PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: L7

Designing your Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework 1. Take note of these in making your
 Explains theories and principles that can illustration or diagram.
support your study.
 It provides a GENERAL or BROADER set The variables should be put in a
of ideas within which a study belongs. box.
 It is well-developed, designed, and Arrow indicates causal relationship
ACCEPTED. or process.
 A theoretical framework is a BLUEPRINT Line indicates connection or
that is often “borrowed” by the researcher to correlation.
build his/her own house or research inquiry. 2. Make sure that you familiarize yourself with
 It also serves as the foundation upon which the variables in your study.
research is constructed. 3. Do not forget to indicate below the diagram
 Theories should explain why things happen, the words, figure #, Paradigm of the Study.
rather than describe or predict. 4. After designing your conceptual framework,
explain it in words briefly to help your reader
Conceptual Framework further understand the diagram you
designed.
 Explains abstract concepts and ideas
through graphics or diagrams.
 It refers to SPECIFIC or NARROWER ideas
a researcher utilizes in his/her study.
 The design is NOT ACCEPTED, but it is a
PROPOSAL of the researcher to answer
the research’s problem.
 A structure that the researcher believes can
best explain the natural progression of the
phenomenon studied.
 Arranged in logical structure to provide a
picture or visual display of how ideas in a
study relate to one another.

Different kinds of Conceptual Framework

 IPO model – input-process-output. This is
used to isolate the factor that causes the
problem.
 IVDV or PC model – IV-DV: Independent
variable - Dependent variable and PC:
Predictor – Criterion. This model is used
when researchers want to highlight the
relationships between the variables.
 P model – “Propose a Program”, it not
only shows relationships of the variables but
also offers something at the end.
 PO model – the design of the conceptual
framework depends on the researchers, but
it still has to be scientific.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER

THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH: L8

The Research Language

When you write your research…
 Always use a third-person point-of-view
which means no using of ‘I’ and ‘we’, unless
it is a quote and;
 You should write as clearly, as simply, and
as briefly as possible.
Remember:
 Be careful on your choice of words.
 Be consistent on your terms
 Observe the element of continuity.
Writing the Definition of Terms
Define only IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
 It is expected to every researcher to present
the CONCEPTUAL and OPERATIONAL
definition of TERMS used in the study.
A conceptual definition tells you what the concept
means, while an operational definition tells you
how the term will be used and measured it in the
study.

Transition Words and Phrases

Be conscious in how you connect sentences within
paragraph and how you break them into sections.
 Additive transitions
 Adversative transitions
 Causal transitions
 Sequential transitions

In writing numbers…
 You may write the number in words if it is
only a small number then enclose the
number in parentheses;
 If a number is part of measurement,
statistic, or money, it should be written in
figures and;
 Percentage should be rounded up or down
to a whole number.

Acronyms
 Should be written full the first time you used
it.
 However, if the writer is referring to
something that is known by its acronym,
then the acronym can be used first followed
by the full name in parentheses.

Operational Definition
 It is making the concept or the thing
meaningful by specifying the way your
research should measure such concept.
 You need to provide an evidence or
sometimes measurement to give a definition
to a word.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER

6. Contingency questions – intended for

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE: L9
Experimental – to test or examine a thing under a
controlled and uncontrolled group to determine its
validity.
Non-Experimental – its focus is around the
variables and the way they naturally exist on earth.
Data Collection Technique
 Survey Questionnaire
 Pretest/Posttest
 Treatment or Intervention
Survey Questionnaire
 A structured set of questions administered
to the respondents personally, by
telephone, by mail, or by electronic means.
 This should be approved by credible people
before distributing to your respondents.
certain respondents only, depending on the
provided answers.
Experimental
a) Treatment – Evaluation
b) Pre-Test – Treatment – Post-Test
c) Pre-Test – Multiple Treatments – Post Test
d) Pre-Test – Treatment – Immediate Post-
Test – 6 Mos. – Post-Test- 1 Yr. – Post-Test
Measurement Scale
1. Nominal Scale – shows the classification of
things based on specific criteria.
2. Ordinal Scale – indicates the rank order of
things.
3. Interval/Ratio Scale – shows the equal
differences or intervals between points on a
scale in an arbitrary manner.

Basic Principles in Designing Survey

Questionnaire
 Balance between your need to get the
maximum amount of information and from
disenfranchising the respondent.
 Avoid ‘survey fatigue’ or questionnaires
that are too long.
 Surveys must also be clear and can easily
understand by your respondents.
 Avoid ‘double-barreled questions’ (trick
questions, asking about two different
issues/topics within one question)
 Be content-wise.
 Be clear with your questions.
 Be sure that it is reliable and valid.

Types of Survey Questionnaires

1. Open-ended questions – doesn’t have a
predetermined options or answers. Typically
ask the “how” and “why” of something.
2. Dichotomous questions – it has two
possible answers, often either yes/no,
true/false, or agree/disagree.
3. Multiple-response questions – provides
more than one answer.
4. Matrix questions – ratings that you want
respondents to choose for each statement.
5. Likert Scale – most positive answer to most
negative answer. (strongly agree, agree,
undecided, disagree, strongly disagree)