den, 1809.
Skolnic Slavic for teacher.
S(c)hames Hebrew for teacher.
Schuster A shoe artisan, only in the district of under Rhine, Baden 1809.
196
Tauch In Baden 1809.
197
Überrheiner Means beyond the Rhine river, common in the area of Stein
1809 and in Königsbach 1810.
198
Valfer Only in Diersburg, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809.
Valffer(n)
Wolf
del Vecchio One of the four Princely families in Italy, in Rome since 70
A.D. with the other families degli Adolescenti, Mansi,
dePomis.
Veit Since 1700 and 1800 existing in the whole Land of Baden.
Since 1787 in Baden, in Bretten, in Pfalz district of Middle
Rhine, in the Emmendingen area, also Upper Rhine district
and in Gochsheim.
Vigoda Wygoda means in Polish = Inn. The inn owners were mainly
Jews. Very common in the whole of Poland.
Vivas See Uri, different form of the name Phoebus. In the martyr
Feivus List of 1096 and 1184 in Troyes, and on the tombstones in
Phoebus Frankfort on Main we often find the names: Vives, Vifs, Vis,
Vives or Vivs. Since 1600 the name changed the initial, from F
to V.
199
Volks Name of German origin.
Volg
200
Wachheimer Only in Schmieheim area Mahlberg, Baden 1809 and in
Wachter Eichstetten area Emmendingen, Baden 1809.
Wachenheimer
201
(Weil) Since 1600 in Altdorf, Mahlberg, Oschweiher, Nonnenweiher
and Ettenheim, Baden. Since 1300 in Wurttemberg too, later
Weiler = Weile = Weil in Gailingen 1814, in Waldshut-
Randegg 1814, in Lörrach, Müllheim and Sulzburg- Baden.
Weiler is a new chosen name of some inhabitants, instead of
their old Hebraic names.
Weiner Place name from Weinen, but Weiner is the Yiddish word
Weinmann = Wine trader or wine producer, Weinheimer too Baden
Weimann 1809. Weinmann only in the area of Gochsheime, and in the
Weinglass districts of Under/Middle Rhein, Baden. The Yiddish word
Weingartner Weinles was changed for the Weinglas.
Weingärtner
Weingarten
Weinschenk Weinschenk or Weinshank are both US phonetic forms.
Weinstein
Weisenborger Only in the area of Bretten, district of Middle Rhine, and since
Weisenreich 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis.
202
Weissmann Only found in the districts of Upper/Under Rhine, and in the
White of Breisach, Baden 1809. White is a short US form.
Weissenburger
Weissenfeld
Weisshaupt
Weissberg
Whitehill (US translation).
Welsch See Bloch or Vlach, and Wallach all words meaning stran-
Wersch ger. After the Jewish expulsion from Germany in 1300, many
Jews went to the Polish king Kasimir the big. All these Jews
coming from the west (Europe) the Welsche were called in
Slavic Wloch and when they came back in 1600 to Germany,
they remained the Bloch.
Wertheimer Place name from the town of Wertheim on the Main river,
Baden. Existing in the Bretten area, in Deidelsheim, Bauer-
bach, Pfalz, since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis, and in Diers-
burg, Mahlberg-Baden area. Wertheimer was borne before
1809 in Nonnenweiher, and in the Emmendingen area in the
district of Upper Rhine, Baden. As the old place of origin
before 1800 in some towns of the district of Upper Rhine. As
a new name it appears in Wertheim, Bauerbach, Östringen,
Gemmingen, Tairnbach, Walldorf. Worth is a US translation.
Wild Place name from Willstaett, Baden. Only in the Lörrach area,
Wildmann in Stein and Königsbach, Baden 1809.
Wildstetter
Willste(a)tter
203
Willmersdoerfer Wilmers is the US short form.
Willhelm
Wirth An inn owner, only in the south of the Kinzig river, Under
Rhine, Baden.
Wislocher Place name from the town of Wiesloch, north of Baden, Ba-
den 1809. Existing in Münzesheim, Gochsheim area, in the
district of Under Rhine, in Flehingen, Gochsheim, Gondels-
heim, Ittlingen and in Menzingen and Munzesheim, Baden.
204
(Wolf)
Wolfsbruck Place of origin, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden.
Wolfsheimer All over Baden 1809.
Wolfe
Wolfenberg
Wolfenfeld
Wolfenstein
Wolfenthal
Wolfshaut
Wolfsohn
Wolper
Wulf
Zeev Is hebrew.
Zev
Ziff
Wormser Place name from the town of Worms in the Palatinate. Since
Wurmser 1670 borne in the Mark-county, and in Altdorf, Mahlberg area.
Worms is an old Jewish community, and the name was common
before the Names Edict in Baden. Exists also in Breisach,
Hoffenheim, Rust, Karlsruhe, Mannheim and Sulzberg, in
Baden. Wurmser is an old place of origin, since 1805 in Breis-
gau, and in the Upper Rhine district, in Müllheim and Sulzburg.
205
Yehuda Means son of Jakob, in Hebrew the lion, later the Jew.
206
Zaitz Is rabbit in Russian.
Zeitz
Zaichik
207
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208
The Lavoslav Glesinger Family Jewish Names List
in the Austrian Empire from 1000 A. D. to 1900
The author of this work, Nelly Weiss, met Leopold Glesinger in Zagreb
in June 1983 and realised how important this List was for the knowledge of
the Jewish family names in History. Therefore, they both agreed that Pro-
fessor C. Thoma of the Faculty of Theology in Lucerne (Switzerland) would
help Nelly Weiss to have the list set into order with all the necessary ele-
ments of interpretation for a large public.
209
Glesinger List and Research:
210
Ichachna Jabez Jahion Jafa
Jesusun Kohen Kimchi Kapsali
Karo Katzenellenbogen Lzobi Lurja
Lammlein Landau de Lates Levi
Loans Longo Lopez Maimuni
Mantin Messeni Margdes Masserano
del Medras Medigo Meisel Mendes
Mendoso Monz Moloko Montalto
Morteira Misrachi Oppenheimer Okolonghi
Pallache Pereyra Pardo Pimentel
Pinto Polak de Pornis Portaleone
Provenzali Reubeni Rom Romano
Rossi von Rossheim Saba Salgis
Saragossi Saruk Schalal Schulom
Sforno Sidillo Silva Soncin
Tibbon Taytasak Tirado Trani
Treves Triest Zion
211
Rosales Rosanes Saruk Serkes
Silva Silveyra Soba Sousa
Spinoza Spira Suasso Sullam
Suriel Texeira Toledano Troplowitz
Usque Vega Wiena Witzenhausen
Zaloscer Zamosc Zarphati Zloczow
Zunz
Nelly Weiss-Füglister
CH3012 Bern
nelly-e.weiss@bluewin.ch
212
Biliography
Bahlow Hans und Ursula. 1972. Deutsches Namen Lexikon. Frankfurt a. Main:
Suhrkamp.
Dubnov Simon. 1961. Short History of the Jewish People. Savez: Jewish Commu-
nity of former Jugoslawia.
Gold Hugo. 1938. Die Geschichte der Juden in Wien. rpt. 1960. Tel Aviv: Olamenu.
Kaganoff Benzion C. 1978. A Dictionary of Jewish Family Names and their His-
tory. London: Routledge and Kegan.
Klampfer Josef. 1965. Das Eisenstädter Ghetto. Forschungen, Heft 51. Jüdisches
Archiv. Eisenstadt: Burgenland.
Landmann Salcia. 1986. Jiddisch. Das Abenteuer einer Sprache. Frankfurt a. Main:
Ullstein.
Maass Ernest. 1958. Integration and Name Changing among Jewish Refugees
from Central Europe and USA. Names (6C): 165179. Ed. Edward Callary.
Illinois: Illinois University Press.
Maier und Schaefer. 1981. Kleines Lexikon des Judentums. Stuttgart: Maier Johannes
and Schaefer Schaefer.
Rabbi Toaff Elio. 1984. Annuario di studi Ebraici. 19801984. Rome: Carucci.
213
Roblin Michel. 1950. Les Noms de Familles des Juifs en Europe Orientale. Re-
vue International dOnomastique II: 291297. Ed. Michel Roblin. Paris:
DArtrey.
Rode Zvonko R. 1976. The Origin of Jewish Family Names. Names Journal
(Band 24. Nr. 3). 165179. American Names Society (ANS). South Dakota:
University of South Dakota.
Stern Selma. 1962. Der preussische Staat und die Juden. Judaica. Band I. Tubingen:
Mohr.
Stern Selma. 1985. The Court Jew. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. Jadaica
Series.
Weiss Nelly. 1996. The first Jewish family names in Rome. Lecture at The Ameri-
can Name Society. Conference 4. University New York.
Zunz Leopold. 1876. Doctor Zunz Gesammelte Schriften. Band I. Berlin: Gertenberg
Hildesheim.
Zunz Leopold. 1971. Namen der Juden, eine geschichtliche Untersuchung. Berlin:
Gertenberg Hildesheim.
214
List of the Jewish Communities, Organizations
and Institutions by Joseph Walk concerning the area
of Baden and Württemberg (Germany)
215
Weingarten Weinheim Wenkheim Wertheim
Wiesloch Wollenberg
(in Hohenzollern:)
Dettensee Haigerloch Hechingen
216